జమైకా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 336:
Students are taught Spanish in school from the primary level upwards; about 40–45% of educated people in Jamaica knows some form of Spanish.
 
==ఇంఫ్రాస్ట్రక్చర్ ==
==Infrastructure==
 
===రవాణా ===
 
===Transport===
{{Further information|Transport in Jamaica}}
[[File:Halfway Tree Transport Center, Kingston, Jamaica.jpg|thumb|Halfway Tree Transport Center, Kingston, Jamaica]]
The [[transportation|transport]] infrastructure in Jamaica consists of [[roadway]]s, [[railway]]s and [[Aviation|air transport]], with roadways forming the backbone of the island's internal transport system.
 
====Roadwaysరహదారులు ====
{{Main article|Roads in Jamaica}}
 
The Jamaican road network consists of almost {{convert|21000|km|mi}} of roads, of which over {{convert|15000|km|mi}} is paved.<ref name=WorldFactbook>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html The CIA World Factbook – Jamaica]. Retrieved 2015-09-16.</ref> The [[Government of Jamaica|Jamaican Government]] has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of [[freeway]]s, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of {{convert|33|km|mi}} of freeway.
 
The Jamaican road network consists of almost {{convert|21000|km|mi}} of roads, of which over {{convert|15000|km|mi}} is paved.
====Railways====
{{Main article|Railways of Jamaica}}
 
<ref name=WorldFactbook>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html The CIA World Factbook – Jamaica]. Retrieved 2015-09-16.</ref>
Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the {{convert|272|km|mi}} of railway found in Jamaica, only {{convert|57|km|mi}} remain in operation, currently used to transport [[bauxite]].<ref name=WorldFactbook/>
 
The [[Government of Jamaica|Jamaican Government]] has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of [[freeway]]s, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of {{convert|33|km|mi}} of freeway.
 
====రైల్వే ====
 
Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the {{convert|272|km|mi}} of railway found in Jamaica, only {{convert|57|km|mi}} remain in operation, currently used to transport [[bauxite]].
 
<ref name=WorldFactbook/>
 
On 13 April 2011, limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead.
 
====వాయుమార్గం ====
====Air transport====
[[File:Montego Bay plane Photo D Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|right|A [[US Airways]] aircraft landing at Montego Bay (2013)]]
There are three international airports in Jamaica with modern [[airport terminal|terminals]], long [[runway]]s, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large [[jet aircraft]] used in modern and [[air travel]]: [[Norman Manley International Airport]] in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]; [[Ian Fleming International Airport]] in [[Boscobel, Jamaica|Boscobel]], [[Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica|Saint Mary Parish]]; and the island's largest and busiest airport, [[Sir Donald Sangster International Airport]] in the [[resort]] city of [[Montego Bay]]. Manley and Sangster International airports are home to the country's national airline, [[Air Jamaica]]. In addition there are local commuter airports at [[Tinson Pen Aerodrome|Tinson Pen (Kingston)]], [[Port Antonio]], and [[Negril]], which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private fields on sugar estates or bauxite mines.
 
====నౌకాశ్రయాలు, నౌకలు - లైట్ హౌసులు ====
====Ports, shipping and lighthouses====
{{See also|Lighthouses in Jamaica}}
 
 
Owing to its location in the Caribbean Sea in the [[sea lane|shipping lane]] to the [[Panama Canal]] and relative proximity to large markets in North America and [[emerging market]]s in Latin America, Jamaica receives high [[containerization|container]] traffic. The [[container terminal]] at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.<ref name=nameJamaicaObserver>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp The Jamaica Observer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232147/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp |date=26 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> Montego Freeport in [[Montego Bay]] also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products.
Owing to its location in the Caribbean Sea in the [[sea lane|shipping lane]] to the [[Panama Canal]] and relative proximity to large markets in North America and [[emerging market]]s in Latin America, Jamaica receives high [[containerization|container]] traffic. The [[container terminal]] at the Port of Kingston has undergone large expansion in capacity in recent years to handle growth both already realised as well as that which is projected in coming years.
 
<ref name=nameJamaicaObserver>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp The Jamaica Observer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232147/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20051117T220000-0500_92733_OBS_PORT_AUTHORITY__MAERSK_IN_MAJOR_DEAL.asp |date=26 September 2007 }}. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref>
 
Montego Freeport in [[Montego Bay]] also handles a variety of cargo like (though more limited than) the Port of Kingston, mainly agricultural products.
 
There are several other ports positioned around the island, including Port Esquivel in [[Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica|St. Catherine]] ([[WINDALCO]]), Rocky Point in [[Clarendon Parish, Jamaica|Clarendon]], Port Kaiser in [[Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica|St. Elizabeth]], Port Rhoades in Discovery Bay, Reynolds Pier in [[Ocho Rios]], and Boundbrook Port in [[Port Antonio]].
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To aid the navigation of shipping, Jamaica operates nine lighthouses.
 
===విద్యుత్తు ===
===Energy===
{{See also|Solar power in Jamaica}}
 
Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.<ref name=WorldFactbook/> Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.<ref name="pcj.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20010203232100/http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 February 2001 |title=Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petroleum Industry Statistics |accessdate=21 July 2007 }}</ref> The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]].
 
Jamaica depends on petroleum imports to satisfy its national energy needs.
Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel ([[Bunker fuel|bunker oil]]) generators located in Old Harbour. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the [http://www.myjpsco.com/ Jamaica Public Service Company] – the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station, the Rockfort Power Station and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php |title=JPS – JPS' Power Plants |accessdate=1 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202075147/http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php |archivedate=2 December 2010 }}</ref> A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, Manchester.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfja.com |title=Wigton Wind Farm Company |accessdate=25 March 2008}}</ref>
 
<ref name=WorldFactbook/>
 
Many test sites have been explored for oil, but no commercially viable quantities have been found.
 
<ref name="pcj.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20010203232100/http://www.pcj.com/industry_stat.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=3 February 2001 |title=Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petroleum Industry Statistics |accessdate=21 July 2007 }}</ref>
 
The most convenient sources of imported oil and motor fuels (diesel, gasoline, and jet fuel) are from [[Mexico]] and [[Venezuela]].
 
Jamaica's electrical power is produced by diesel ([[Bunker fuel|bunker oil]]) generators located in Old Harbour. Other smaller power stations (most owned by the [http://www.myjpsco.com/ Jamaica Public Service Company] – the island's electricity provider) support the island's electrical grid including the Hunts Bay Power Station, the Bogue Power Station, the Rockfort Power Station and small hydroelectric plants on the White River, Rio Bueno, Morant River, Black River (Maggotty) and Roaring River.
 
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php |title=JPS – JPS' Power Plants |accessdate=1 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202075147/http://www.myjpsco.com/about_us/power_plants.php |archivedate=2 December 2010 }}</ref>
 
A wind farm, owned by the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica, was established at Wigton, Manchester.
 
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfja.com |title=Wigton Wind Farm Company |accessdate=25 March 2008}}</ref>
 
Jamaica has successfully operated a [[SLOWPOKE reactor|SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor]] of 20&nbsp;kW capacity since the early 1980s, but there are no plans to expand nuclear power at present.<ref>[[List of nuclear reactors#Jamaica]]</ref>
 
Jamaica imports approximately {{convert|80000|oilbbl}} of oil energy products per day,<ref name="pcj.com"/> including asphalt and lubrication products. Just 20% of imported fuels are used for road transportation, the rest being used by the bauxite industry, electricity generation, and aviation. 30,000 barrels/day of crude imports are processed into various motor fuels and asphalt by the Petrojam Refinery in Kingston.<ref>http://www.petrojam.com/about-us/corporate-fact-sheet</ref>
 
<ref>http://www.petrojam.com/about-us/corporate-fact-sheet</ref>
Jamaica produces enormous quantities of [[hydrous ethanol|drinking alcohol]] (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none of it used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into [[Ethanol#Grades of ethanol|anhydrous ethanol]] (0% water content), but as of 2007, the process appeared to be uneconomic and the production plant was idle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm |title=Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petrojam Ethanol |accessdate=21 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070717000252/http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm |archivedate=17 July 2007 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
 
Jamaica produces enormous quantities of [[hydrous ethanol|drinking alcohol]] (at least 5% water content), most of which appears to be consumed as beverages, and none of it used as motor fuel. Facilities exist to refine hydrous ethanol feedstock into [[Ethanol#Grades of ethanol|anhydrous ethanol]] (0% water content), but as of 2007, the process appeared to be uneconomic and the production plant was idle.
===Water supply and sanitation===
 
{{Main article|Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm |title=Petroleum Corp of Jamaica, Petrojam Ethanol |accessdate=21 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070717000252/http://www.pcj.com/petrojam/associate_text.htm |archivedate=17 July 2007 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
 
===నీటి సర్ఫరా మరియు మురుగునీటి నిర్వహణ ===
 
Water supply and sanitation is characterised by high levels of access to an [[improved water source]], while access to adequate sanitation stands at only 80%. This situation affects especially the poor, including the urban poor many of which live
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The responsibility for water and sanitation policies within the government rests with the Ministry of Water and Housing, and the main service provider is the National Water Commission. An autonomous regulatory agency, the Office of Utilities Regulation, approves tariffs and establishes targets for efficiency increases.
 
===సమాచార రంగం ===
===Communication===
 
{{Main article|Telecommunications in Jamaica}}
Jamaica has a fully [[Digital telephony|digital telephone communication system]] with a mobile penetration of over 95%.
 
<ref name="EIU">[http://globaltechforum.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=JM&country=Jamaica&title=Doing+eBusiness+in+Jamaica&channelid=6 Doing eBusiness in Jamaica], The Economist Intelligence Unit.</ref>
 
The country's two mobile operators – [[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]] (formerly LIME, bMobile and Cable and Wireless Jamaica) and [[Digicel|Digicel Jamaica]] have spent millions in network upgrades and expansion. The newest operator, Digicel was granted a licence in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent FLOW (then Cable and Wireless Jamaica) monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used [[GSM]] wireless system, while a past operator, Oceanic (which became Claro Jamaica and later merged with Digicel Jamaica in 2011) opted for the [[CDMA]] standard. FLOW (formerly "LIME" – pre-[[Columbus Communications]] merger) which had begun with [[Digital AMPS|TDMA]] standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM in 2002, decommissioned TDMA in 2006 and only utilised that standard until 2009 when LIME launched its 3G network.
 
<ref>[http://www.cwc.com/assets/uploads/files/Press%20Releases/3g%20launch%20in%20jamaica.pdf LIME 3G launch in 2009]</ref>
 
Both operators currently provide islandwide coverage with HSPA+ (3G) technology. Currently, only [[Digicel]] offers LTE to its customers
 
<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/13/digicel-jamaica-launches-lte/ Digicel Jamaica launches LTE]</ref>
 
whereas FLOW Jamaica has committed to launching LTE in the cities of Kingston and Montego Bay, places where Digicel's LTE network is currently only found in, in short order.
 
A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, [[Columbus Communications|Flow Jamaica]], laid a new [[Submarine communications cable|submarine cable]] connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. Cable and Wireless Communications (parent company of LIME) acquired the company in late 2014 and replaced their brand LIME with FLOW.
 
<ref>[http://www.cwc.com/live/news-and-media/press-releases/new-flow-brand-unveiled-in-jamaica.html New FLOW brand unveiled in Jamaica]</ref>
 
[[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]] currently has the most broadband and cable subscribers on the island and also has 1 million mobile subscribers,
 
<ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Flow-celebrates-hitting-one-million-customers_61486 FLOW celebrates hitting 1 million mobile subscribers mark]</ref>
 
second to Digicel (which had, at its peak, over 2 Million mobile subscriptions on its network).
 
Digicel entered the broadband market in 2010 by offering WiMAX broadband,
 
<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/08/23/digicel-launches-wimax-to-non-business-users/ Digicel launches WiMAX to non-business users]</ref>
 
capable of up to 6 Mbit/s per subscriber. To further their broadband share post-LIME/FLOW merger in 2014, the company introduced a new broadband service called Digicel Play,
 
<ref>[http://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/Play.html Digicel Play website]</ref>
 
which is Jamaica's second [[FTTx|FTTH]] offering (after LIME's deployment in selected communities in 2011
 
<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/12/16/lime-jamaica-launches-100mbps-ftth-service/ LIME FTTH rollout]</ref>).
 
It is currently only available in the parishes of Kingston, Portmore and St. Andrew. It offers speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s down, 100 Mbit/s up via a pure fibre optic network. Digicel's competitor, [[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]], has a network consisting of [[ADSL]], Coaxial and Fibre to the Home (inherited from LIME) and only offers speeds up to 100 Mbit/s. FLOW has committed to expanding its Fibre offering to more areas in order to combat Digicel's entrance into the market.
Jamaica has a fully [[Digital telephony|digital telephone communication system]] with a mobile penetration of over 95%.<ref name="EIU">[http://globaltechforum.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=newdebi&country_id=JM&country=Jamaica&title=Doing+eBusiness+in+Jamaica&channelid=6 Doing eBusiness in Jamaica], The Economist Intelligence Unit.</ref>
 
It was announced that the Office and Utilities Regulations (OUR), Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (MSTEM) and the Spectrum Management Authority (SMA) have given approval for another mobile operator licence in January 2016.
The country's two mobile operators – [[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]] (formerly LIME, bMobile and Cable and Wireless Jamaica) and [[Digicel|Digicel Jamaica]] have spent millions in network upgrades and expansion. The newest operator, Digicel was granted a licence in 2001 to operate mobile services in the newly liberalised telecom market that had once been the sole domain of the incumbent FLOW (then Cable and Wireless Jamaica) monopoly. Digicel opted for the more widely used [[GSM]] wireless system, while a past operator, Oceanic (which became Claro Jamaica and later merged with Digicel Jamaica in 2011) opted for the [[CDMA]] standard. FLOW (formerly "LIME" – pre-[[Columbus Communications]] merger) which had begun with [[Digital AMPS|TDMA]] standard, subsequently upgraded to GSM in 2002, decommissioned TDMA in 2006 and only utilised that standard until 2009 when LIME launched its 3G network.<ref>[http://www.cwc.com/assets/uploads/files/Press%20Releases/3g%20launch%20in%20jamaica.pdf LIME 3G launch in 2009]</ref> Both operators currently provide islandwide coverage with HSPA+ (3G) technology. Currently, only [[Digicel]] offers LTE to its customers <ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/06/13/digicel-jamaica-launches-lte/ Digicel Jamaica launches LTE]</ref> whereas FLOW Jamaica has committed to launching LTE in the cities of Kingston and Montego Bay, places where Digicel's LTE network is currently only found in, in short order.
 
<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/05/05/jamaican-government-approves-third-mobile-player/ Jamaica approves third mobile player]</ref>
A new entrant to the Jamaican communications market, [[Columbus Communications|Flow Jamaica]], laid a new [[Submarine communications cable|submarine cable]] connecting Jamaica to the United States. This new cable increases the total number of submarine cables connecting Jamaica to the rest of the world to four. Cable and Wireless Communications (parent company of LIME) acquired the company in late 2014 and replaced their brand LIME with FLOW.<ref>[http://www.cwc.com/live/news-and-media/press-releases/new-flow-brand-unveiled-in-jamaica.html New FLOW brand unveiled in Jamaica]</ref> [[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]] currently has the most broadband and cable subscribers on the island and also has 1 million mobile subscribers,<ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Flow-celebrates-hitting-one-million-customers_61486 FLOW celebrates hitting 1 million mobile subscribers mark]</ref> second to Digicel (which had, at its peak, over 2 Million mobile subscriptions on its network).
 
The identity of this entrant was ascertained on May 20, 2016, when the Jamaican Government named the new carrier as Symbiote Investments Limited operating under the name [[Caricel]].<ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Caricel---first-Jamaican-company-to-get-mobile-spectrum-licence_61594 Caricel, first Jamaican company to get mobile spectrum licence]</ref>
Digicel entered the broadband market in 2010 by offering WiMAX broadband,<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2010/08/23/digicel-launches-wimax-to-non-business-users/ Digicel launches WiMAX to non-business users]</ref> capable of up to 6 Mbit/s per subscriber. To further their broadband share post-LIME/FLOW merger in 2014, the company introduced a new broadband service called Digicel Play,<ref>[http://www.digicelgroup.com/jm/en/Play.html Digicel Play website]</ref> which is Jamaica's second [[FTTx|FTTH]] offering (after LIME's deployment in selected communities in 2011<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2011/12/16/lime-jamaica-launches-100mbps-ftth-service/ LIME FTTH rollout]</ref>). It is currently only available in the parishes of Kingston, Portmore and St. Andrew. It offers speeds of up to 200 Mbit/s down, 100 Mbit/s up via a pure fibre optic network. Digicel's competitor, [[Flow (brand)|FLOW Jamaica]], has a network consisting of [[ADSL]], Coaxial and Fibre to the Home (inherited from LIME) and only offers speeds up to 100 Mbit/s. FLOW has committed to expanding its Fibre offering to more areas in order to combat Digicel's entrance into the market.
 
The company will focus on 4G LTE data offerings and will first go live in the Kingston Metropolitan Area and will expand to the rest of Jamaica thereafter.
It was announced that the Office and Utilities Regulations (OUR), Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (MSTEM) and the Spectrum Management Authority (SMA) have given approval for another mobile operator licence in January 2016.<ref>[https://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2016/05/05/jamaican-government-approves-third-mobile-player/ Jamaica approves third mobile player]</ref> The identity of this entrant was ascertained on May 20, 2016, when the Jamaican Government named the new carrier as Symbiote Investments Limited operating under the name [[Caricel]].<ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business/Caricel---first-Jamaican-company-to-get-mobile-spectrum-licence_61594 Caricel, first Jamaican company to get mobile spectrum licence]</ref> The company will focus on 4G LTE data offerings and will first go live in the Kingston Metropolitan Area and will expand to the rest of Jamaica thereafter.
 
== మూలాలు ==
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