జిహాద్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

జిహాద్ (Jihad) అనగా ఆశయ సాధన కోసం శక్తివంచన లేకుండా నిర్విరామంగా కృషి చేయడం, పోరాడటం. దీన్ని కొంతవరకూ స్ట్రగుల్ అనే ఆంగ్ల పదంతో పోల్చవచ్చు. ఇంకా విసృతంగావిస్తృతంగా చెప్పాలంటే నిరంతరం ఆశయాన్నే దృష్టిలో పెట్టుకొని దాని కోసం పధకాలు రూపొందిచడం, వాక్కు , వ్రాతల ద్వారా ప్రచారం చేయడం, అందుబాటులో ఉండే వనరులన్నీ వినియోగించుకోవడం, అనివార్యమైతే ఆయుధం చేపట్టి పోరాడటం, అవసరమైతే ఆ మార్గంలో ప్రాణాలు సైతం ధారబోయడం - ఇవన్నీ జిహాద్ క్రిందికే వస్తాయి. దైవ ప్రసన్నత పొందే సత్సంకల్పంతో ధర్మ పరిరక్షణ కోసం హింసా దౌర్జన్యాలను అరికట్టేందుకు చేసే ఇలాంటి పోరాటాన్ని 'జిహాద్ ఫీ సబిలిల్లాహ్' (దైవ మార్గంలో పోరాటం) అందురు. <ref>ఖురాన్ భావామృతం - అబుల్ ఇర్ఫాన్ , పబ్లిషర్ష్ - ఇస్లామిచ్ రీసెర్చ్ సెంటర్, హైదరాబాద్</ref> [[ఇస్లాం మతం]]లో నాల్గవ స్థంభముస్తంభము జిహాద్. దీనిని గురించి పవిత్ర ఖురాన్ లో ఈ క్రింది విధంగా చెప్పబడింది.

'''జిహాద్''' (ఆంగ్లం :'''Jihad''' : అరబ్బీ :جهاد ), ఒక ఇస్లామీయ పదజాలము (అరబ్బీ పదజాలము). జిహాద్ లో పాల్గొనువారిని "ముజాహిద్" (ఏకవచనం) లేదా "ముజాహిదీన్" (బహువచనం) అని పిలుస్తారు.

; 2. జిహాద్-ఎ-సొగ్రా : మన చుట్టూ జరిగే చెడును నివారించటంకోసం చేసే బహిర్గత పోరాటం.

జిహాద్ అనే పదము ముస్లిం సమాజములో ఒక సాధారణ పదము, కానీ ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ఈ పదము ''ఇస్లాం కొరకు "పవిత్ర యుద్ధం"'' (holy war on behalf of Islam) అనే భావంతో ఉపయోగింపబడుచున్నది.<ref name="firestone"/> విశాల దృష్టితో చూసిన యెడల, ఈ పదము, హింస మరియు అహింస అనే రెండు భావనలనూ కలిగివున్నది. దీని సాధారణ అర్థం " దైనందిన జీవితంలో చెడు, అన్యాయం మరియు అణగార్పుకు వ్యతిరేకంగా పోరాడుతూ, ఇస్లామిక్ విలువలతో గూడిన స్వచ్ఛమైన సాధారణ జీవితం గడిపే విధము" <ref>Esposito (2002a), p.26</ref> అయిననూ ఈ పదము చర్చనీయాంశముగానూ వివాదాస్పదం గానూ వున్నదిఉంది.

In [[Literary Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic]], ''jihad'' is one of the correct terms for a struggle for any cause, violent or not, religious or [[secularism|secular]] (though كفاح ''kifāḥ'' is also used).{{Fact|date=February 2008}} For instance, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s struggle for [[Indian independence]] is called a "jihad" in [[Arabic language|Modern Standard Arabic]] (as well as many other dialects of Arabic); the terminology is applied to the fight for [[feminism|women's liberation]].<ref> {{cite book | last = Al-Batal | first = Mahmoud | coauthors = Kristen Brustad, and Abbas Al-Tonsi | title = Al-Kitaab fii Ta^cllum al-^cArabiyya, Part II | edition = 2 | year = 2006 | month = | publisher = Georgetown University Press | location = Washington, DC | language = Arabic, English | isbn = 978-1-58901-096-3 | chapter = 6-"من رائدات الحركة النسائية العربية" (One of the Pioneers of the Arabic Feminist Movement) | quote= To struggle or exert oneself for a cause........جاهََدَ، يجاهِد، الجهاد | ref = }}</ref>

Within [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and may be declared against [[Apostasy|apostates]], rebels, highway robbers, violent groups, non-Islamic leaders or non-Muslim combatants, but there are other ways to perform jihad as well, including [[civil disobedience]]. The primary aim of jihad as warfare is not the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam by force, but rather the expansion and defense of the [[Islamic state]].<ref name="firestone"/><ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name="JPeters">R. Peters (1977), pp.3-5</ref><ref name="firestone"/>

|accessdate=2007-01-17 }}</ref> [[Terrorist]] attacks like that of [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], which was planned and executed by radical [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]], have not been sanctioned by more [[centrism|centrist]] groups of Muslims.<ref> John K. Roth, ''Ethics'', p.775</ref>

The [[Almohad Dynasty]] (From [[Arabic]] الموحدون ''[[Al-Muwahhidūn|al-Muwahhidun]]'', i.e. "[[monotheist|the monotheists]]" or "the [[Wahhabism|Unitarians]]"), was a [[Berber people|Berber]], Muslim dynasty that was founded in the 12th century, and conquered all [[Northern Africa]] as far as [[Libya]], together with [[Al-Andalus]] ([[Moors|Moorish]] [[Iberian peninsula|Spain]]). The Almohads, who declared an everlasting Jihad against the Christians, far surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the ''dhimmis'' harshly.<ref>[http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm The Almohads]</ref> Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many [[Jew]]s and Christians emigrated.<ref name=frank>Frank and Leaman, 2003, p. 137-138.</ref><ref>[http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39 The Forgotten Refugees]</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands,<ref name=frank/> while others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html Sephardim]</ref><ref> Kraemer, 2005, pp. 16-17.</ref>

[[Sir Jadunath Sarkar]] contends that several Muslim invaders were waging a systematic Jihad against [[Hindu]]s in [[India]] to the effect that "Every device short of massacre in cold blood was resorted to in order to convert heathen subjects."<ref> {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first= Jadunath |authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar |title=How the Muslims forcibly converted the Hindus of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to Islam }}</ref> In particular the records kept by al-Utbi, [[Mahmud Ghazni|Mahmud al-Ghazni]]'s secretary, in the Tarikh-i-Yamini document several episodes of bloody military campaigns. In 1527, [[Babur]] ordered a Jihad against [[Rajput]]s at the [[battle of Khanwa]]. Publicly addressing his men, he declared the forthcoming battle a Jihad. His soldiers were facing a non-Muslim army for the first time ever. This, he said, was their chance to become either a ''Ghazi'' (soldier of Islam) or a ''Shaheed'' (Martyr of Islam). The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] waged a Jihad against those identified as heterodox within India's Islamic community, such as [[Shi'a]] Muslims.<ref> [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-98572377.html The Shade of Swords Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity M. J. Akbar]</ref><ref>K. S. Lal: ''[[Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India]]'', 1973</ref>

The [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] (1838–42) was one of Britain’s most ill-advised and disastrous wars. [[William Brydon]] was the sole survivor of the invading British army of 16,500 soldiers and civilians.<ref>[http://www.britishbattles.com/first-afghan-war/kabul-gandamak.htm First Afghan War - Battle of Kabul and Retreat to Gandamak]</ref> As in the earlier [[Invasions of Afghanistan|wars against the British]] and [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviets]], Afghan resistance to the [[Invasions_of_AfghanistanInvasions of Afghanistan#American_invasionAmerican invasion|American invaders]] took the traditional form of a Muslim holy war against the infidels.<ref>[http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/opinion/story.html?id=1db342f6-7872-4c39-8410-81ad3a916908&k=25970 Reason to hope Canadians don't repeat history in Afghanistan], Alan G. Jamieson, The Edmonton Journal, July 31 2006</ref> During September 2002, the remnants of the [[Taliban]] forces began a recruitment drive in [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] areas in both [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] to launch a renewed "jihad" or holy war against the pro-Western Afghan government and the U.S-led coalition. [[Pamphlet]]s distributed in secret during the night also began to appear in many villages in the former Taliban heartland in southeastern Afghanistan that called for jihad.<ref>{{cite web|title= Leaflet War Rages in Afghan Countryside|author=|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=2003-02-14|url=http://www.intellnet.org/news/2003/02/14/16788-1.html|accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref> Small mobile training camps were established along the border with Pakistan by al-Qaeda and Taliban fugitives to train new recruits in [[guerrilla warfare]] and [[terrorism|terrorist tactics]], according to Afghan sources and a United Nations report.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taliban regroups - on the road|author=Tohid, Owias|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=2003-06-27|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0627/p06s01-wosc.html?related |accessdate=2007-02-28}}</ref>

* ''Djihad'' in: ''[[:en:The_Encyclopaedia_of_IslamThe Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd_edition2nd edition.2C_EI22C EI2|ఇస్లాం ఎన్‌సైక్లోపీడియా]]''.

* Nicola Melis, “A Hanafi treatise on rebellion and ğihād in the Ottoman age (XVII c.)”, in ''Eurasian Studies'', Istituto per l’Oriente/Newham College, Roma-Napoli-Cambridge, Volume II; Number 2 (December 2003), pp. 215-226&nbsp;215–226.