అజ్ఞాత వాడుకరి
Undid revision 753087718 by Erutuon (talk) sorry to revert all, but spaces within brackets were needed to clearly show symbols
imported>Erutuon replaced no-break spaces with appropriate formatting, added IPA template, removed spaces between brackets and IPA symbols, add Arabic diacritics and standardize transliteration |
imported>Woodstone |
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పంక్తి 10:
For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for [[Received Pronunciation]]. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, [[French phonology|French]], [[German phonology|German]], and [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]]. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages [[Standard Mandarin#Phonology|Mandarin Chinese]], [[Hindi-Urdu phonology|Hindustani]], [[Arabic phonology|Arabic]], and [[Russian phonology|Russian]]. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as [[Swahili language#Sounds|Swahili]], [[Turkish phonology|Turkish]], and [[Zulu language#phonology|Zulu]].
The left-hand column displays the symbols like this: {{audio-pipe|open front unrounded vowel.ogg|open front unrounded vowel|<big>
{{Compact ToC |center=yes |custom1=other |custom1name=Other |custom2=Marks added to letters |custom2name=Diacritic marks |custom3=Brackets |custom4=Rendering issues }}
పంక్తి 16:
==Main symbols==
<!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE ADDING EXAMPLES OR LANGUAGES TO THE KEY
This key is intended for newbies to the IPA and should therefore be kept as short and sweet as possible. Descriptions should be brief, without technical terms like "back vowel" or "labial" or "fricative"; and examples should be from familiar languages that are ''well described phonetically''.
-->
The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the Latin alphabet. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"
! Symbol !!
|- id="A"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> A
|-
|
| a
| Mandarin 他 ''t'''ā''''', German ''M'''a'''nn''
| For many English speakers, the first part of the ''ow'' sound in ''cow''. Found in some dialects of English in ''c'''a'''t'' or ''f'''a'''ther''.
|-
|
| ä
| American English '''''ah''''', Spanish ''c'''a'''s'''a''''', French ''p'''a'''tte
|
|-
|
| aː
| German [[Aachen|'''''Aa'''chen'']], French ''g'''a'''re''
| Long {{IPA|[a]}}.
|-
|
| ɐ
| RP ''c'''u'''t'', German [[Kaiserslautern|''Kais'''er'''slaut'''er'''n'']]
| (In transcriptions of English, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} is usually written {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}.)
|-
|
| ɑ
| [[Finnish phonology|Finnish]] [[Väinö Linna|''Linn'''a''''']], Dutch ''b'''a'''d''
|
|-
|
| ɑː
| RP ''f'''a'''ther,'' French ''p'''â'''te''
| Long {{IPA|[ɑ]}}.
|-
|
| ɑ̃
| French [[Caen|''C'''aen''''']], ''s'''an'''s'', ''t'''em'''ps''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɑ]}}.
|-
|
| ɒ
| RP ''c'''o'''t
| Like {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, but with the lips slightly rounded.
|-
|
| ʌ
| American English ''c'''u'''t
| Like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, but without the lips being rounded. (When {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}} is used for English, it may really be {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɜ]}}.)
|-
|
| æ
| RP ''c'''a'''t
|
|- id="B"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> B
|-
|
| b
| English '''''b'''a'''bb'''le''
|
|-
|
| ɓ
| Swahili '''''b'''wana
| Like a {{IPA|[b]}} said with a gulp. See [[implosive consonants]].
|-
|
| β
| Spanish ''la '''B'''amba'', Kinyarwanda ''a'''b'''ana'' "children"
| Like {{IPA|[b]}}, but with the lips not quite touching.
పంక్తి 98:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> C
|-
|
| c
| Turkish '''''k'''ebap'' "[[kebab]]", Czech s'''t'''ín "shadow", Greek '''''κ'''αι'' "and"
| Between English '''''t'''une'' (RP) and '''''c'''ute.'' Sometimes used instead for
|-
|
| ç
| German ''I'''ch'''''
| More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than {{IPA|[x]}}. Some English speakers have a similar sound in '''''h'''uge''. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
|-
|
| ɕ
| Mandarin [[Xi'an|'''''X'''i'an'']], Polish '''''ś'''ciana''
| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʃ]}}; something like English '''''sh'''e.''
|-
|
| ɔ
| see under [[#O|O]]
|
|- id="D"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> D
|-
|
| d
| English '''''d'''a'''d'''''
|
|-
|
| ɗ
| Swahili '''''D'''o'''d'''oma''
| Like {{IPA|[d]}} said with a gulp.
|-
|
| ɖ
| American English ''har'''d'''er''
| Like {{IPA|[d]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
|
| ð
| English '''''th'''e, ba'''th'''e''
|
|-
|
| dz
| English ''a'''dds''''', Italian '''''z'''ero''
|
|-
|
| dʒ
| English '''''j'''u'''dg'''e''
|
|-
|
| dʑ
| [[Polish phonology|Polish]] ''nie'''dź'''wiedź'' "bear"
| Like
|-
|
| dʐ
| Polish '''''dż'''em'' "jam"
| Like
|- id="E"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> E
|-
|
| e
| Spanish ''f'''e''';'' French ''cl'''é'''''
|
|-
|
| eː
| German ''Kl'''ee'''''
| Long {{IPA|[e]}}. Similar to English ''h'''e'''y'', before the y sets in.
|-
|
| ə
| English '''''a'''bove,'' Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' "thief"
| (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
|-
|
| ɚ
| American English ''runn'''er'''''
|
|-
|
| ɛ
| English ''b'''e'''t''
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>{{IPAlink|[
| ɛ̃
| French [[Saint-Étienne|''S'''ain'''t-Étienne'']], ''v'''in''''', ''m'''ain'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.
|-
|
| ɜ
| RP ''b'''ir'''d'' (long)
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ ɝ ]|direct page=R-colored vowel#R-colored vowel}}</big>
| ɝ
| American English ''b'''ir'''d''
|
|- id="F"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> F
|-
|
| f
| English '''''f'''un''
|
|-
|
| ɟ
| see under [[#J|J]]
|
|-
|
| ʄ
| see under [[#J|J]]
|
|- id="G"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> G
|-
|
| ɡ
| English '''''g'''a'''g'''''
| (Should look like [[file:opentail_g.svg|6px]]. No different from a Latin "g")
|-
|
| ɠ
| Swahili ''U'''g'''anda''
| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}} said with a gulp.
|-
|
| ɢ
|
| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, but further back, in the throat. Found in [[Persian phonology|Persian]] and some Arabic dialects for {{IPA|/q/}}, as in ''[[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Gaddafi]].''<!-- Needs verification -->
|-
|
| ʒ
| see under [[#Z|Z]]
| English ''bei'''g'''e.''
పంక్తి 248:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> H
|-
|
| h
| American English '''''h'''ouse''
|
|-
|
| ɦ
| English ''a'''h'''ead,'' when said quickly.
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>{{IPAlink|[ ʰ ]|direct page=Aspiration (phonetics)}}</big>
|
| The extra puff of air in English ''top'' {{IPA|[tʰɒp]}} compared to ''stop'' [stɒp], or to French or Spanish {{IPA|[t]}}.
|-
|
| ħ
| Arabic
| Far down in the throat, like {{IPA|[h]}}, but stronger.
|-
|
| ɥ
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |
| ɮ
| see under [[#L|L]]
|
|- id="I"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> I
|-
|
| i
| French ''v'''i'''lle'', Spanish [[Valladolid|''Valladol'''i'''d'']]
|
|-
|
| iː
| English ''s'''ea'''''
| Long {{IPA|[i]}}.
|-
|
| ɪ
| English ''s'''i'''t''
|
|-
|
| ɨ
| Russian ты "you"
| Often used for unstressed English ''ros'''e'''s.''
పంక్తి 303:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> J
|-
|
| j
| English '''''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah,'' German '''''J'''unge''
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |[[Palatalization (phonetics)|<big>
| ʲ
| Russian Ленин {{IPA|[ˈlʲenʲɪn]}}</big>
| Indicates a sound is more y-like.
|-
|
| ʝ
| Spanish ''ca'''y'''o'' (some dialects)
| Like {{IPA|[j]}}, but stronger.
|-
|
| ɟ
| Turkish '''''g'''ör'' "see", Czech '''d'''íra "hole"
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue.'' Sometimes used instead for
|-
|
| ʄ
| Swahili '''''j'''ambo''
| Like {{IPA|[ɟ]}} said with a gulp.
పంక్తి 331:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> K
|-
|
| k
| English ''ki'''ck''', s'''k'''ip''
|
|- id="L"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> L
|-
|
| l
| English '''''l'''eaf''
|
|-
|
| ɫ
| English ''woo'''l'''''<br>Russian ма'''л'''ый {{IPA|[ˈmɑɫɨj]}} "small"
| "Dark" el.
|-
|
| ɬ
| Welsh '''''ll'''wyd'' {{IPA|[ɬʊɪd]}} "grey"<br>Zulu '''''hl'''ala'' {{IPA|[ɬaːla]}} "sit"
| By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] placenames like '''''Ll'''ango'''ll'''en'' and '''''Ll'''ane'''ll'''i'' and [[Nelson Mandela]]'s Xhosa name ''Roli'''hl'''a'''hl'''a.''
|-
|
| ɭ
|
| Like {{IPA|[l]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
|
| ɺ
|
| A flapped {{IPA|[l]}}, like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} said together.<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example.-->
|-
|
| ɮ
| Zulu '''''dl'''a'' "eat"
| Rather like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, or {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}}, said together.
పంక్తి 372:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> M
|-
|
| m
| English '''''m'''i'''m'''e''
|
|-
|
| ɱ
| English ''sy'''m'''phony''
| Like {{IPA|[m]}}, but lips touch teeth as they do in {{IPA|[f]}}.
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>
| ɯ
| see under [[#W|W]]
|
|-
|
| ʍ
| see under [[#W|W]]
|
పంక్తి 395:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> N
|-
|
| n
| English '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|
|-
|
| ŋ
| English ''si'''ng'''''
|
|-
|
| ɲ
| Spanish ''Pe'''ñ'''a,'' French ''champa'''gn'''e''
| Rather like English ''ca'''ny'''on'' ({{IPA|/nj/}} said quickly).
|-
|
| ɳ
| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳ]}} [[Varuna|''Varu'''n'''a'']]
| Like {{IPA|[n]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
|
| ɴ
| Castilian Spanish ''Do'''n''' Juan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}
| Like {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, but further back, in the throat.
పంక్తి 423:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> O
|-
|
| o
| Spanish ''n'''o''','' French '''''eau'''''
|
|-
|
| oː
| German ''B'''o'''den'', French [[Vosges|''V'''o'''sges'']]
| Long {{IPA|[o]}}. Somewhat reminiscent of English ''n'''o'''.''
|-
|
| ɔ
| German [[Oldenburg (disambiguation)|'''''O'''ldenburg'']], French [[Garonne|''Gar'''o'''nne'']]
|
|-
|
| ɔː
| RP ''l'''aw''''', French [[Limoges|''Lim'''o'''ges'']]
| Long {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
|-
|
| ɔ̃
| French [[Lyon|''Ly'''on''''']], ''s'''on'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
|-
|
| ø
| French ''f'''eu''''', ''b'''œu'''fs''
| Like {{IPA|[e]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[o]}}.
|-
|
| øː
| German [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|''G'''oe'''the'']], French [[Deûle|''D'''eû'''le'']], ''n'''eu'''tre''
| Long {{IPA|[ø]}}.
|-
|
| ɵ
| Swedish ''d'''u'''m''
| Halfway between {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}. Similar to {{IPA|[ʊ]}} but with the tongue slightly more down and front.
|-
|
| œ
| French ''b'''œu'''f'', ''s'''eu'''l'', German [[Göttingen|''G'''ö'''ttingen'']]
| Like {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
|-
|
| œː
| French '''''œu'''vre'', ''h'''eu'''re''
| Long {{IPA|[œ]}}.
|-
|
| œ̃
| French ''br'''un''''', ''parf'''um'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[œ]}}.
|-
|
| θ
| see under [[#other|other]]
|
|-
|
| ɸ
| see under [[#other|other]]
పంక్తి 490:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> P
|-
|
| p
| English ''pi'''p'''
|
|- id="Q"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> Q
|-
|
| q
| Arabic
| Like {{IPA|[k]}}, but further back, in the throat.
పంక్తి 506:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> R
|-
|
| r
| Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o,'' Scots ''bo'''rr'''ow''
| "Rolled R". (Generally used for English {{IPA|[ɹ]}} when there's no need to be precise.)
|-
|
| ɾ
| Spanish ''pe'''r'''o,'' Tagalog ''dali'''r'''i'', Malay ''kaba'''r''''', American English ''ki'''tt'''y/ki'''dd'''ie''
| "Flapped R".
|-
|
| ʀ
| Dutch '''''r'''ood'' and German '''''r'''ot'' (some speakers)
| A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
|-
|
| ɽ
| Hindi साड़ी {{IPA|[sɑːɽiː]}} "sari"
| Like flapped {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, but with the tongue curled back.
|-
|
| ɹ
| RP ''bo'''rr'''ow''
| <!--This is not the sound or ''run,'' which is [ɹʷ].-->
|-
|
| ɻ
| American English ''bo'''rr'''ow, butt'''er'''''
| Like {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
|-
|
| ʁ
| French ''[[Paris|Pa'''r'''is]]'', German [[Bernhard Riemann|'''''R'''iemann'']]
| Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
పంక్తి 544:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> S
|-
|
| s
| English '''''s'''a'''ss'''''
|
|-
|
| ʃ
| English '''''sh'''oe''<!--italicized 2008-10-03-->
|
|-
|
| ʂ
| Mandarin 少林 ''([[Shaolin Monastery|'''Sh'''àolín]])'', Russian [[Alexander Pushkin|Пу'''ш'''кин ''(Pu'''sh'''kin)'']]
| Acoustically similar to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.<br>
పంక్తి 562:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> T
|-
|
| t
| English ''to'''t''', s'''t'''op''
|
|-
|
| ʈ
| Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' "thief"
| Like {{IPA|[t]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
|
| ts
| English ''ca'''ts''','' Russian '''ц'''арь '''''ts'''ar''
|
|-
|
| tʃ
| English '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|
|-
|
| tɕ
| Mandarin 北京 {{audio-pipe|Zh-Beijing.ogg|Beijing|''Běi'''j'''īng''}}, Polish '''''ci'''ebie'' "you"
| Like
|-
|
| tʂ
| Mandarin '''''zh''''', Polish '''''cz'''as''
| Like
|- id="U"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> U
|-
|
| u
| French ''v'''ou'''s'' "you"
|
|-
|
| uː
| French [[Rocquencourt|''Rocquenc'''ou'''rt'']], German [[Michael Schumacher|''Sch'''u'''macher'']], close to RP ''f'''oo'''d''
| Long {{IPA|[u]}}.
|-
|
| ʊ
| English ''f'''oo'''t'', German ''B'''u'''ndesrepublik''
|
|-
|
| ʉ
| Australian English ''f'''oo'''d'' (long)
| Like {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.
|-
|
| ɥ
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
|
| ɯ
| see under [[#W|W]]
|
|- id="V"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> V
|-
|
| v
| English '''''v'''er'''ve'''''
|
|-
|
| ʋ
| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳə]}} [[Varuna|"Varuna"]]
| Between {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}. Used by some Germans and Russians for ''v/w'', and by some speakers of British English for ''r''.
|-
|
| ɤ
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>
| ɣ
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>
| ʌ
| see under [[#A|A]]
|
పంక్తి 656:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> W
|-
|
| w
| English '''''w'''ow''
|
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>{{IPAlink|[ ʷ ]|direct page=Labialisation}}</big>
| ʷ
| English '''''r'''ain'' {{IPA|[ɹʷeɪn]}}</big>
| Indicates a sound has lip rounding, ''q'''u'''ick.''
|-
|
| ʍ
| '''''wh'''at'' (some dialects)
| like {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together
|-
|
| ɯ
| Turkish ''kay'''ı'''k'' "caïque"
| Like {{IPA|[u]}}, but with the lips flat; something like {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example-->
|-
|
| ɰ
| Spanish ''a'''gu'''a''
|
పంక్తి 684:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> X
|-
|
| x
| Scottish English ''lo'''ch''''', German ''[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Ba'''ch''']],'' Russian '''х'''ороший {{IPA|[xɐˈroʂɨj]}} "good", Spanish '''''j'''oven''
| between {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
|
| χ
| [[Dutch phonology|northern Standard Dutch]] [[Scheveningen|''S'''ch'''eveningen'']], Castilian Spanish ''Don '''J'''uan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}
| Like {{IPA|[x]}}, but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have {{IPA|[χ]}} for {{IPA|[x]}}.
పంక్తి 697:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> Y
|-
|
| y
| French ''r'''u'''e''
| Like {{IPA|[i]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.
|-
|
| yː
| German [[Bernhard von Bülow|''B'''ü'''low'']], French ''s'''û'''r''
| Long {{IPA|[y]}}.
|-
|
| ʏ
| German [[Düsseldorf|''D'''ü'''sseldorf'']]
| Like {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.
|-
|
| ɣ
| Arabic
| Sounds rather like French {{IPA|[ʁ]}} or between {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}.
|-
|
| ɤ
| Mandarin ''[[Henan|H'''é'''nán]]''
| Like {{IPA|[o]}} but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of {{IPA|[ʊ]}} and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}.
|-
|
| ʎ
| Italian ''ta'''gli'''atelle''
| Like {{IPA|[l]}}, but more y-like. Rather like English ''vo'''l'''ume.''
|-
|
| ɥ
| French ''l'''u'''i''
| Like {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together.
|-
పంక్తి 736:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> Z
|-
|
| z
| English '''''z'''oo'''s'''''
|
|-
|
| ʒ
| English ''vi'''si'''on,'' French '''''j'''ournal''
|
|-
|
| ʑ
| formal Russian '''жж'''ёшь {{IPA|[ʑːoʂ]}} "you burn", Polish '''''ź'''le''
| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, something like ''bei'''ge'''y.''
|-
|
| ʐ
| Mandarin 人民日报 '''''R'''énmín '''R'''ìbào'' "People's Daily", Russian '''ж'''ир "fat"
| Like {{IPA|[ʒ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| style="padding-left: 16px" |<big>
| ɮ
| see under [[#L|L]]
|
|- id="other"
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;">[[#top|^ top]]</div> Other
|-
|
| θ
| English '''''th'''igh, ba'''th'''''
|
|-
|
| ɸ
| Japanese 富士 {{IPA|[ɸɯdʑi]}} ''[[Mount Fuji|'''F'''uji]]'', Māori {{IPA|[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]}} ''[[wharenui|'''wh'''arenui]]''
| Like {{IPA|[p]}}, but with the lips not quite touching
|-
|
| ʔ
| English ''uh-oh, Hawai'''‘'''i,'' German ''die Angst
| The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in ''bu'''tt'''on'' {{IPA|[ˈbʌʔn̩]}}, or between vowels across words: ''Deus ex machina'' {{IPA|[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]}}; in some nonstandard dialects, in ''a apple'' {{IPA|[ʌˈʔæpl̩]}}.
|-
|
| ʕ
| Arabic
| A light sound deep in the throat.
|-
|
| ǀ
| English ''tsk-tsk!'' or ''tut-tut!,'' Zulu ''i'''c'''i'''c'''i'' "earring"
| (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[ kǀ ], [ ɡǀ ], [ ŋǀ ]}}. The Zimbabwean MP [[Welshman Ncube|N'''c'''ube]] has this click in his name, as did [[Cetshwayo kaMpande|'''C'''etshwayo]].
|-
|
| ǁ
| English ''tchick! tchick!,'' Zulu ''i'''x'''o'''x'''o'' "frog"
| (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[ kǁ ], [ ɡǁ ], [ ŋǁ ]}}. Found in the name of the [[Xhosa people|'''X'''hosa]].
|-
|
| ǃ
| Zulu ''i'''q'''a'''q'''a'' "polecat"
| (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[ kǃ ], [ ɡǃ ], [ ŋǃ ]}}.
|}
పంక్తి 811:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;"></div> Signs above a letter
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ ã ]|direct page=nasal vowel}}</big>
| French ''vi'''n''' bla'''n'''c'' {{IPA|[vãblɑ̃]}} "white wine"
| colspan="2" | A [[nasalization|nasal]] vowel, as with a Texas twang.
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ ä ]|direct page=central vowel}}</big>
| Portuguese ''v'''á''''' {{IPA|[vä]}} "go"
| colspan="2" | A [[central vowel]] pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back.
|-
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;"></div> Signs below a letter
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ a̯ ]|direct page=diphthong}}</big>
| English ''co'''w''''' {{IPA|[kʰaʊ̯]}}, ''ko'''i''''' {{IPA|[kʰɔɪ̯]}}
| colspan="2" | This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: {{IPA|[kaʊ]}}.)
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ n̥ ]|direct page=Voiceless#Voiceless vowels and other sonorants}}</big>
|
| colspan="2" | Sounds like a loud whisper; {{IPA|[n̥]}} is like a whispered breath through the nose. {{IPA|[l̥]}} is found in Tibetan '''''Lh'''asa.''
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ n̩ ]|direct page=Syllabic consonant}}</big>
| English ''butt'''on'''''
| colspan="2" | A consonant without a vowel. (English {{IPA|[n̩]}} is often transcribed {{IPA|/ən/}}.)
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ d̪ ]|direct page=Dental consonant}}</big>
| Spanish '''''d'''os,'' French '''''d'''eux''
| colspan="2" | The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
|-
పంక్తి 840:
! colspan="4" | <div style="font-weight: normal; float: right;"></div> Signs next to a letter
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ kʰ ]|direct page=Aspirated consonant}}</big>
| English '''''c'''ome''
| colspan="2" | Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly {{IPA|[tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]}}.
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ k’ ]|direct page=Ejective consonant}}</big>
| Zulu ''u'''k'''uza'' "come"
| colspan="2" | Like a popped {{IPA|[k]}}, pushed from the throat. Similarly {{IPA|[tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]}}.
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ aː ]|direct page=Length (phonetics)}}</big>
| English ''shh!'' {{IPA|[ʃː]}}
| colspan="2" | Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: ''Mayo'' {{IPA|/ˈmeːoː/}} for {{IPA|[ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯]}}, ''etc.''
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ aˑ ]|direct page=Length (phonetics)}}</big>
| RP ''caught'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɔˑt]}}
| colspan="2" | Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than ''cot'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɒt]}}.)
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ ˈa ]|direct page=Stress (linguistics)}}</big>
| rowspan="2" | ''pronunciation''<br>{{IPA|[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]}}
| colspan="2" | Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the ''following'' syllable.
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ ˌa ]|direct page=Secondary stress}}</big>
| colspan="2" | Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the ''following'' syllable.
|-
| align="center" | <big>{{IPAlink|[ . ]|direct page=Syllable}}</big>
| English ''courtship'' {{IPA|[ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]}}
| colspan="2" | [[Syllable]] break. (this is often redundant and therefore left off)
|}
పంక్తి 871:
Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:
*/Slashes/ indicate those meaningful sounds that are distinguished as the basic sounds of a language by native speakers; these are called [[phoneme]]s. Changing the symbols between slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter el in the word ''lulls,'' they are considered the same phoneme and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: {{IPA|/ˈlʌlz/}}. Similarly, Spanish ''la bomba'' is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same ''b'' sound, {{IPA|/laˈbomba/}}, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
*[Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed [[phonetics|phonetic]] qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word ''lulls'' may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as {{IPA|[ˈlɐɫz]}}, with different letter el sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of other languages that differentiate between the sounds {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɫ]}}. Likewise, Spanish ''la bomba'' (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—{{IPA|[laˈβomba]}}—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.
A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:
*Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of [[morphophonology]].) For instance, most phonologists argue that the ''-s'' at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either {{IPA|/s/}} in ''talks'' {{IPA|/tɔːks/}} or as {{IPA|/z/}} in ''lulls'' {{IPA|/lʌlz/}}, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an ''s,'' they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic {{IPA|/tɔːks/}} and {{IPA|/lʌlz/}} are essentially {{IPA|//tɔːks//}} and {{IPA|//lʌls//}} underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words {{IPA|//tɔːkz//}} and {{IPA|//lʌlz//}}.
Lastly,
*{{angle bracket|Angle brackets}} are used to set off [[orthography]], as well as [[transliteration]] from non-Latin scripts. Thus {{angle bracket|lulls}}, {{angle bracket|la bomba}}, the letter {{angle bracket|a}}. Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{tl|angle bracket}} (shortcut {{tl|angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)
పంక్తి 885:
===Voiced velar plosive===
These two characters should look similar:
:{|class=wikitable
|-textalign=top
|<big><big>{{IPA|ɡ}}</big></big>
పంక్తి 893:
If in the box to the left you see the symbol [[File:ɡMSReferenceSansSerif.png|12px]] rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font ''MS Reference Sans Serif''; switching to another font may fix it.
On your current font: {{IPA|[ɡ]}},
and in several other fonts:
పంక్తి 901:
===Affricates and double articulation===
The ''tie bar'' is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) because of a bug in that font:
:ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.
Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font:
:{{IPA|t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m}},
and in several other fonts:
పంక్తి 910:
===Angle brackets===
True angle brackets, ⟨
:⟨...⟩ (unformatted)
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