వియన్నా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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{{Redirect|Wien||Wien (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the capital of Austria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name =Vienna
|native_name =Wien
|image_skyline =Collage von Wien.jpg
|imagesize =290px
|image_caption = Left–right, top–bottom: [[Rathaus, Vienna|City Hall]], [[Schönbrunn Palace]], [[Wiener Riesenrad|Giant Wheel]], [[Vienna State Opera]], [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]], [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], [[Stephansplatz, Vienna|Stephansplatz]], [[Sachertorte]], Johann Strauss monument, [[Secession hall (Austria)|Secession]], [[Donau City]], [[Hundertwasserhaus|Hundertwasser House]]
|image_flag =Flag of Wien.svg
|image_shield =Wien 3 Wappen.svg
|shield_size =80px
|image_seal =Wien Wappen.svg
|image_map =
|map_caption =Location of Vienna in Austria
|pushpin_map =Austria
|pushpin_label_position= left
|coordinates_region=AT
|subdivision_type=Country
|subdivision_type1=[[States of Austria|State]]
|subdivision_name={{flag|Austria}}
|subdivision_name1= Wien
|leader_title =[[List of mayors of Vienna|Mayor and Governor]]
|leader_name =[[Michael Häupl]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Austria|SPÖ]])
|leader_title1 =Vice-Mayor and Vice-Governor
|leader_name1 =[[Maria Vassilakou]] ([[The Greens – The Green Alternative|Grüne]]),<br/> [[Renate Brauner]] (SPÖ);
|area_magnitude =2 chaiz
|area_total_km2 =414.65
|area_land_km2 =395.26
|area_water_km2 =19.39
|population_as_of=2013
|population_total=1765649 {{increase}}
|population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref name="statistik.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_migrationshintergrund/033241.html |title=STATISTIK AUSTRIA, Mikrozensus-Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2011 (Durchschnitt aller Wochen eines Jahres). Erstellt am: 04.04.2012. |accessdate=2012-09-23}}</ref>
<ref name="wien.gv.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |title=Vienna in figures 2012, Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistics Responsible for the contents: Gustav Lebhart, page 6 |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-09-21}}</ref>
|population_blank2 = 61.2% [[Austrians|Austrian]]<br/>38.8% [[Demographics of Austria|Other]]
|population_density_km2= 4002.2
|population_urban =1983836
|population_metro =ca. 2419000
|population_note =Statistik Austria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html |title=STATISTIK AUSTRIA – Bevölkerung zu Quartalsbeginn seit 2002 nach Bundesland |publisher=Statistik.at |date=14 February 2013 |accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> VCÖ – Mobilität mit Zukunft<ref name="nahverkehrsoffensive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vcoe.at/start.asp?ID=4176&b=92 |title=VCÖ.at: VCÖ fordert Nahverkehrsoffensive gegen Verkehrskollaps in den Städten |publisher=vcoe.at |year=2008 |accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref>
|timezone =[[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset =+1
|timezone_DST =[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST =+2
|latd=48|latm=12|latNS=N
|longd=16|longm=22|longEW=E
|elevation_m = 151 ([[Lobau]]) – 542 ([[Hermannskogel]])
|elevation_ft = 495–1778
|blank_name =[[Vehicle registration plates of Austria|Vehicle registration]]
|blank_info = W
|website =[http://www.wien.gv.at/ www.wien.gv.at]
|footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|WHS =Historic Centre of Vienna
|Image =
|State Party= [[Austria]]
|Type =Cultural
|Criteria =ii, iv, vi
|ID =1033
|Region =[[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
|Year =2001
|Session =
|Link =http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033
}}
 
'''వియన్నా''' ({{IPAc-en|v|iː|ˈ|ɛ|n|ə}}; German: {{Audio|Wien1.ogg|Wien}} {{IPA-de|viːn|}}, [[Austro-Bavarian]]: ''Wean'') [[ఆస్ట్రియా]] రాజధాని మరియు [[ఆస్ట్రియా]] లో అతిపెద్ద నగరం, మరియు [[ఆస్ట్రియా]] తొమ్మిది రాష్ట్రాల్లో ఒకటి. వియన్నా గురించి 1,757 మిలియన్ <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/index.html |title=STATISTIK AUSTRIA – Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |publisher=Statistik.at |date=14 May 2012 |accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> ( మెట్రోపాలిటన్ ప్రాంతంలో 2.4 మిలియన్ , [[ఆస్ట్రియా]] జనాభాలో <ref name="nahverkehrsoffensive1"/> 20% పైగా ) , మరియు దాని సాంస్కృతిక, ఆర్ధిక మరియు రాజకీయ కేంద్రాలు జనాభాతో ఆస్ట్రియా యొక్క ప్రాధమిక నగరం . ఇది యూరోపియన్ యూనియన్ సరిహద్దు లోపల జనాభా 7 వ పెద్ద నగరం . 20 వ శతాబ్దం ప్రారంభం వరకు ఇది ప్రపంచంలో అతిపెద్ద జర్మన్ మాట్లాడే నగరం మరియు ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం లో ఆస్ట్రో హంగేరియన్ సామ్రాజ్యం విడిపోయేంత నగరం 2 మిలియన్ ప్రజలను కలిగి <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F30F13F83A5F1B7A93CBAB1789D95F4C8185F9 VIENNA AFTER THE WAR.], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 29, 1918 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])</ref>. [ 6 ] నేడు అది కేవలం రెండో ఉంది జర్మన్ స్పీకర్లు లో బెర్లిన్ . <ref>[http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 Wien nun zweitgrößte deutschsprachige Stadt | touch.ots.at<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{de icon}}</ref><ref name="Population11">{{cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/|title=Ergebnisse Zensus 2011|work=[[Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder]]|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=31 May 2013|language=German}}</ref> వియన్నా ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి మరియు OPEC అనేక ప్రధాన అంతర్జాతీయ సంస్థలకు , ఆతిథ్యమిచ్చు . నగరం ఆస్ట్రియా తూర్పున ఉంది మరియు చెక్ రిపబ్లిక్, స్లొవేకియా , మరియు హంగేరి సరిహద్దులకు దగ్గరగా ఉంది. ఈ ప్రాంతాల్లో ఒక యూరోపియన్ Centrope సరిహద్దు ప్రాంతంలో కలిసి పని . సమీపంలోని బ్రాటిస్లావా పాటు , వియన్నా 3 మిలియన్ల మంది ఒక మహానగర ప్రాంతంలో ఏర్పరుస్తుంది . 2001 లో , కేంద్రం ఒక UNESCO ప్రపంచ హెరిటేజ్ సైట్గా . <ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>
 
 
Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.757&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/index.html |title=STATISTIK AUSTRIA – Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |publisher=Statistik.at |date=14 May 2012 |accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> (2.4&nbsp;million within the [[metropolitan area]],<ref name="nahverkehrsoffensive1"/> more than 20% of Austria's population), and [[culture of Austria|its cultural]], [[Economy of Austria|economic]], and [[Politics of Austria|political]] centre. It is the [[Largest cities of the European Union by population within city limits|7th-largest city]] by population within city limits in the [[European Union]]. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest [[German language|German-speaking]] city in the world, and before the splitting of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in [[World War I]] the city had 2 million inhabitants.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F30F13F83A5F1B7A93CBAB1789D95F4C8185F9 VIENNA AFTER THE WAR.], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 29, 1918 ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])</ref> Today it is the second only to Berlin in German speakers.<ref>[http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 Wien nun zweitgrößte deutschsprachige Stadt | touch.ots.at<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{de icon}}</ref><ref name="Population11">{{cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/|title=Ergebnisse Zensus 2011|work=[[Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder]]|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=31 May 2013|language=German}}</ref> Vienna is host to many major [[international organization]]s, including the United Nations and [[OPEC]]. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the [[Czech Republic]], [[Slovakia]], and [[Hungary]]. These regions work together in a European [[Centrope]] border region. Along with nearby [[Bratislava]], Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3&nbsp;million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref>
 
Apart from being regarded as the ''City of Music''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |title=Vienna – the City of Music – VIENNA – NOW OR NEVER |publisher=Wien.info |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref> because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be "The City of Dreams" because it was home to the world's first psycho-analyst – [[Sigmund Freud]].<ref>[[BBC]] Documentary – Vienna – The City of Dreams</ref> The city's roots lie in early [[Celts|Celtic]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] settlements that transformed into a [[Medieval]] and [[Baroque]] city, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstrasse lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref>
 
In a 2005 study of 127 [[Global city|world cities]], the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] ranked the city first (in a tie with [[Vancouver]], Canada) for [[World's most livable cities|the world's most livable cities]] (in the 2012 survey of 140 cities Vienna was ranked number two, behind [[Melbourne]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4306936.stm |title=Vancouver is 'best place to live' |date=4 October 2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ottawacitizen.com/Vancouver+drops+from+spot+global+livability+poll/5327169/story.html ]{{dead link|date=May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Liveability Ranking Report August 2012|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2012|publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref> For four consecutive years (2009–2012), the human-resource-consulting firm [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]] ranked Vienna first in its annual "Quality of Living" survey of hundreds of cities around the world, a title the city has reclaimed in 2014.<ref>http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mercer press release: Quality of Living global city rankings—2009|url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1345570|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mercer Quality of LIfe Worldwide City Rankings, 2010 from resourceshelf.com|url=http://web.resourceshelf.com/go/resourceblog/58958|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living |title=Mercer's Survey 2011 |date=29 November 2011 |publisher=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/business/global-city-quality-life/index.html |title=What city has world's best quality of life? |date=4 December 2012 |newspaper=CNN | author=Inocencio, Ramy}}</ref> [[Monocle (2007 magazine)|Monocle's]] 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=Quality of Life Survey 2012|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/The-Monocle-Quality-of-Life-Survey-2012/|publisher=Monocle|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monocle's top 25 cities for 2011, on businessinsider.com|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/monocle-quality-of-life-2011-6?op=1|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monocle's 2011 "Quality of LIfe" summary|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/Most-liveable-city-Helsinki/|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/08-Vienna/ |title=08 Vienna |publisher=Monocle.com |date=2010-06-15 |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref>
 
The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and fifth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2011 [[Innovation Cities Index]], which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure and markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings &#124; 2009 &#124; Innovation Cities Program |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=30 July 2009 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref> Vienna regularly hosts [[urban planning]] conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/19728 |title=Vienna knows how |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>
 
Each year since 2005, Vienna has been the world's number one destination for international congresses and conventions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/vienna-world%E2%80%99s-number-one-congress-destination-en |title=Vienna is the world’s number one congress destination |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=1 June 2011 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> It attracts about five million tourists a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/wirtschaft/tabellen/ankuenfte-laender-zr.html |title=Tourism Statistics – Arrivals in Vienna by countries of origin |publisher=wien.gv.at |date=11 October 2011 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref>
 
==Name==
{{Hatnote|See also [[Names of European cities in different languages: U-Z#V|Other names of Vienna]]}}
The English name ''Vienna'' is borrowed from the Italian name ''Vienna''. "Vienna" and the official German name ''Wien'', and the names of the city in most languages, are thought to be derived from the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] word "windo-", meaning bright or fair – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" – but opinions vary on the precise origin. Some claim that the name comes from ''Vedunia'', meaning "forest stream," which subsequently became Venia, Wienne and Wien. Others claim that the name comes from the Roman settlement of Celtic name ''[[Vindobona]]'' (Celtic "windo-bona"), probably meaning "white base/bottom [land]," which became Vindovina, Vídeň ([[Czech language|Czech]]) and Wien.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3857 |title=Wien International website: History |publisher=Wieninternational.at |date=15 May 2008 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>
 
The name of the city in Hungarian (''Bécs''), [[Croatian language|Croatian]] (''Beč'') and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] (''Beç'') appears to have a different, [[Slavic peoples|Slavonic]] origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Vienna |title=Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 edition |publisher=1911encyclopedia.org |date=19 November 2006 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref> In [[Slovene language|Slovene]], the city is called ''Dunaj'', which in other Slavic languages means the [[Danube River]], on which it is located.
 
==History==
{{Main|History of Vienna}}
 
===Early history===
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles f 098v99r 1.png|thumb|300px|Depiction of Vienna in the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493]]
[[File:Wien-1683(1686)-Allen.jpg|260px|thumb|1683 Allen (Druck 1686)]]
Evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the [[Celts]]. In 15 BC, the [[Roman Empire|Roman]]s fortified the frontier city they called [[Vindobona]] to guard the empire against [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] to the north.
 
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk [[Coloman of Stockerau|Saint Colman]] (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil ([[Vergilius of Salzburg|Virgil the Geometer]]) was Bishop of Salzburg for forty years, and twelfth-century monastic settlements were founded by Irish Benedictines. Evidence of these ties is still evident in Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery, once home to many Irish monks.
 
[[File:Canaletto (I) 058.jpg|thumb| ''Vienna from Belvedere'' by [[Bernardo Bellotto]], 1758]]
In 976, [[Leopold I of Austria (Babenberg)|Leopold I of Babenberg]] became count of the [[Bavarian Ostmark|Eastern March]], a 60-mile district centering on the [[Danube]] on the eastern frontier of [[Bavaria]]. This initial district grew into the [[Rulers of Austria|duchy of Austria]]. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, [[Henry II, Duke of Austria|Duke Henry II Jasomirgott]] moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna. Since that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.<ref name="langelbach">{{cite book|last=Lingelbach |first=William E. |title=The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |location=New York |year=1913 |pages=91–92 |isbn= |asin=B000L3E368}}</ref>
 
In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] dynasty. It eventually grew to become the ''de facto'' capital of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] (1483–1806) and a cultural centre for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. [[Hungary]] occupied the city between 1485–1490.
 
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] armies were stopped twice outside Vienna (see [[Siege of Vienna]], 1529 and [[Battle of Vienna]], 1683). A [[Great Plague of Vienna|plague]] epidemic ravaged Vienna in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spielman|first=John Philip|title=The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740|publisher=Purdue University Press|location=West Lafayette, Indiana|year=1993|isbn=1-55753-021-1|page=141}}</ref>
 
===Austro-Hungarian Empire===
[[File:Wien Burgtheater um 1900.jpg|thumb|Color photo lithograph of Vienna, 1900]]
In 1804, during the [[Napoleonic wars]], Vienna became the capital of the [[Austrian Empire]] and continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the 1814 [[Congress of Vienna]]. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Vienna remained the capital of what was then the [[Austria–Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]]. The city was a centre of classical music, for which the title of the [[First Viennese School]] is sometimes applied.
 
During the latter half of the 19th century, the city developed what had previously been the [[bastion]]s and [[glacis]] into the [[Ringstraße]], a new [[boulevard]] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the [[Republic of German-Austria]], and then in 1919 of the [[First Republic of Austria]].
 
From the late 19th century to 1938, the city remained a centre of high culture and [[modernism]]. A world capital of music, the city played host to composers such as [[Brahms]], [[Bruckner]], [[Mahler]] and [[Richard Strauss]]. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the [[Vienna Secession]] movement, [[psychoanalysis]], the [[Second Viennese School]], the architecture of [[Adolf Loos]] and the philosophy of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] and the [[Vienna Circle]]. In 1913, [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Joseph Tito]], [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Joseph Stalin]] all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, with some of them being regulars at the same [[coffeehouse]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21859771|title=1913: When Hitler, Trotsky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place|website=BBC News|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> Within Austria, Vienna was seen as a centre of socialist politics, for which it was sometimes referred to as "[[Red Vienna]]". The city was a stage to the [[Austrian Civil War]] of 1934, when Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] sent the [[Austrian Armed Forces|Austrian Army]] to shell civilian housing occupied by the socialist militia.
 
===The Anschluss and World War II===
{{Main|Anschluss}}
In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, Austrian-born [[Adolf Hitler]] spoke to the [[ethnic Germans|Austrian Germans]] from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the [[Hofburg Imperial Palace|Hofburg]] at the [[Heldenplatz]]. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War, Vienna lost its status as a capital to [[Berlin]].
 
On 2 April 1945, the Soviets launched the [[Vienna Offensive]] against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air raids and artillery duels between the [[SS]] and [[Wehrmacht]] and the [[Red Army]] crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water and power distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. Vienna fell eleven days later. Austria was separated from Germany, and Vienna was restored as the republic's capital city, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955.
 
===Four-power Vienna===
[[File:Wien Besatzungszonen.png|thumb|300px|Occupation zones in Vienna, 1945–55]]
After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September, 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September, 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the USA, the UK, France and the Soviet Union and supervised by an [[Allied Commission for Austria|Allied Commission]]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a ''de facto'' day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The [[Berlin Blockade]] of 1948 raised allied concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]:
{{quote|What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin. It is surrounded by a Soviet Zone of occupation and we have our sector of responsibility in Vienna the same as the Americans and the French. What plans have the Government to deal with a similar situation arising in Vienna in the near future? I hope we shall have an answer, because this is of vital importance. – Sir [[Anthony Nutting]], Honourable Member for [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|Melton]], 30 June 1948, House of Commons, London.}}
 
There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The [[Potsdam Agreement]] included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hot-bed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here the Soviet forces controlled the districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21 and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.
 
They put up barbed wire fences around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of [[NATO]] and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.
 
The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for [[Graham Greene]]'s screenplay for the film ''[[The Third Man]]'' (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the [[Philip Kerr]] novel, ''[[A German Requiem (novel)|A German Requiem]]''.
 
===Austrian State Treaty and afterwards===
The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the [[Austrian State Treaty]] was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with the political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither [[NATO]] nor the [[Soviet bloc]], and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's late entry into the European Union.
 
In the 1970s, [[Chancellor of Austria|Austrian Chancellor]] [[Bruno Kreisky]] inaugurated the [[Vienna International Centre]], a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations ([[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna]] and [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]), the [[Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]], the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]], the [[OPEC|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]], and the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] and the United European Gastroenterology Federation.{{clarify|date=May 2013|reason=United European Gastroenterology?}}
 
===Historical population===
[[File:Population of Vienna.svg|thumb|300px|Population of Vienna 1590 to 2013]]
Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of [[Austria–Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the fourth [[List of cities proper by population|largest city]] in Europe after London, Paris and Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frommer's Vienna & the Danube Valley |last=Porter |first=Darwin |authorlink= |coauthors=Prince, Danforth |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location= |isbn= |page=16 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b6jLTn7cN3oC&pg=PA16}}</ref> Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna (Czech ''Vídeň'', Hungarian ''Bécs'') was the city with the second-largest [[Czechs|Czech]] population in the world (after [[Prague]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |title=Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna |publisher=Wieninternational.at |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref> At the height of the migration, about one-third of the Viennese population was of [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] or Hungarian origin. After World War I, many [[Czechs]] and [[Hungarian people|Hungarians]] returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.
 
Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jewish people were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |title=Vienna |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref>
 
By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former [[Yugoslavia]]. ;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf |title=Bevölkerung 2001 nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5096611,00.html?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |title=Beč: Božić na gastarbajterski način &#124; Evropa &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 07.01.2010 |publisher=Dw-world.de |accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref> the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were [[Turkey|Turks]] (39,000; 2.5%), [[Poland|Poles]] (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%).<ref name="census">{{cite book |url=ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vz01wien_web.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Statistik Austria |year=2003 |title=Volkszählung. Hauptergebnisse I – Wien |language=German |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref>
 
As of 2012, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, [[Yugoslavia|ex-Yugoslavia]], [[Turkey]] and [[Germany]].<ref name="statistik.at"/>
<ref name="wien.gv.at"/> This is reflected today in the telephone list of the city where there is an eclectic list of surnames.
 
From 2002 to 2012 the city's population grew by over ten percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/english/administration/statistics/index.html | publisher=City of Vienna |year=2012 | title=Vienna in Figures |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref> In 2012 alone it added 25,000 people, making it the fastest growing city in German-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/english/transportation-urbanplanning/vienna2025.html | publisher=City of Vienna |year=2012 | title=Developing strategies for Vienna 2025 |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref>
 
{{Historical populations
|align=left
|1754|175,460
|1800|271,800
|1850|551,300
|1900|1,769,137
|1910|2,083,630
|1923|1,918,720
|1939|1,770,938
|1951|1,616,125
|1961|1,627,566
|1971|1,619,885
|1981|1,535,145
|1985|1,494,874
|1990|1,492,636
|1995|1,542,667
|2000|1,548,537
|2005|1,632,569
|2010|1,689,995
|2013|1,741,246
}}
{{clear left}}
 
==Geography and climate==
 
[[File:Tramwien E2 schwarzenberplatz.jpg|thumb|Winter in Vienna under snow|right]]
 
[[File:Neue Donau.jpg|thumb|[[Danube]] in Vienna]]
 
Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the [[Alps]] in the [[Vienna Basin]]. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from {{convert|151|to|524|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.
 
Vienna lies within a transition of [[oceanic climate]] and [[humid continental climate]], and features, according to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]], a Cfb (oceanic) -climate. The city has hot summers with average high temperatures of {{convert|25|to|36|C|F|abbr=on}}, with maxima exceeding {{convert|40|°C|0|abbr=on}} and lows of around {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring and autumn are mild. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging {{convert|620|mm|1|abbr=on}} annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ({{convert|700|to|800|mm|0|abbr=on}} annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ({{convert|500|to|550|mm|0|abbr=on}} annually).
 
{{Weather box|location= Vienna
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
|Jan record high C = 16.7
|Feb record high C = 19.1
|Mar record high C = 25.5
|Apr record high C = 27.8
|May record high C = 30.7
|Jun record high C = 35.9
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 37.0
|Sep record high C = 31.1
|Oct record high C = 26.4
|Nov record high C = 20.8
|Dec record high C = 16.1
|year record high C = 37.0
|Jan high C= 2.9
|Feb high C= 5.1
|Mar high C= 10.3
|Apr high C= 15.2
|May high C= 20.5
|Jun high C= 23.4
|Jul high C= 25.6
|Aug high C= 25.4
|Sep high C= 20.3
|Oct high C= 14.2
|Nov high C= 7.5
|Dec high C= 4.0
|year high C= 14.5
|Jan mean C = 0.1
|Feb mean C = 1.6
|Mar mean C = 5.7
|Apr mean C = 10.0
|May mean C = 15.2
|Jun mean C = 18.2
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.8
|Sep mean C = 15.3
|Oct mean C = 9.9
|Nov mean C = 4.6
|Dec mean C = 1.5
|year mean C = 10.2
|Jan low C= -2.0
|Feb low C= -0.9
|Mar low C= 2.4
|Apr low C= 5.8
|May low C= 10.5
|Jun low C= 13.5
|Jul low C= 15.4
|Aug low C= 15.3
|Sep low C= 11.7
|Oct low C= 7.0
|Nov low C= 2.4
|Dec low C= -0.5
|year low C= 6.7
|Jan record low C = -19.6
|Feb record low C = -17.2
|Mar record low C = -15.3
|Apr record low C = -2.7
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 4.8
|Jul record low C = 8.4
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 3.1
|Oct record low C = -4.5
|Nov record low C = -9.6
|Dec record low C = -18.1
|year record low C = -19.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm= 37.2
|Feb precipitation mm= 39.4
|Mar precipitation mm= 46.1
|Apr precipitation mm= 51.7
|May precipitation mm= 61.8
|Jun precipitation mm= 70.2
|Jul precipitation mm= 68.2
|Aug precipitation mm= 57.8
|Sep precipitation mm= 53.5
|Oct precipitation mm= 40.0
|Nov precipitation mm= 50.0
|Dec precipitation mm= 44.4
|Jan snow cm = 18.6
|Feb snow cm = 15.6
|Mar snow cm = 8.3
|Apr snow cm = 1.5
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0
|Nov snow cm = 7.9
|Dec snow cm = 16.4
|year snow cm = 68.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 7.3
|Feb precipitation days= 7.6
|Mar precipitation days= 8.3
|Apr precipitation days= 7.5
|May precipitation days= 8.5
|Jun precipitation days= 9.1
|Jul precipitation days= 9.0
|Aug precipitation days= 8.0
|Sep precipitation days= 7.0
|Oct precipitation days= 6.0
|Nov precipitation days= 8.3
|Dec precipitation days= 8.2
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 13.9
|Feb snow days = 10.0
|Mar snow days = 4.0
|Apr snow days = 0.4
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 2.7
|Dec snow days = 8.3
|year snow days = 39.3
|Jan sun= 60.9
|Feb sun= 90.1
|Mar sun= 131.5
|Apr sun= 173.8
|May sun= 228.0
|Jun sun= 222.8
|Jul sun= 241.8
|Aug sun= 239.2
|Sep sun= 167.6
|Oct sun= 131.2
|Nov sun= 65.5
|Dec sun= 52.0
|year sun = 1804.4
|source 1= [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics]]<ref name = ZAMG>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm|title=Klimadaten von Österreich 1971 - 2000 - Wien-Hohe Warte|language = German| publisher= Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics|accessdate=2012-09-06}}</ref>
|date = September 2012}}
 
==Districts and enlargement==
{{Main|Districts of Vienna}}
[[File:Vienna subdivisions (numbered).svg|thumb|Map of the districts of Vienna with numbers]]
Vienna is composed of 23 districts (''Bezirke''). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the Landeshauptmann (which in Vienna is the mayor); with the exception of the police, which in Vienna is governed by the President of the Police (at the same time one of the nine Directors of Security of Austria), a federal office, directly responsible to the Minister of the Interior.
 
As had been planned in 1919 for all of Austria but not introduced, district residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung), which chooses the District Head (Bezirksvorsteher) as political representative of the district on city level. City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that they are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councillor (amtsführender Stadrat).
 
[[File:Opera-Vienna-Austria-2005.jpg|thumb|left|Albertina Terrace in the Innere Stadt]]
The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's [[Innere Stadt]], was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages,<ref>Felix Czeike: ''Historisches Lexikon Wien'', volume 5, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-218-00547-7, p. 289</ref> called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently the walls were razed after 1857,<ref>Decision of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published in the official newspaper ‘‘Wiener Zeitung’’ on 25 December 1857, p. 1</ref> making it possible for the city centre to expand.
 
In their place, a broad boulevard called the [[Ringstraße]] was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the [[Rathaus, Vienna|Rathaus]] (town hall), the [[Burgtheater]], the [[University of Vienna|University]], the [[Parliament of Austria|Parliament]], the twin museums of [[Naturhistorisches Museum|natural history]] and [[Kunsthistorisches Museum|fine art]], and the [[Vienna State Opera|Staatsoper]]. It is also the location of New Wing of the [[Hofburg Imperial Palace|Hofburg]], the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|Stephansdom]] is located at the centre of the city, on [[Stephansplatz, Vienna|Stephansplatz]]. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.
 
[[File:Vienna Skyline.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Donaustadt]]
From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called [[Linienwall]]. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a [[beltway|ring road]] called [[Gürtel, Vienna|Gürtel]] was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892<ref name=vol5p290>Czeike, volume 5, p. 290</ref> and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894.<ref>Czeike, volume 4, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-218-00546-9, p. 69</ref> In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.
 
From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding [[Lower Austria]] in 1954.<ref name=vol5p290/> Since then Vienna has 23 districts.
 
Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The [[Innere Stadt]] is situated away from the main flow of the [[Danube]], but is bounded by the ''[[Donaukanal]]'' ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the [[Danube|Danube River]]. Across the Danube, where the [[Vienna International Centre]] is located, and in the southern areas are the newest parts of the city (districts 21–23).
 
==Politics==
[[File:Reichsrat Vienna Okt 2007 P2.jpg|thumb|[[Austrian Parliament Building]]s Debating Chamber of the former House of Deputies of Austria]]
In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the [[Christian Social Party (Austria)|Christian Social Party]], in particular long-term mayor [[Karl Lueger]]; he managed not to apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the ''Reichsrat'', in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For [[Adolf Hitler]], who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a remarkable teacher of how to use [[antisemitism]] in politics.
 
Vienna is today considered the centre of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]]. During the period of the [[Federal State of Austria|First Republic]] (1918–1934), the Vienna [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] undertook many overdue social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "[[Red Vienna]]" (''Rotes Wien''). In February 1934 troops of the Conservative Austrian federal government under [[Engelbert Dollfuss]], who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the ''Nationalrat'', in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organisations were engaged in the Austrian civil war, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.
 
For most of the time since after the First World War, the city has been governed by the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]] (SPÖ) with absolute majorities in the city parliament. Only between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the [[Austrofascism|austro-fascist]] and later by the [[Nazism|Nazi]] authorities. The current mayor of Vienna is [[Michael Häupl]] of the SPÖ. As rural Austria is dominated by conservative citizens, if the Social Democrats would not maintain their nearly unbreakable hold on Vienna, the rival [[Austrian People's Party]] (ÖVP) would dominate Austrian politics.
 
The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The ''[[Gemeindebau]]ten'' are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after WW II on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard.
 
Since Vienna obtained federal state (''Bundesland'') status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the mayor (except 1934–1945) also holds the function of the state governor (''Landeshauptmann''). The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (''Magistrat der Stadt Wien'') and the state government (''Landesregierung''). The city is administered by a multitude of departments (''Magistratsabteilungen''), politically supervised by ''amtsführende Stadträte'' (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).
 
In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. In 1996 the [[Freedom Party of Austria]] (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996–2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005 this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the [[The Greens – The Green Alternative|Green Party]] – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orf.at/stories/2025548/ |title=Pakt unterzeichnet: Rot-Grün in Wien nun offiziell – news.ORF.at |publisher=Orf.at |date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>
 
==Religion==
[[File:Karlskirche, Vienna.jpg|thumb|[[Karlskirche]], Vienna]]
Vienna is the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna]]; its current [[Archbishop]] is [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Christoph Schönborn]]. According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese are Roman Catholics, while 25.7% are of no religion, 7.8% are Muslim, 6.0% are members of an Orthodox denomination, 4.7% are Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% are Jewish, and 6.3% are either of other religions or did not reply.<ref name="census"/>
 
Many Roman [[Catholic Church|Catholic churches]] in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Roman Catholic churches, including the [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]] (''Stephansdom''), [[Karlskirche]], [[Peterskirche, Vienna|Peterskirche]], and the [[Votive Church, Vienna|Votivkirche]].
 
The proportion of Viennese who identify as Roman Catholic has dropped over the last fifty years, from 90% in 1961 to 39.8% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/624480/Bis-2031-nur-noch-jeder-Zweite-katholisch |title=Bis 2031 nur noch jeder Zweite katholisch |publisher=Diepresse.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref>
 
==Culture==
 
===Music, theatre and opera===
{{See also|Music of Austria|Vienna State Opera Ballet}}
[[File:Vienna - Johann Strauss Monument in Stadt Park - 4572.jpg|thumb|Monument of [[Johann Strauss II]] at [[Stadtpark, Vienna]]]]
Music is one of Vienna's legacies. Musical prodigies including [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Gustav Mahler]] and [[Arnold Schoenberg]] have worked there.
 
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theatre, opera, classical music and fine arts. The [[Burgtheater]] is considered one of the best theatres in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The [[Volkstheater, Vienna|Volkstheater Wien]] and the [[Theater in der Josefstadt]] also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theatres, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or [[cabaret]].
 
[[File:Wiener Staatsoper abend.jpg|thumb|left|State Opera (''Staatsoper'')]]
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the [[Theater an der Wien]], the [[Vienna State Opera|Staatsoper]] and the [[Vienna Volksoper|Volksoper]], the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese [[operetta]]. Classical concerts are performed at world famous venues such as the [[Musikverein|Wiener Musikverein]], home of the [[Vienna Philharmonic]] Orchestra..known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", also the [[Konzerthaus, Vienna|Wiener Konzerthaus]]. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], Johann Strauss the father, and Johann Strauss the son.
 
[[File:Wien Hofburg 1.jpg|thumb|[[Hofburg Palace]]]]
Up until 2005, the [[Theater an der Wien]] has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theatre in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical by far was "[[Elisabeth (musical)|Elisabeth]]",{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The [[Wiener Taschenoper]] is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The [[Haus der Musik]] ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.
 
The [[Wienerlied]] is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.<ref name="VLW">{{cite web|url=http://www.wvlw.at/ |title=Wiener Volksliederwerk, '&#39;Zum Wienerlied'&#39; |publisher=Wvlw.at |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref>
 
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group [[Ultravox]] paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "[[The Third Man]]" with the title [[Zither]] music of [[Anton Karas]].
 
The [[Vienna's English Theatre]] (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in Europe outside the UK.
 
===Musicians from Vienna===
 
Notable musicians were born in Vienna, including: [[Franz Schubert]], [[Johann Strauss I]], [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Arnold Schoenberg|Arnold Schönberg]], [[Fritz Kreisler]], [[Alban Berg]], [[Louie Austen]], [[Falco (musician)|Falco]] and [[Joe Zawinul]].
 
Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were [[Johann Joseph Fux]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Antonio Salieri]], [[Carl Czerny]], [[Johann Nepomuk Hummel]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Franz von Suppé]], [[Anton Bruckner]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Gustav Mahler]] and [[Rainhard Fendrich]].
 
===Museums===
[[File:MuseumsQuartier Vienna at night.jpg|thumb|[[Museumsquartier]]]]The [[Hofburg Palace|Hofburg]] is the location of the [[Imperial Treasury, Vienna|Imperial Treasury]] (''Schatzkammer''), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria]]) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the [[Kunsthistorisches Museum]], which houses many paintings by [[Old Master|old masters]], ancient and classical artifacts, and the [[Naturhistorisches Museum]].
 
A number of [[museums]] are located in the [[Museumsquartier]] (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the [[MUMOK]] (Ludwig Foundation), the [[Leopold Museum]] (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by [[Egon Schiele]], as well as works by the [[Vienna Secession]], [[Viennese Modernism]] and [[Austrian Expressionism]]), the [[Architekturzentrum Wien|AzW]] (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's [[Liechtenstein Museum|largest private art collections]], especially strong in the [[Baroque]]. [[Belvedere (palace)|Castle Belvedere]], built under [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|Prinz Eugen]], has [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|a gallery]] containing paintings by [[Gustav Klimt]] (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by [[Franz Xaver Messerschmidt]], and changing exhibitions too.
 
There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the [[Albertina, Vienna|Albertina]], the [[Heeresgeschichtliches Museum|Military History Museum]], the [[Technisches Museum Wien|Technical Museum]], the Burial Museum, the [[Museum of Art Fakes]], the [[KunstHausWien]], the [[Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)|Sigmund Freud Museum]], and the [[Mozarthaus Vienna]]. The museums on the history of the city, including the former [[Vienna Museum#Vienna Museum Karlsplatz|Historical Museum of the City of Vienna]] on [[Karlsplatz]], the [[Hermesvilla]], the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the [[Vienna Museum#Museum of the Romans|Museum of the Romans]], and the [[Vienna Museum#Clock Museum|Vienna Clock Museum]], are now gathered together under the group umbrella [[Vienna Museum]]. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.
 
===Architecture===
{{See also|Category:Buildings and structures in Austria}}
[[File:Palais Ferstl Vienna June 2006 002.jpg|thumb|upright|Palais Ferstel]]
A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[Ruprechtskirche]] and the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[St. Charles's Church, Vienna|Karlskirche]]. Styles range from [[classicism|classicist]] buildings to [[modern architecture]]. [[Art Nouveau]] left many architectural traces in Vienna. The [[Vienna Secession|Secession]], [[Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station]], and the [[Kirche am Steinhof]] by [[Otto Wagner]] rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.
 
Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the [[Wiener Moderne]], during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was [[Adolf Loos]], whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the [[Steiner House]] (1910).
 
The [[Hundertwasserhaus]] by [[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]], designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular [[tourist attraction]]s. Another example of unique architecture is the [[Wotruba Church|Wotrubakirche]] by sculptor [[Fritz Wotruba]]. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna).
The 220-meter high [[DC Towers|DC Tower 1]] located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the talltest skyscraper in Vienna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |title=Vienna's 10 tallest skyscrapers |publisher=Skyscraperpicture.com |date=13 May 2008 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |title=Millennium Tower &#124; Buildings |location=Vienna / |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref> In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodelling and revitalisation of the old [[Gasometer, Vienna|Gasometer]] in 2001.
Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than 40 m. The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as [[World Heritage Site|world cultural heritage]]. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.
 
===Vienna balls===
Vienna is the last great capital of the nineteenth-century [[ball (dance)|ball]]. There are over 200 significant balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many beautiful palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace at [[Heldenplatz]]. While the [[Vienna Opera Ball|Opera Ball]] is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, [[List of balls in Vienna|other balls]] such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) or the [[Life Ball]] (AIDS Charity Event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime. For many, the ball season lasts three months and can include up to ten or fifteen separate appearances.
 
Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna Staatsoper often perform at the openings of the larger balls.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}
 
A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Viennese balls generally begin at 9&nbsp;pm and last until 5&nbsp;am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day.
 
{{wide image|Panorama vienna.jpg|800px|Panoramic view Vienna at night}}
[[File:Panorama Wien, Kahlenberg.jpg|800px|thumbnail|center|Panoramic view Vienna during the day]]
 
==Education==
Vienna is Austria's main centre of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasiums (high schools)]].
 
[[File:Friedrich von Schiller.JPG|thumb|Friedrich Schiller statue in front of the [[Academy of Fine Arts]]]]
[[File:Muw herbst.jpg|thumb|The [[Medical University of Vienna]]]]
[[File:University Vienna Oct. 2006 002.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Vienna]]'s main building]]
[[File:Vienna University of Technology 6.2008.jpg|thumb|[[Vienna University of Technology]]]]
 
===Universities===
*[[Academy of Fine Arts Vienna]]
*[[Diplomatic Academy of Vienna]]
*[[Medical University of Vienna]]
*[[PEF Private University of Management Vienna]]
*[[University of Applied Arts Vienna]]
*[[University of Applied Sciences bfi Vienna]]
*[[University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien]]
*[[University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna]]
*[[University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna]]
*[[University of Vienna]]
*[[Vienna University of Economics and Business]]
*[[University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna|University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna]]
*[[Vienna University of Technology]]
*[[Webster University Vienna]]
*[[Sigmund Freud University Vienna]]
 
*[[International Anti-Corruption Academy]] (in Laxenburg, {{convert|24|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Vienna)
* Modul University Vienna (Private University)
 
===International schools===
 
*[[AMADEUS International School Vienna]]
*[[American International School of Vienna|American International School Vienna]]
*[[Danube International School]]
*[[International University Vienna]]
*[[SAE Institute|SAE Vienna]]
*[[Lauder Business School]]
*[[Lycée Français de Vienne]]
*[[Vienna Christian School]]
*[[Vienna International School]]
*[[Wake Forest University - Flow House]]
*[[Megatrend Internatiional University Vienna]]
 
 
 
 
==Leisure activities==
 
===Parks and gardens===
{{Wide image|Panorama-donaupark-2002.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of park in [[Donaustadt]]}}
[[File:Volksgarten Vienna June 2006 300.jpg|thumb|Vienna city park]]
Vienna possesses many parks, including the ''[[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]]'', the ''Burggarten'', the ''Volksgarten'' (part of the ''Hofburg''), the ''Schlosspark'' at Schloss Belvedere (home to the [[Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna|Vienna Botanic Gardens]]), the ''Donaupark'', the ''Schönbrunner Schlosspark'', the ''[[Prater]]'', the ''Augarten'', the ''Rathauspark'', the ''[[Lainzer Tiergarten]]'', the ''Dehnepark'', the ''Resselpark'', the ''Votivpark'', the ''Kurpark Oberlaa'', the ''Auer-Welsbach-Park'' and the ''Türkenschanzpark''. Green areas include ''Laaer-Berg'' (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the ''[[Vienna Woods|Wienerwald]]'', which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as ''Beserlparks'', are everywhere in the inner city areas.
 
Many of Vienna's famous parks include monuments, such as the [[Stadtpark, Vienna|Stadtpark]] with its statue of [[Johann Strauss II]], and the gardens of the [[baroque]] [[Belvedere (palace)|palace]], where the [[Austrian State Treaty|State Treaty]] was signed. Vienna's principal park is the [[Prater]] which is home to the [[Wiener Riesenrad|Riesenrad]], a [[Ferris wheel]]. The imperial [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]]'s grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes [[Tiergarten Schönbrunn|the world's oldest zoo]], founded in 1752.
The [[Donauinsel]], part of Vienna's flood defences, is a {{convert|21.1|km|1|abbr=on}} long [[artificial island]] between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.
 
===Sport===
[[File:Ernst Happel Stadion.jpg|thumb|[[Ernst-Happel-Stadion]] in the Prater]]
Austria's capital is home to numerous [[Association football|football]] teams. The best known are the local football clubs include [[FK Austria Wien]] (21 [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] titles and record 27-time cup winners), [[SK Rapid Wien]] (record 32 [[Austrian Football Bundesliga|Austrian Bundesliga]] titles), and the oldest team, [[First Vienna FC]]. Other important [[sports club]]s include the [[Vikings Vienna|Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna]] ([[American football|American Football]]), who won the [[Eurobowl]] title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the [[Aon hotVolleys Vienna]], one of Europe's premier Volleyball organisations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the [[Vienna Capitals]] ([[Ice hockey|Ice Hockey]]). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three [[Rugby union|rugby]] clubs; [[Vienna Celtic RFC|Vienna Celtic]], the oldest rugby club in Austria, [[RC Donau]], and [[Stade Rugby Club Wien|Stade Viennois]]
 
Vienna hosts many different sporting events including the [[Vienna Marathon|Vienna City Marathon]], which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the [[Ice hockey|Ice Hockey]] World Championships took place in [[Austria]] and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's [[Ernst-Happel-Stadion|Ernst Happel Stadium]] was the venue of four [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of [[UEFA Euro 2008|Euro 2008]] which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany.
 
==Culinary specialities==
 
===Food===
{{See also|Austrian cuisine}}
[[File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg|thumb|''Wiener [[Schnitzel]]'']]
[[File:Sachertorte DSC03027.JPG|thumb|''[[Sachertorte]]'']]
Vienna is well known for ''Wiener [[Schnitzel]]'', a cutlet of [[veal]] (Kalbs Schnitzel) or pork (Schweins Schnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in [[clarified butter]]. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves [[Viennese cuisine]] and can be eaten hot or cold. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include ''[[Tafelspitz]]'' (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with ''Geröstete Erdäpfel'' (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, ''Apfelkren'' (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and ''Schnittlauchsauce'' (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).
 
Vienna has a long tradition of producing the finest cakes and desserts. These include ''[[Apple strudel|Apfelstrudel]]'' (hot apple strudel), ''[[Milchrahmstrudel]]'' (milk-cream strudel), ''[[Palatschinken]]'' (sweet pancakes), and ''Knödel'' (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (''[[Marillenknödel]]''). [[Sachertorte]], a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the [[Hotel Sacher|Sacher Hotel]], is world famous.
 
In winter, small street stands sell traditional ''Maroni'' (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.
 
Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (''[[Würstelstand]]'') throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as ''Wiener'' (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is in Vienna called a ''Frankfurter''. Other popular sausages are ''Burenwurst'' (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), ''[[Kranjska klobasa|Käsekrainer]]'' (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and ''Bratwurst'' (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).
 
Kebab and pizza are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.
 
The ''[[Naschmarkt]]'' is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.
 
===Drinks===
Vienna, along with Paris, [[Prague]], [[Bratislava]], [[Warsaw]] and London, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as [[Heuriger]], which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of [[Döbling]] ([[Grinzing]], [[Neustift am Walde]], [[Nußdorf, Vienna|Nußdorf]], [[Salmannsdorf]], [[Sievering]]), [[Floridsdorf]] ([[Stammersdorf]], [[Strebersdorf]]), [[Liesing]] ([[Mauer, Vienna|Mauer]]) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The [[Grüner Veltliner]], a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.
 
Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, [[Brauerei Ottakringer|Ottakringer]], and more than ten [[Vienna microbreweries|microbreweries]]. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.
 
===Viennese cafés===
<!-- This section is linked from [[Kara Mustafa]] -->
[[File:Café Demel interior4, Vienna.jpg|thumb|upright|''Demel Café'']]
[[Viennese café]]s have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of [[drip brew|filtering coffee]] from booty captured after the second [[Battle of Vienna|Turkish siege]] in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of [[coffee|coffee beans]]. The Polish King Jan III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki|Franz George Kolschitzky]] (Polish – [[Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki|Franciszek Jerzy Kulczycki]]) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first [[Coffeehouse|coffee shop]]. [[Julius Meinl]] set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.
 
==Tourist attractions==
{{further|Tourist attractions in Vienna}}
Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the [[Hofburg Imperial Palace|Hofburg]] and [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]] (also home to the world's oldest zoo, [[Tiergarten Schönbrunn]]) and the [[Wiener Riesenrad|Riesenrad]] in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the [[Burgtheater]], the [[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsoper]], the [[Lipizzan]]er horses at the [[Spanish Riding School|spanische Hofreitschule]], and the [[Vienna Boys' Choir]], as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
{{wide image|Schönbrunn, Viedeň, Rakúsko.jpg|800px|[[Schönbrunn Palace]]}}
{{wide image|Schlosspark Schoenbrunn Panorama.jpg|800px|[[Gloriette]] at the [[Schönbrunn Palace]]}}
 
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year.<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |page=10|format=PDF |title=Vienna in figures: Special Issue for the EU Presidency 2006 |publisher=City of Vienna |accessdate=2011-09-23}}</ref> The most popular ones are [[Albertina, Vienna|Albertina]], [[Österreichische Galerie Belvedere|Belvedere]], [[Leopold Museum]] in the [[Museumsquartier]], [[KunstHausWien]], [[BA-CA Kunstforum]], the twin ''[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]]'' and ''[[Naturhistorisches Museum]]'', and the [[Technisches Museum Wien]], each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/vienna-must-dos/ |format=[[Microsoft Excel|xls]] |title=Top 30 Sights, Museums, Exhibition Halls 2005 |publisher=Vienna Tourist Board}}</ref>
 
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven's]] various residences and grave at [[Zentralfriedhof]] (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many [[Celebrity|famous people]]. [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at [[St. Marx Cemetery|St. Marx cemetery]] (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]], the [[Church of the Teutonic Order, Vienna|Deutschordenskirche]], the [[Jesuit Church, Vienna|Jesuitenkirche]], the [[Karlskirche]], the [[Peterskirche]], [[Maria am Gestade]], the [[Minoritenkirche, Vienna|Minoritenkirche]], the [[Ruprechtskirche]], the [[Schottenkirche, Vienna|Schottenkirche]], [[St. Ulrich, Vienna|St. Ulrich]] and the [[Votive Church, Vienna|Votivkirche]].
 
Modern attractions include the [[Hundertwasserhaus]], the [[Vienna International Centre|United Nations headquarters]] and the view from the [[Donauturm]].
<gallery>
File:Albertina 2.JPG|[[Albertina, Vienna|Albertina]]
File:Austria Parlament Athena.jpg|[[Austrian Parliament Building]]
File:Belveder - widok od frontu - Vienna.jpg|[[Belvedere (palace)|Belvedere Palace]]
File:Graben Vienna June 2006 283.jpg|[[Graben, Vienna|Graben]]
File:Wien Kunsthistorisches Museum Nov2006.jpg|[[Kunsthistorisches Museum]]
File:Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna June 2006 241.jpg|[[Naturhistorisches Museum]]
File:Palais Augarten Vienna.jpg|[[Palais Augarten]]
File:Rathaus Vienna June 2006 165.jpg|[[Rathaus, Vienna|Rathaus]]
File:Spanische Hofreitschule3, Vienna.jpg|[[Spanish Riding School]]
File:0181-0183a - Wien - Stephansdom.jpg|[[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna|St. Stephen's Cathedral]]
File:Sttephanplatz, Graben, Vienna, Austria.jpg|[[Stephansplatz, Vienna|Stephansplatz]]
File:Secession Vienna June 2006 006.jpg|[[Vienna Secession]] building
File:Vienna State Opera House 565721222 d71017965c.jpg|[[Vienna State Opera]]
File:20080215-18 Wenen (460).jpg|[[Wiener Riesenrad]]
</gallery>
 
==Transportation==
{{Main|Transportation in Vienna}}
[[File:U Stephansplatz 2.JPG|thumb|[[Stephansplatz (Vienna U-Bahn)]] metro station]]
[[File:Vereinte Nationen in Wien.jpg|thumb|UN complex in Vienna, with the Austria Center Vienna in front, taken from the [[Donauturm|Danube Tower]] in the nearby Donaupark before the extensive building work]]
[[File:Wien-Reichsbruecke-6.JPG|thumb|Many international organisations and offices are located in [[Donaustadt]]]]
 
Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the [[Verkehrsverbund Ost-Region]] (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and 5 underground metro lines ([[Vienna U-Bahn|U-Bahn]]). Trains are operated by the [[Austrian Federal Railways|ÖBB]].
 
Vienna has multiple road connections including motorways.
 
Vienna is served by [[Vienna International Airport]], located {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of the city centre next to the town of [[Schwechat]].
 
==International relations==
 
===International organisations in Vienna===
Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA), the [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO), the [[UNODC|United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC), the [[OPEC|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC), the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization|Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]] (CTBTO), the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE), the [[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] (UNOOSA) and the [[European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights]] (FRA).
Currently Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to [[New York City|New York]], [[Geneva]], and [[Nairobi]].
Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the [[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law|United Nations Commission on International Trade Law's]] secretariat ([[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law|UNCITRAL]]). In conjunction, the [[University of Vienna]] annually hosts the prestigious [[Willem C. Vis Moot]], an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.
 
Various special diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in various documents bearing the name [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna Convention]] or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]], as well as the 1990 [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]].
 
{{See also|Vienna Convention (disambiguation)}}
 
===Charitable organisations in Vienna===
Alongside international and intergovernmental organisations, there are dozens of charitable organisations based in Vienna.. One such organisation is the network of [[SOS Children's Villages]], founded by [[Hermann Gmeiner]] in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include [[Help Afghan School Children Organization|HASCO]].
 
Another extremely popular international event is the annual [[Life Ball]], which supports people with [[HIV]] or [[AIDS]]. Guests such as [[Bill Clinton]] and [[Whoopi Goldberg]] were recent attendees.
 
===Twin towns and sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria}}
Vienna is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with the following cities:
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]] in Turkey <small>''(since 2012)''<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''[via WaybackMachine.com]''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=2013-07-21|language=Turkish}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Belgrade]] in Serbia
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]] in Germany
*{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Bern]] in Switzerland
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]] in Slovakia<ref name="Bratislava twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava|accessdate=2013-08-05|work=Bratislava-City.sk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|archivedate=2013-07-28}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Brno]] in Czech Republic<ref name="Brno">{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno – Partnerská města|publisher=2006–2009 [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav01=70&nav02=2224 City of Brno]|language=Czech|accessdate=17 July 2009}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]] in Hungary<ref name="Budapest twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|title=Budapest – Testvérvárosok|accessdate=2013-08-14|work=Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala [Official site of the Municipality of Budapest]|language=Hungarian|trans_title=Budapest – Twin Cities|archiveurl=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|archivedate=2013-08-09}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]] in Turkey <small>''(since 2007)''</small>
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kiev]] in Ukraine
*{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Ljubljana]] in Slovenia<ref name="Ljubljana twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/|title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City)|language=Slovenian}}</ref>
||
 
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]] in Russia
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], Czech Republic<ref name="Prague twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=2013-08-05|date=2013-07-18|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]|language=Czech|trans_title=Prague – Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =2013-06-25}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tabriz]] in Iran <small>''(since 2009)''</small><ref
name="Tabriz">[http://www.azembassy.at/en/azau.htm]{{dead link|date=January 2011}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]] in Israel
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunis]] in Tunisia
*{{flagicon|LIE}} [[Vaduz]] in Liechtenstein
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Warsaw]] in Poland <small>''(since 2001)''<ref>{{pl icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,0 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Yogyakarta]] in Indonesia <small>''(since 2012)''</small>
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]] in Croatia <small>''(since 1994)''<ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]] in Bulgaria
|}
 
===Partnerships===
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Niš]] in Serbia
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Pula]] in Croatia<ref name="Pula twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123|title=Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule|accessdate = 2013-07-28|work=Grad Pula|language = Croatian, Italian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505091330/http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123|archivedate=2012-05-05}}</ref>
|}
 
In addition, individual Viennese districts are twinned with {{flagicon|JPN}} Japanese cities/districts:
 
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*[[Alsergrund]] with [[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]. <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
*[[Döbling]] with [[Setagaya, Tokyo|Setagaya]], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1985)''</small>
*[[Donaustadt]] with [[Arakawa, Tokyo|Arakawa]], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1996)''</small>
*[[Floridsdorf]] with [[Katsushika, Tokyo|Katsushika]], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1987)''</small>
||
*[[Hernals]] with [[Fuchū, Tokyo|Fuchu]], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
*[[Hietzing]] with [[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]. <small>''(since 1995)''</small>
*[[Innere Stadt]] with [[Taitō, Tokyo|Taito]], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1989)''</small>
*[[Meidling]] with [[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]], [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]]. <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
|}
 
Further, the Viennese district [[Leopoldstadt]] and the New York City borough [[Brooklyn]] entered into a partnership in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/289167/index.do?from=suche.intern.portal |title=Brooklyn und Leopoldstadt sind nun Partner |publisher=Diepresse.com |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Augarten porcelain]]
* [[Donauinselfest]]
* [[List of honorary citizens of Vienna]]
* [[List of mayors of Vienna]]
* [[List of Viennese]]
* [[Soviet War Memorial (Vienna)]]
* [[Vienna Biennale]]
* [[Vienna (Billy Joel song)]]
* [[Vienna Circle]]
* [[Vienna (Ultravox song)]]
* [[Viennese German]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal bar|Vienna|Austria|European Union}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Further reading==
*[[Martina Pippal|Pippal, M.]]: ''A short History of Art in Vienna'', Munich: C.H. Beck 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-46789-9, provides a concise overview.
*[[Robert von Dassanowsky|Dassanowsky, Robert]] ed, : "World Film Locations: Vienna", London: Intellect/Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2012, ISBN 9781841505695. International films about Vienna or Austria shot on location throughout cinema history.
 
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Vienna|Vienna}}
'''Official websites'''
*[http://www.wien.gv.at/english/ Wien.gv.at] – Official site of the municipality, with interactive map.
*[http://www.wien.info/ Wien.info] – Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc.
*[http://www.vho.at/embassy.en.html List of Embassies in Vienna]
 
'''Pictures and videos of Vienna'''
*[http://very-bored.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=102&Itemid=1 Photos of Vienna at night (very-bored.com)]
*[http://www.zoomvienna.com/thumbnails.php Photos of Vienna (zoomvienna.com)]
*[http://europe61.com/post/54282755527/city-walk-in-vienna-austria Photos of Vienna (europe61.com)]
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/hl_vienna/ PhotoGlobe Vienna] – a collection of georeferenced photos of Vienna
*[http://willypuchner.com/en/wien/wien/wien_index1englisch.htm Vienna. Pleasure and Melancholy] A collection of photos of Vienna (willypuchner.com)
*[http://www.wienkultur.info/ Panoramic pictures of Vienna (wienkultur.info)]
*[http://vrvienna.com/iview_quicktime/index.html 360° virtual tour of Vienna, Austria] (VRVienna.com)
*[http://www.butkaj.com/visit/thumbnails.php?album=57 Vienna Christmas market] "Wiener Christkindlmarkt" (butkaj.com)
*[http://www.butkaj.com/visit/thumbnails.php?album=55 Photos of Vienna] Sightseeings (butkaj.com)
*[http://www.gpix.at/Gpix.at-Gigapixel_gpath,wien,pid,9112,type,gpix.html Wien Gigapixel Panorama (12.000 Megapixel)]
* {{YouTube|He94o57J4CA|Josef Hoffmann and the Wiener Werkstaette, WOKA VIDEO 1995, Screenwriter and director Wolfgang Karolinsky 40 min }}
 
'''History of Vienna'''
*[http://postrealism.com/vienna.htm Hundreds of articles on historical buildings of Vienna: Churches, Palaces, Art, Culture and History of Vienna]
*[http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/oe-index.htm#06 Jews in Vienna (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)].
*[http://www.battlefieldsww2.com/Vienna.html German flaktowers in Vienna]
*[http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Wien History of the Coat of Arms of Vienna and all (former) districts and municipalities]
 
'''Further information on Vienna'''
*[http://www.wien.city-map.at/ Vienna Information] Sorted by categories. Choose from 5 Languages
*[http://www.concertvienna.com/ Events in Vienna]
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