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ఉత్తర కొరియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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పంక్తి 183:
[[File:Juche Tower.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Juche Tower|''Juche'' Tower]] in Pyongyang is dedicated to the ''[[Juche]]'' ideology.]]
పార్టీ కార్యకలాపాలకు మరియు ప్రభుత్వ నిర్వహణకు జుచే విధానం మూలస్థంభంగా ఉంది. {{Sfn|Country Study|2009|p=203}}
జూచే విధానం ఆర్ధిక స్వావలబన, సెల్ఫ్ - రిలయంస్ మిలటరీ మరియు స్వతంత్ర విదేశీవిధానాలను సమర్ధిస్తుంది. జూచే విధానంలో గతకాలపు సోవియట్ - గతకాలపు చైనా మరియు కొరియా శతాబ్ధాల చరిత్రకలిగిన స్వతంత్రపోరాటం మూలాలుగా కలిగి ఉంది. {{Sfn|Country Study|2009|p=204}}2009 దేశం కమ్యూనిజ విధానానం విడిచి సోషలిజ విధానాన్ని కొనసాగించింది.
 
It was initially promoted as a "creative application" of [[Marxism–Leninism]], but in the mid-1970s, it was described by state propaganda as "the only scientific thought... and most effective revolutionary theoretical structure that leads to the future of communist society". ''Juche'' eventually replaced Marxism–Leninism entirely by the 1980s,
 
{{Sfn|Country Study|2009|p=206}}
 
and in 1992 references to the latter were omitted from the constitution.
 
{{Sfn|Country Study|2009|p=186}}
 
The 2009 constitution dropped references to communism, but retained references to socialism.
 
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/28/idUSSEO253213|title=North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leaders"|first=Jon|last=Herskovitz|first2=Christine|last2=Kim|date=28 September 2009|accessdate=17 July 2011|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>
విదేశీ పర్యవేక్షకులు ఉత్తరకొరియా రాజకీయవిధానాన్ని రాచరికవ్యవస్థగా పరిగణిస్తుంది. <ref>Young W. Kihl, Hong Nack Kim. ''North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival''. Armonk, New York, USA: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2006. Pp 56.</ref><ref>Robert A. Scalapino, Chong-Sik Lee. ''The Society''. University of California Press, 1972. Pp. 689.</ref><ref>Bong Youn Choy. A history of the Korean reunification movement: its issues and prospects. Research Committee on Korean Reunification, Institute of International Studies, Bradley University, 1984. Pp. 117.</ref> లేక వంశపారంపర్య పరిపాలనా విధానంగా పరిగణిస్తుంది. ▼
 
''Juche'''s concepts of self-reliance have thus evolved with time and circumstances, but still provide the groundwork for the spartan austerity, sacrifice and discipline demanded by the party.{{Sfn|Country Study|2009|p=207}}
 
Some foreign observers have instead described North Korea's political system as an [[absolute monarchy]]
 
▲<ref>Young W. Kihl, Hong Nack Kim. ''North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival''. Armonk, New York, USA: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2006. Pp 56.</ref><ref>Robert A. Scalapino, Chong-Sik Lee. ''The Society''. University of California Press, 1972. Pp. 689.</ref><ref>Bong Youn Choy. A history of the Korean reunification movement: its issues and prospects. Research Committee on Korean Reunification, Institute of International Studies, Bradley University, 1984. Pp. 117.</ref>
 
or a "hereditary dictatorship".
 
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2452356.ece|title=A tale of two dictatorships: The links between North Korea and Syria|last=Sheridan|first=Michael|date=16 September 2007|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=9 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref>
ఇతర దేశాలు ఈ విధానం షోవా జపాన్ విధానాలకు సమీపంగా ఉన్న కొరియాసంప్రదాయ విధానం అని భావిస్తున్నారు. <ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.feer.com/reviews/2009/december51/the-cleanest-race-how-north-koreans-see-themselves-and-why-it-matters|title = Review of ''The Cleanest Race''|author = [[Andrei Lankov]]|date = 4 December 2009|work = Far Eastern Economic Review|accessdate = 5 June 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100104035159/http://feer.com/reviews/2009/december51/the-cleanest-race-how-north-koreans-see-themselves-and-why-it-matters▼
 
Others view its ideology as a [[Korean ethnic nationalism|racialist-focused nationalism]] similar to that of [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|Shōwa Japan]],
 
▲<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.feer.com/reviews/2009/december51/the-cleanest-race-how-north-koreans-see-themselves-and-why-it-matters|title = Review of ''The Cleanest Race''|author = [[Andrei Lankov]]|date = 4 December 2009|work = Far Eastern Economic Review|accessdate = 5 June 2015|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100104035159/http://feer.com/reviews/2009/december51/the-cleanest-race-how-north-koreans-see-themselves-and-why-it-matters
|archivedate =4 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[[Christopher Hitchens]]: [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2010/02/a_nation_of_racist_dwarfs.html A Nation of Racist Dwarfs – Kim Jong-il's regime is even weirder and more despicable than you thought] (2010)</ref><ref>{{cite news| author=[[Brian Reynolds Myers]] | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704471504574445980801810944.html | title = The Constitution of Kim Jong Il. | work = [[Wall Street Journal]] | date = 1 October 2009 | accessdate = 20 December 2012 | quote = From its beginnings in 1945 the regime has espoused—to its subjects if not to its Soviet and Chinese aid-providers—a race-based, paranoid nationalism that has nothing to do with Marxism-Leninism. [...] North Korea has always had less in common with the former Soviet Union than with the Japan of the 1930s, another 'national defense state' in which a command economy was pursued not as an end in itself, but as a prerequisite for rapid armament. North Korea is, in other words, a national-socialist country}}</ref>{{Sfn|Myers|2011|pp= 9; 11–12}}
యురేపియన్ ఫాసిజం లాంటిదని మరి కొందరు భావిస్తున్నారు. <ref name="Armstrong">{{cite journal|title=Trends in the Study of North Korea|first=Charles K|last=Armstrong|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=70|issue=2|date=May 2011|pages=357–371|authorlink=Charles K. Armstrong|doi=10.1017/s0021911811000027}}</ref>▼
 
or bearing a resemblance to European [[fascism]].
 
▲<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite journal|title=Trends in the Study of North Korea|first=Charles K|last=Armstrong|journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]]|volume=70|issue=2|date=May 2011|pages=357–371|authorlink=Charles K. Armstrong|doi=10.1017/s0021911811000027}}</ref>
 
==మతం==
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