హిందుస్థానీ సంగీతము: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు
పంక్తి 20:
 
==సంగీతం చరిత్ర ==
[[సంగీతం]] హిందు సంస్కృతిలొ ఒక ప్రధాన భాగం అయిపోయింది. వైష్ణవ సాంప్రదాయములో సంగీతానికి ఎంతో ప్రత్యేక స్థానం ఉంది, సంగీతాన్ని ఆధారంగా చేసుకొని ఎందరో భగవతారాధన చేసి తరించారు.During the ancient period, priests who sung Vedic hymns did so based on notes as assigned by the rules later codified in [[Chandogya Upanishad]] in circa. 1800 BCE. These priests were called [[Samans]] or [[Samavedis]] and a number of ancient musical instruments such as conch (Shankhu), lute (Veena), flute (bansuri), trumptets and horns were associated with this and latter practices of ritual singing. The name Raga was first found in [[Natya Shastra]] a treatise on all dramatic forms of ancient India circa 200 CE purportedly written by [[Bharata Muni]]. Later periods saw further evolution in music theory and the [[purana]] period was characterized by numerous references to singing, musicians and musical instruments. [[Narada]]'s [[Sangita Makarandha]] treatise circa 1100 is the earliest text where rules similar to the current Hindustani classical music can be found. [[Narada]] actually names and classifies the system in its earlier form before the advent of changes as a result of Islamic influences. [[Jayadeva]]'s [[Gita Govinda]] from the 12th century was perhaps the earliest musical composition presently known sung in the classical tradition called [[Ashtapada|Ashtapadi]] music.
 
ఆ తరువాత భారతీయులతో కలిసిపోయిన మొఘల్ సామ్రాజ్యవాదులు, ముఖ్యంగా జలాలుద్దిన్ అక్బర్. సంగీత నృత్యాలు ఆ సమయంలో వెల్లివిరిసాయి, అదే కాలానికి చెందినవాడు ప్రముఖ సంగీతకారుడు తాన్సేన్. అతని రాగాలు (సమయానికి అనుగుణంగా విభజింపబడి) ఎంతో శక్తివంతమైనవిగా చెప్పుకోబడతాయి. అతనొకసారి ఉదయం రాత్రి సమయానికి చెందిన రాగము పాడుట వలన, నగరమంతా మేఘమయమై చీకటి ఆవరించిందని చెప్పుకుంటారు.
The advent of Islamic rule under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later the [[Mughal Empire]] over northern India caused the traditional musicians to seek patronage in the courts of the new rulers. These Islamic rulers had strong cultural and religious sentiments focussed outside of India; yet they lived in, and administered, kingdoms which retained their traditional [[Hindu]] culture. This helped spur the fusion of Hindu and Muslim ideas to make [[qawwali]] and [[khayal]]. Perhaps the most legendary musician of this period is [[Amir Khusrau]], who is credited with systematizing the Hindustani methodologies by studying the forms of [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] music theory and spurring a chain of creative composition that melded Indian with Persian sensibilities. He is also credited with inventing most of the major genres of Hindustani music (such as qawwali), and some of its most important instruments (such as the sitar). However, we do not have much of evidence in the form of Khayal compositions to support the popular thesis of Amir Khusro of having invented the 'Khayal' form. On the contrary the evidence in the form of around 1000 or more compositions by the court musician Niyamat Khan 'Sadarang' in the court of Muhammad Shah 'Rangiley' suggests that 'Sadarang' was the path breaker and the father of modern day 'Khayal'.
 
[[20వ శతాబ్దము]]లో [[మహారాజు]]ల, [[నవాబు]]ల బలము క్షీణించింది, అలాగే వారి పోషణ. [[ఆల్ ఇండియా రేడియో]] ఏర్పడిన తరువాత కొంత మంది కళాకారులను ఆదుకున్నది. [[1902]]లో ఫ్రెడ్ గైస్‌బర్గ్ అనే ఆయన రికార్డు చేయడంతో మొట్టమొదటగా గౌహర్ జన్ అనే కళాకారిణి వెలుగులోకి వచ్చింది.
Later, the Mughal Empire intermarried with Indians, especially under Jalal ud-Din [[Akbar]]. Music and dance flourished during this period, and the Hindu musician [[Tansen]] is still well-remembered. Indeed, his ragas (which are based on times of the day) were reputed to have been so powerful that according to legend, upon his rendition of a night-time raga in the morning, the entire city fell under a hush and clouds gathered in the sky.
 
In the [[20th century]], the power of the [[maharajah]]s (Hindus) and [[nawab]]s (Muslims) declined, and thus so did their patronage. The Indian Government-run [[All India Radio]] helped to counter this development and replaced the patronage system. The first star was [[Gauhar Jan]], whose career was born out of [[Fred Gaisberg]]'s first recordings of Indian music in [[1902]].
 
==వాద్య సంగీతం==