వెనుజులా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 411:
File:Catedral Nuestra Señora del Carmen, Maturín, Venezuela (3).jpg|Nuestra Señora del Carmen Cathedral in [[Maturín]]
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== Culture ==
{{Main article|Culture of Venezuela|Music of Venezuela|Sport in Venezuela|Immigration to Venezuela}}
[[File:Joropo foto.jpg|thumb|The ''joropo'', as depicted in a 1912 drawing by [[Eloy Palacios]].]]
The culture of Venezuela is a melting pot, which includes mainly three different families: The indigenous, African, and Spanish. The first two cultures were in turn differentiated according to the tribes. Acculturation and assimilation, typical of a cultural syncretism, caused an arrival at the current Venezuelan culture, similar in many respects to the rest of Latin America, although the natural environment means that there are important differences.
 
The indigenous influence is limited to a few words of vocabulary and gastronomy and many place names. The African influence in the same way, in addition to musical instruments like the drum. The Spanish influence was predominant (due to the colonization process and the socioeconomic structure it created) and in particular came from the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura, the places of origin of most settlers in the Caribbean during the colonial era. An example of this includes buildings, music, the Catholic religion, and language.
 
Spanish influences are evident in bullfights and certain features of gastronomy. Venezuela was also enriched by other streams of Indian and European origin in the 19th century, especially from France. In the latest stage in the major cities and regions oil of U.S. origin and manifestations of the new immigration of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, increasing the already complex cultural mosaic. For example, from United States comes the influence of taste for baseball, US-style fast food, and current architectural constructions.
 
=== Art ===
[[File:La Joven Madre 1889 by Arturo Michelena.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''Young Mother'' by Venezuela-born [[Arturo Michelena]], 1889]]
{{Main article|Art of Venezuela}}
[[Art of Venezuela|Venezuelan art]] was initially dominated by religious motifs. However, in the late 19th century, artists began emphasizing historical and heroic representations of the country's struggle for independence.{{sfn|Ng|2004|p=31}}{{sfn|Aponte|2008|p=45}} This move was led by Martín Tovar y Tovar.{{sfn|Aponte|2008|p=45}}{{sfn|Tarver|Frederick|2006|p=10}} [[Modernism]] took over in the 20th century.{{sfn|Tarver|Frederick|2006|p=10}} Notable [[Venezuelan Artists|Venezuelan artists]] include Arturo Michelena, [[Cristóbal Rojas (artist)|Cristóbal Rojas]], [[Armando Reverón]], [[Manuel Cabré]]; the [[kinetic art]]ists [[Jesús-Rafael Soto|Jesús Soto]], [[Gego]] and [[Carlos Cruz-Díez]];{{sfn|Tarver|Frederick|2006|p=10}} and contemporary artists as [[Marisol Escobar|Marisol]] and [[Yucef Merhi]].{{sfn|Fichner-Ratus|2012|p=519}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Silvera|first=Yohana|url=http://www.talcualdigital.com/Nota/41697/Poesia-En-Objetos|title=Poesía en objetos|publisher=''TalCualDigital''|date=10 June 2010|accessdate=24 July 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref>
 
=== Literature ===
{{Main article|Venezuelan literature}}
[[Venezuelan literature]] originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latintrails.com/venezuela-info|title=Information|publisher=''Latin Trails''|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref> It was originally dominated by [[Spanish culture|Spanish influences]]. Following the rise of political literature during the Venezuelan War of Independence, Venezuelan [[Romanticism]], notably expounded by [[Juan Vicente González]], emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on [[narrative]] writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as [[Andrés Eloy Blanco]] and [[Fermín Toro]].
 
Major writers and novelists include [[Rómulo Gallegos]], [[Teresa de la Parra]], [[Arturo Uslar Pietri]], [[Adriano González León]], [[Miguel Otero Silva]], and [[Mariano Picón Salas]]. The great poet and humanist [[Andrés Bello]] was also an educator and intellectual (He was also a childhood tutor and mentor of Simón Bolívar). Others, such as [[Laureano Vallenilla Lanz]] and [[José Gil Fortoul]], contributed to Venezuelan [[Positivism]].
 
=== Music ===
[[File:Alma llanera.jpg|thumb|Cover of [[Alma Llanera]]]]
{{Main article|Music of Venezuela}}
Indigenous [[Music of Venezuela|musical styles of Venezuela]] are exemplified by the groups ''[[Un Sólo Pueblo]]'' and ''[[Serenata Guayanesa]]''. The national musical instrument is the [[cuatro (instrument)|cuatro]]. Typical musical styles and pieces mainly emerged in and around the ''llanos'' region, including ''Alma Llanera'' (by [[Pedro Elías Gutiérrez]] and [[Rafael Bolívar Coronado]]), ''Florentino y el diablo'' (by [[Alberto Arvelo Torrealba]]), ''Concierto en la llanura'' by [[Juan Vicente Torrealba]], and ''[[Caballo Viejo]]'' (by [[Simón Díaz]]).
 
The Zulian ''[[Gaita Zuliana|gaita]]'' is also a very popular style, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the ''[[joropo]]''.{{sfn|Cortés|2013|p=2134}} Venezuela has always been a melting pot of cultures and this can be seen in the richness and variety of its musical styles and dances: [[Calypso music|calipso]], [[bambuco]], [[fulía]], cantos de pilado de maíz, cantos de lavanderas, [[sebucán]], and [[maremare]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turpialtravel.com/countries/key-facts-venezuela.html|title=Key Facts Venezuela|publisher=''Turpial Travel & Adventure''|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref> [[Teresa Carreño]] was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuoso. In the last years, Classical Music has had great performances. The [[Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra]], under the baton of its principal conductor [[Gustavo Dudamel]] and José Antonio Abreu, has hosted a number of excellent presentations in many European concert halls, notably at the 2007 London [[The Proms|Proms]], and has received several honors. The orchestra is the pinnacle of [[El Sistema]], a publicly financed voluntary sector music education program now being emulated in other countries.
 
In the early 21st century, a movement known as "Movida Acústica Urbana" featured musicians trying to save some national traditions, creating their own songs but using traditional instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/141208/rock-and-mau-sonara-bajo-las-nubes-de-calder|title=Rock and MAU sonará bajo las nubes de Calder|publisher=''El Universal''|date=8 December 2014|accessdate=13 July 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Fernández B.|first=María Gabriela|url=http://www.eluniversal.com/arte-y-entretenimiento/150314/el-jazz-es-el-lenguaje-universal-de-la-musica-popular|title=El jazz es el lenguaje universal de la música popular|publisher=''El Universal''|date=14 March 2015|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref> Some groups in this tradition are Tambor Urbano,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olsen|first1=Dale|last2=Sheehy|first2=Daniel|title=The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135900083|page=32}}</ref> Los Sinverguenzas, the C4Trio, and Orozco Jam.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christie|first1=Jan Fairley ; edited by Simon Frith, Stan Rijven, Ian|title=Living politics, making music : the writings of Jan Fairley|date=2014|isbn=9781472412669|page=113}}</ref>
 
Afro-Venezuelan musical traditions are most intimately related to the festivals of the "'''black folk saints'''" '''San Juan''' and '''San Benito'''. Specific songs are related to the different stages of the festival and of the procession, when the saints start their yearly ''paseo'' – stroll – through the community to dance with their people.
 
=== Sport ===
{{Main article|Sport in Venezuela}}
{{See also|Baseball in Venezuela}}
 
The origins of baseball in Venezuela is unclear, although it is known that the sport was being played in the nation by the late 19th century.{{sfn|Nichols|Morse|2010|p=306}} In the early 20th century, North American immigrants who came to Venezuela to work in the nation's oil industry helped to popularize the sport in Venezuela.{{sfn|Wardrope|2003|p=37}} During the 1930s, baseball's popularity continued to rise in the country, leading to the foundation of the [[Venezuelan Professional Baseball League]] in 1945, and the sport would soon become the nation's most popular.{{sfn|Jozsa Jr.|2013|p=12}}{{sfn|Gibson|2006|p=18}}
 
The immense popularity of baseball in the country makes Venezuela a rarity among its South American neighbors—[[association football]] is the dominant sport in the continent.{{sfn|Wardrope|2003|p=37}}{{sfn|Gibson|2006|p=18}}{{sfn|Nichols|Morse|2010|p=307}} However, football, as well as [[basketball]], are among the more popular sports played in Venezuela.{{sfn|Aalgaard|2004|p=54}} Venezuela hosted the [[2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament for Men|2012 Basketball World Olympic Qualifying Tournament]] and the [[FIBA Americas Championship|2013 FIBA Basketball Americas Championship]], which took place in [[Poliedro de Caracas]].
 
Although not as popular in Venezuela as the rest of South America, football, spearheaded by the [[Venezuela national football team]] is gaining popularity as well. The sport is also noted for having an increased focus during the World Cup.{{sfn|Aalgaard|2004|p=54}} According to the [[CONMEBOL]] alphabetical rotation policy established in 2011, Venezuela is scheduled to host the [[Copa América]] every 40 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E|title=Copa America: a new cycle begins and the revolving calendar remains|publisher=''CONMEBOL''|date=21 December 2007|accessdate=30 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205191359/http://www.conmebol.com/articulos_ver.jsp?id=61730&slangab=E|archivedate=5 December 2008}}</ref>
 
Venezuela is also home to former [[Formula 1]] driver, [[Pastor Maldonado]].<ref name="Strickland2015">{{cite web|last=Strickland|first=Jamie|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/formula1/32275593|title=Pastor Maldonado: Does 'Crashtor' deserve his bad reputation?|publisher=''BBC''|date=12 April 2015|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> At the [[2012 Spanish Grand Prix]], he claimed his first pole and victory and became the first and only Venezuelan to have done so in the history of Formula 1.<ref name="Strickland2015" /> Maldonado has increased the reception of Formula 1 in Venezuela, helping to popularize the sport in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Montiel|first=Santiago|url=http://spartannewsroom.com/changeup/article/blog/formula-1-needs-more-attention-united-states|title=Formula 1 needs more attention in the United States|publisher=''Spartan Newsroon''|accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref>
 
In the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], Venezuelan [[Rubén Limardo]] won a gold medal in [[Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics|fencing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html|title=Fencer Ruben Limardo returns to hero's welcome in Venezuela|publisher=''NBC Olympics''|date=7 August 2012|accessdate=30 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807221821/http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/fencing/fencer-ruben-limardo-returns-to-heros-welcome-in-venezuela.html|archivedate=7 August 2012}}</ref>
 
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main article|Venezuelan cuisine}}
The Venezuelan cuisine, one of the most varied in the region, reflects the climatic contrasts and cultures coexisting in Venezuela. Among them are [[hallaca]], [[pabellón criollo]], [[arepas]], pisca andina, tarkarí de chivo, jalea de mango, patacón, and fried camiguanas.
 
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File:La Arepa Venezolana.jpg|[[Arepa]]
File:Empanadas Venezolanas.jpg|[[Empanadas]]
File:Cachapa_monagas.jpg|[[Cachapa]]
File:Pabellon criollo Venezuela.jpg|[[Pabellón criollo|Pabellón]]
File:Pan_de_jamón_casero.JPG|[[Pan de jamón]], typical Venezuelan Christmas bread.
File:Quesillo_de_Venezuela_2.jpg|[[Quesillo]]
File:Torta Negra Venezolana.JPG|Torta negra, typical Venezuelan Christmas cake.
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=== Beauty pageants ===
{{Main article|Venezuela at major beauty pageants}}
 
[[File:Miss_Universe_2008,_Dayana_Mendoza.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Dayana Mendoza]], [[Miss Universe 2008]]]]
Venezuela has been well documented for its success in global beauty pageantry, headed by the renowned beauty queen maker [[Osmel Sousa]] who has assisted with 22 victorious titles to date.{{sfn|Salas|2015|p=156}} Furthermore, [[Miss Venezuela]] is a closely followed event throughout the country, as well as in other competing nations where Venezuelan beauty pageants are often seen as the mainstream standard of pageantry.
 
Overall, Venezuela has received the following crowns:
* Seven — [[Miss Universe]] crowns.
* Six — [[Miss World]] crowns.
* Seven —[[Miss International]] crowns.
* Two —[[Miss Earth]] crowns. {{sfn|Salas|2015|p=156}}
 
Venezuela ranks first in the Global Beauties webpage list as the country with more international pageants titles won. It also has a Guinness World Record, after [[Dayana Mendoza]], [[Miss Universe 2008]] from Venezuela crowned [[Stefania Fernandez]], also from Venezuela as [[Miss Universe 2009]], marking the first time over 50 years in the competition that a country wins the title in two consecutive years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbeauties.com/blog/the-grand-slam-ranking/|title=Global Beauties – The Grand Slam Ranking|work=Global Beauties|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref>
 
=== Architecture ===
[[Carlos Raúl Villanueva]] was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela, (a [[World Heritage Site]]) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the [[Baralt Theatre]], the [[Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex]], and the [[General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge]].
 
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