వెనుజులా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 327:
మంచినీటి సరఫరా మరియు శానిటేషన్ జనసంఖ్య అధికరించిన కారణంగా [[2006]] లో విస్తరించబడ్డాయి.అనేకమంది ప్రజలకు పైప్ వాటర్ అంబాటులో లేదు.సరఫరా చేయబడుతున్న నీటి నాణ్యత మిశ్రితంగా ఉంది. మంచి నీరు మద్యమద్య నిలిపి సరఫరా చేయబడుతూ ఉంది. మురికి నీరు ట్రీట్ చేయబడడం లేదు. నాన్ రెవెన్యూ వాటర్ 62% ఉంది. ప్రాంతీయ సరాసరి 40%.2003లో నీటి పన్ను నిలిపివేయబడిన కారణంగా పైపు నీరు వ్యయరహితం(ఇన్ ఎక్స్పెంసివ్). కేద్రీకృతమైన విధానం 1990 నుండి వికేంద్రీకరణ చేయబడింది. పర్యావరణ మంత్రిత్వశాఖ విధానాలను రూపొందిస్తుంది. 80% ప్రజలకు హైడ్రొవెన్ కంపెనీ మంచినీటి సరఫరా చేస్తుంది.మిగిలిన వారికి 5 స్టేట్స్‌కు స్వంతమైన వాటర్ కంపెనీలు అందిస్తున్నాయి. ది కార్పొరాసియన్ వెనుజులా డీ గయానా మరియు కమ్యూనిటీ బేస్డ్ సేవాసంస్థలు నీటిసరఫరా చేస్తున్నాయి.
<ref name="AVN">[http://www.avn.info.ve/node/49470 Estado venezolano ha invertido $600 millones para mejorar servicio de agua potable], Agencia Venezolana de Noticias, 22 March 2011</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations
|source = United Nations
|percentages = pagr
|footnote = <ref name="IEApop2011">[http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] Population 1971–2008 IEA ([http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf]) pp. 83–85</ref><ref name="WPP 2010">[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision]. Esa.un.org (6 December 2012). Retrieved on 20 April 2013.</ref>
|1950 |5094000
|1960 |7562000
|1970 |10681000
|1980 |15036000
|1990 |19685000
|2000 |24348000
|2011 |28400000
|2016 |31028337
}}
{{Main article|Demographics of Venezuela}}
{{Further information|List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela}}
[[File:Venezuela population density 2011.png|thumb|left|Population density of Venezuela by parroquias (parishes) according to the results of 2011 Census. Yellow tones denote urban areas.]]
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America;<ref name="encartaSA" /><ref name="UNpopstats" /> the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city. About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than {{convert|100|km|mi|0}} from the coastline.<ref name="WRI_2003b">{{cite web|publisher=World Resources Institute |work=EarthTrends Country Profiles |year=2003 |title=Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318000929/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archivedate=18 March 2007 |format=PDF|accessdate=10 March 2007}}</ref> According to a study by sociologists of the [[Central University of Venezuela]], over 1.5 million Venezuelans, or about 4% to 6% of the country's population, left Venezuela following the Bolivarian Revolution.<ref name="ENHaug28">{{cite news|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|accessdate=28 August 2014|agency=El Nuevo Herald|date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Elimpulso23AUG">{{cite news|title=El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria|url=http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria#|accessdate=28 August 2014|agency=El Impulso|date=23 August 2014}}</ref> Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous [[conurbation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&cuadro=cuadro229 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230946/http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&cuadro=cuadro229 |archivedate=29 September 2011 |title=Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica |publisher=Ine.gob.ve |accessdate=25 April 2010}}</ref> Other major cities include [[Barquisimeto]], [[Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[Maracay]], Maracaibo, [[Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz]], [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]] and [[San Cristóbal, Táchira|San Cristóbal]].
 
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main article|Venezuelan people|Mestizo Venezuelan|White Venezuelan|Afro-Venezuelan|Italo-Venezuelan|Portuguese Venezuelan|German Venezuelan|Arab Venezuelan|Chinese Venezuelan}}
 
{{bar box
|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Venezuela (2011 Census)<ref name="Census-ethnics" />
|title bar=#ddd
|left1='''Race/Ethnicity'''
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Mestizos in Venezuela|Mestizo]]|violet|51.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Venezuelan of European descent|White]]|blue|43.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Venezuelan|Black]]|Brown|2.9}}
{{bar percent|Afro-descendant|Black|0.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Venezuelan people|Other races]]|red|1.2}}
|caption=
}}
The people of Venezuela come from a variety of ancestries. It is estimated that the majority of the population is of [[Mestizos in Venezuela|mestizo]], or mixed, ethnic ancestry.
Nevertheless, in the 2011 census, which Venezuelans were asked to identify themselves according to their customs and ancestry, the term ''mestizo'' was excluded from the answers. The majority claimed to be mestizo or white — 51.6% and 43.6%, respectively.<ref name="Census-ethnics" /> Practically half of the population claimed to be ''[[:wikt:moreno|moreno]]'', a term used throughout Ibero-America that in this case means "dark-skinned" or "brown-skinned", as opposed to having a [[light skin|lighter skin]] (this term connotes [[Human skin colour|skin color or tone]], rather than [[facial feature]]s or descent).
 
[[File:Colonia Tovar - Iglesia de la Colonia.JPG|thumb|left|[[Colonia Tovar]] in [[Aragua]] the largest colony of [[German Venezuelans]]]]
Ethnic minorities in Venezuela consist of groups that descend mainly from African or indigenous peoples; 2.8% identified themselves as "black" and 0.7% as ''afrodescendiente'' (Afro-descendant), 2.6% claimed to belong to indigenous peoples, and 1.2% answered "other races".<ref name="Census-ethnics" /><ref name="Census-ethnics" />
 
Among indigenous people, 58% were [[Wayúu]], 7% [[Warao people|Warao]], 5% [[Kariña]], 4% [[Pemon|Pemón]], 3% [[Piaroa]], 3% [[Jivi]], 3% [[Añu]], 3% [[Cumanágoto]], 2% [[Yukpa]], 2% [[Chaima]] and 1% [[Yanomami]]; the remaining 9% consisted of other indigenous nations.<ref>{{cite news|author=Benítez, Deivis |title=Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011 |url=http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |accessdate=10 October 2012 |agency=PRENSA MINPPPI |language=Spanish |quote=''Los resultados arrojados por el censo poblacional realizado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas en el 2011 demuestra que las poblaciones indígenas ha aumentado progresivamente con respecto al censo del año 2001.''<br /> Según los datos estadísticos publicados por el INE, el total de población que se declaró indígena por sexo, arrojó un resultado de 50,46% hombre y 49,54% mujeres representando 365.920 hombres y 359.208 mujeres para un total de 725.148 personas que se declararon indígenas de Venezuela.<br /> Así mismo, se tomó el porcentaje de población por entidad donde el estado Zulia es la entidad con más indígenas con un 61%, seguido del estado Amazonas con 10%, Bolívar con un 8%, Delta Amacuro con 6%, Anzoátegui 5%, Sucre 3%, Apure y Monagas 2% mientras que en otras entidades existe un 3% de población indígena.<br /> Entre tanto, los pueblos indígenas con mayor población se encuentran los Wayuu 58%, Warao 7%, Kariña 5%, Pemón 4%, Piaroa, Jivi, Añu, Cumanágoto 3%, Yukpa, Chaima 2%, el pueblo Yanomami 1% y otros pueblos con un 9%. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234901/http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |archivedate=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
 
[[File:24 June 2014 Venezuelan protest.jpg|thumb|[[Venezuelans]] in Caracas]]
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study conducted in 2008 by the [[University of Brasília]] (UNB), the composition of Venezuela's population is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of indigenous contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution.<ref>{{cite web|last=Godinho|first=Neide Maria de Oliveira|title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas|url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873|publisher=Universidade de Brasília|accessdate=1 August 2012|year=2008}}</ref>
 
During the colonial period and until after the Second World War, many of the European immigrants to Venezuela came from the [[Canary Islands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm|title=The Spanish of the Canary Islands|work=personal.psu.edu}}</ref> which had a significant cultural impact on the cuisine and customs of Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web|last=Erichsen|first=Gerald|url=http://spanish.about.com/od/Country-Highlights/tp/Facts-About-Venezuela-for-Spanish-Students.htm|title=Facts About Venezuela for Spanish Students|publisher=''About''|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grancanariainfo.co.uk/culture.asp|title=Gran Canaria Culture|publisher=''GranCanariaInfo''|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sazonlatinorestaurant.com/history|title=History|publisher=''Sazon Latino Restaurant''|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> These influences on Venezuela have led to the nation being called the 8th island of the Canaries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Calder|first=Simon|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/africa/secret-canaries-explore-these-warm-volcanic-islands-all-year-round-9831652.html|title=Secret Canaries: Explore these warm volcanic islands all year round|publisher=''The Independent''|date=31 October 2014|accessdate=30 June 2015|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ross|first1=Ben|last2=Calder|first2=Simon|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/tale-of-two-travellers-the-two-sides-of-the-canaries-1834321.html|title=Tale of Two Travellers: The two sides of the Canaries|publisher=''The Independent''|date=5 December 2009|accessdate=30 June 2015|location=London}}</ref> With the start of oil exploitation in the early 20th century, companies from the United States began establishing operations in Venezuela, bringing with them US citizens. Later, during and after the war, new waves of immigrants from other parts of Europe, the Middle East, and China began; many were encouraged by government-established [[Immigration to Venezuela|immigration programs]] and lenient immigration policies.<ref name="Romero2010">{{cite news|last=Romero|first=Simon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html?_r=0|title=In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=7 November 2010|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> During the 20th century, Venezuela, along with the rest of Latin America, received millions of immigrants from Europe.<ref name="Levinson1994">{{cite web|last=Levinson|first=David|url=http://www.everyculture.com/South-America/Europeans-in-South-America.html|title=Europeans in South America|publisher=''Every Culture''|date=1994|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="PadillaPeixoto2007">{{cite web|last1=Padilla|first1=Beatriz|last2=Peixoto|first2=Joāo|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/latin-american-immigration-southern-europe|title=Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe|publisher=''Migration Policy''|date=28 June 2007|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> This was especially true post-World War II, as a consequence of war-ridden Europe.<ref name="Levinson1994" /><ref name="PadillaPeixoto2007" /><ref name="Brooke1992">{{cite news|last=Brooke|first=James|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/17/world/latin-america-offers-new-world-to-east-europe-emigrants.html|title=Latin America Offers 'New World' to East Europe Emigrants|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=17 February 1992|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> During the 1970s, while experiencing an oil-export boom, Venezuela received millions of immigrants from Ecuador, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name="Brooke1992" /> Due to the belief that this immigration influx depressed wages, some Venezuelans opposed European immigration.<ref name="Brooke1992" /> The Venezuelan government, however, were actively recruiting immigrants from Eastern Europe to fill a need for engineers.<ref name="Levinson1994" /> Millions of Colombians, as well as Middle Eastern and Haitian populations would continue immigrating to Venezuela into the early 21st century.<ref name="Romero2010" />
 
According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of [[refugee]] and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007, and 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008|publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants|date=19 June 2008|url=http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429171446/http://www.refugees.org/article.aspx?id=2114&subm=179&area=Investigate|archivedate=29 April 2009}}</ref> Between 500,000 and one million [[illegal immigrant]]s are estimated to be living in the country.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/12.htm Venezuela – Population]. U.S. Library of Congress.</ref>
 
The total indigenous population of the country is estimated at about 500 thousand people (2.8% of the total), distributed among 40 indigenous peoples.<ref>[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=95&Itemid=9# > Censos de población y vivienda]. INE (23 February 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2012.</ref> The Constitution recognizes the multi-ethnic, pluri-cultural, and multilingual character of the country and includes a chapter devoted to indigenous peoples' rights, which opened up spaces for their political inclusion at national and local level in 1999.
Most indigenous peoples are concentrated in eight states along Venezuela's borders with Brazil, Guyana, and Colombia, and the majority groups are the [[Wayuu people|Wayuu (west)]], the Warao (east), the Yanomami (south), and the Pemon (southeast).
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
|Map of proportion in percentage of the [[Mestizo Venezuelan|mestizo]] population in Venezuela. Data from the 2011 Census.
|Map of proportion in percentage of the [[white Venezuelan|white]] population in Venezuela. Data from the 2011 Census.
|Map of proportion in percentage of the [[Black Venezuelan|black]] population in Venezuela. Data from the 2011 Census.
|Map of proportion in percentage of the indigenous peoples population in Venezuela. Data from the 2011 Census.
</gallery>
 
=== Languages ===
{{Main article|Languages of Venezuela}}
Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela. In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population. [[Wayuu language|Wayuu]] is the most spoken indigenous language with 170,000 speakers.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|title=Venezuela|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/VE|website=Ethnologue|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref>
 
Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (400,000), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (254,000)<ref name="Ethnologue" /> and [[Italian language|Italian]] (200,000),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bernasconi|first1=Giulia|title=L’ITALIANO IN VENEZUELA|journal=Italiano LinguaDue|date=2012|issue=2|page=20|doi=10.13130/2037-3597/1921|url=https://www.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doajarticles::e2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0|accessdate=22 January 2017|publisher=Università degli Studi di Milano|language=Italian|quote=L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese}}</ref> are the most spoken languages in Venezuela after the official language of Spanish. Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas. Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil. The German community speaks their native language, while the people of [[Colonia Tovar]] people speaks mostly an [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] dialect of German called ''[[coloniero]]''.
 
[[English language|English]] is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a [[lingua franca]]. Culturally, English is common in southern towns like [[El Callao Municipality|El Callao]], for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices. [[Italian language|Italian]] instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level. Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are [[Basque language|Basque]] and [[Galician language|Galician]], among others.
 
=== Religion ===
{{Main article|Religion in Venezuela}}
{{refimprove section|date=September 2016}}
 
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Venezuela according to the 2011 census.<ref name="grumilla">{{cite news|last1=Aguire|first1=Jesus Maria|language=Spanish|title=Informe Sociográfico sobre la religión en Venezuela|url=http://www.gumilla.org/biblioteca/bases/biblo/texto/SIC2012745_211-222.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2015|publisher=El Centro Gumilla|date=June 2012}}</ref>
 
|label1 = [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]]
|value1 = 71
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
|value2 = 17
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Agnostic]]/[[Atheist]]
|value3 = 8
|color3 = LightGray
|label4 = Other religion
|value4 = 3
|color4 = yellow
|label5 = No answer
|value5 = 1
|color5 = white
}}
 
According to a 2011 poll (GIS XXI), 88 percent of the population is Christian, primarily [[Roman Catholic]] (71%), and the remaining 17 percent [[Protestant]], primarily [[Evangelicals]] (in Latin America Protestants are usually called Evangelicos). The Venezuelans without religion are 8% ([[atheist]] 2% and [[agnostic]] or indifferent 6%), almost 3% of the population follow other religion (1% of them are of [[santeria]]).<ref name="grumilla"/>
 
There are small but influential [[Islam|Muslim]], [[Buddhist]], and [[Judaism|Jewish]] communities. The Muslim community of more than 100,000 is concentrated among persons of [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and [[Syrian people|Syrian]] descent living in Nueva Esparta State, [[Punto Fijo]] and the Caracas area. Buddhism in Venezuela is practiced by over 52,000 people. The Buddhist community is made up mainly of [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], and [[Koreans]]. There are Buddhist centers in Caracas, Maracay, Mérida, Puerto Ordáz, San Felipe, and Valencia.
 
The Jewish community has shrunk in recent years due to rising [[antisemitism in Venezuela]],<ref name=Hurricane>{{cite journal|author=[[Thor Halvorssen Mendoza]]|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/903jhsjt.asp?pg=1|title=Hurricane Hugo|journal=[[The Weekly Standard]]|date=August 8, 2005|volume=10|number=44|accessdate=November 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name=SRI>[http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm Annual Report 2004: Venezuela.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023195546/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2004/venezuela.htm |date=2006-10-23 }} [[Stephen Roth Institute]]. Accessed August 11, 2006.</ref><ref>Berrios, Jerry. [http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060 S. Fla. Venezuelans: Chavez incites anti-Semitism.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053937/http://pewforum.org/news/display.php?NewsID=11060 |date=2008-03-06 }} ''Miami Herald'', August 10, 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4925_13.htm Report: Anti-Semitism on Rise in Venezuela; Chavez Government 'Fosters Hate' Toward Jews and Israel.] Press release, [[Anti-Defamation League]], November 6, 2006. Accessed April 3, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/main_International_Affairs/venezuela_anti_semitism_report.htm The Chavez Regime: Fostering Anti-Semitism and Supporting Radical Islam.] [[Anti-Defamation League]], November 6, 2006. Accessed April 3, 2008.</ref> with the population declining from 22,000 in 1999<ref name=TOERaid>{{cite news|last1=Rueda|first1=Jorge|title=Jewish leaders condemn police raid on community center in Venezuela|url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/world/20071204-1410-venezuela-raid.html|accessdate=8 April 2015|agency=''[[U-T San Diego]]''|date=4 December 2007}}</ref> to less than 7,000 in 2015.<ref name=AJjan2015>{{cite news|title=ADL Denounces Anti-Semitic Graffiti Sprayed on Synagogue in Venezuela|url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/01/02/adl-denounces-anti-semitic-graffiti-sprayed-on-synagogue-in-venezuela/|accessdate=4 January 2015|agency=[[Algemeiner Journal]]|date=2 January 2015}}</ref>
 
<gallery mode=packed heights=135 style="font-size:88%;line-height:120%">
File:Catedral Metropolitana de Barquisimeto.jpg|Metropolitan Cathedral of Barquisimeto, [[Barquisimeto]]
File:Plaza_Bolívar_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mérida.jpg|Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception in [[Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]]
File:Venez 24.jpg|Virgen del Valle Church in [[Margarita Island]]
File:Catedral Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Maturín, Venezuela (3).jpg|Nuestra Señora del Carmen Cathedral in [[Maturín]]
</gallery>
 
==మూలాలు==
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