సహాయం:IPA: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

{{Inline audio}}

 

 

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here "RP" stands for [[Received Pronunciation]]. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers, [[French phonology|French]], [[Standard German phonology|Standard German]], and [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]]. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages [[Standard Chinese#Phonology|Standard Chinese]], [[Hindustani phonology|Hindustani]], [[Arabic phonology|Arabic]], and [[Russian phonology|Russian]]. For sounds still not covered, other smaller but well-known languages are used, such as [[Swahili language#Sounds|Swahili]], [[Turkish phonology|Turkish]], and [[Zulu language#phonology|Zulu]].

 

 

{{Compact ToC |center=yes |custom1=other |custom1name=Other |custom2=Marks added to letters |custom2name=Diacritic marks |custom3=Brackets |custom4=Rendering issues|custom5=Computer input using on-screen keyboard}}

 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

 

|- id="A"

|-

| Mandarin 他 ''t'''ā''''', German ''M'''a'''nn''

| For many English speakers, the first part of the ''ow'' sound in ''cow''. Found in some dialects of English in ''c'''a'''t'' or ''f'''a'''ther''.

|-

| American English '''''ah''''', Spanish ''c'''a'''s'''a''''', French ''p'''a'''tte

|

|-

| German [[Aachen|'''''Aa'''chen'']], French ''g'''a'''re''

| Long {{IPA|[a]}}.

|-

| RP ''c'''u'''t'', German [[Kaiserslautern|''Kais'''er'''slaut'''er'''n'']]

| (In transcriptions of English, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} is usually written {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}.)

|-

| [[Finnish phonology|Finnish]] [[Väinö Linna|''Linn'''a''''']], Dutch ''b'''a'''d''

|

|-

| RP ''f'''a'''ther,'' French ''p'''â'''te''

| Long {{IPA|[ɑ]}}.

|-

| French [[Caen|''C'''aen''''']], ''s'''an'''s'', ''t'''em'''ps''

| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɑ]}}.

|-

| RP ''c'''o'''t

| Like {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, but with the lips slightly rounded.

|-

| American English ''c'''u'''t

| Like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, but without the lips being rounded. (When {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʌ}}}} is used for English, it may really be {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɜ]}}.)

|-

| RP ''c'''a'''t

|

 

|- id="B"

|-

| English '''''b'''a'''bb'''le''

|

|-

| Swahili '''''b'''wana

| Like a {{IPA|[b]}} said with a gulp. See [[implosive consonant]]s.

|-

| Spanish ''la '''B'''amba'', Kinyarwanda ''a'''b'''ana'' "children"

| Like {{IPA|[b]}}, but with the lips not quite touching.

 

|- id="C"

|-

| Turkish '''''k'''ebap'' "[[kebab]]", Czech s'''t'''ín "shadow", Greek '''''κ'''αι'' "and"

| Between English '''''t'''une'' (RP) and '''''c'''ute.'' Sometimes used instead for {{IPA|[tʃ]}} in languages like Hindi.

|-

| German ''I'''ch'''''

| More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than {{IPA|[x]}}. Some English speakers have a similar sound in '''''h'''uge''. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".

|-

| Mandarin [[Xi'an|'''''X'''i'an'']], Polish '''''ś'''ciana''

| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʃ]}}; something like English '''''sh'''e.''

|-

| see under [[#O|O]]

|

 

|- id="D"

|-

| English '''''d'''a'''d'''''

|

|-

| Swahili '''''D'''o'''d'''oma''

| Like {{IPA|[d]}} said with a gulp.

|-

| American English ''har'''d'''er''

| Like {{IPA|[d]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| English '''''th'''e, ba'''th'''e''

|

|-

| English ''a'''dds''''', Italian '''''z'''ero''

|

|-

| English '''''j'''u'''dg'''e''

|

|-

| [[Polish phonology|Polish]] ''nie'''dź'''wiedź'' "bear"

| Like {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, but with more of a y-sound.

|-

| Polish '''''dż'''em'' "jam"

| Like {{IPA|[dʒ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

 

|- id="E"

|-

| Spanish ''f'''e''';'' French ''cl'''é'''''

|

|-

| German ''Kl'''ee'''''

| Long {{IPA|[e]}}. Similar to English ''h'''e'''y'', before the y sets in.

|-

| English '''''a'''bove,'' Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' "thief"

| (Only occurs in English when not stressed.)

|-

| American English ''runn'''er'''''

|

|-

| English ''b'''e'''t''

|

|-

| French [[Saint-Étienne|''S'''ain'''t-Étienne'']], ''v'''in''''', ''m'''ain'''''

| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.

|-

| RP ''b'''ir'''d'' (long)

|

|-

| American English ''b'''ir'''d''

|

 

|- id="F"

|-

| English '''''f'''un''

|

|-

| see under [[#J|J]]

|

|-

| see under [[#J|J]]

|

 

|- id="G"

|-

| English '''''g'''a'''g'''''

| (Should look like [[file:opentail_g.svg|6px]]. No different from a Latin "g")

|-

| Swahili ''U'''g'''anda''

| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}} said with a gulp.

|-

|

| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, but further back, in the throat. Found in [[Persian phonology|Persian]] and some Arabic dialects for {{IPA|/q/}}, as in ''[[Muammar Gaddafi]].''<!-- Needs verification -->

|-

| see under [[#Z|Z]]

| English ''bei'''g'''e.''

 

|- id="H"

|-

| American English '''''h'''ouse''

|

|-

| English ''a'''h'''ead,'' when said quickly.

|

|-

|

| The extra puff of air in English ''top'' {{IPA|[tʰɒp]}} compared to ''stop'' [stɒp], or to French or Spanish {{IPA|[t]}}.

|-

| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|مُحَمَّد}} ''Mu'''h'''ammad''

| Far down in the throat, like {{IPA|[h]}}, but stronger.

|-

| see under [[#Y|Y]]

|

|-

| see under [[#L|L]]

|

 

|- id="I"

|-

| French ''v'''i'''lle'', Spanish [[Valladolid|''Valladol'''i'''d'']]

|

|-

| English ''s'''ea'''''

| Long {{IPA|[i]}}.

|-

| English ''s'''i'''t''

|

|-

| Russian ты "you"

| Often used for unstressed English ''ros'''e'''s.''

 

|- id="J"

|-

| English '''''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah,'' German '''''J'''unge''

|

|-

| Russian Ленин {{IPA|[ˈlʲenʲɪn]}}</big>

| Indicates a sound is more y-like.

|-

| Spanish ''ca'''y'''o'' (some dialects)

| Like {{IPA|[j]}}, but stronger.

|-

| Turkish '''''g'''ör'' "see", Czech '''d'''íra "hole"

| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue.'' Sometimes used instead for {{IPA|[dʒ]}} in languages like Hindi.

|-

| Swahili '''''j'''ambo''

| Like {{IPA|[ɟ]}} said with a gulp.

 

|- id="K"

|-

| English ''ki'''ck''', s'''k'''ip''

|

 

|- id="L"

|-

| English '''''l'''eaf''

|

|-

| English ''woo'''l'''''<br>Russian ма'''л'''ый {{IPA|[ˈmɑɫɨj]}} "small"

| "Dark" el.

|-

| Welsh '''''ll'''wyd'' {{IPA|[ɬʊɪd]}} "grey"<br>Zulu '''''hl'''ala'' {{IPA|[ɬaːla]}} "sit"

| By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] placenames like '''''Ll'''ango'''ll'''en'' and '''''Ll'''ane'''ll'''i'' and [[Nelson Mandela]]'s Xhosa name ''Roli'''hl'''a'''hl'''a.''

|-

|

| Like {{IPA|[l]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

|

| A flapped {{IPA|[l]}}, like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} said together.<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example.-->

|-

| Zulu '''''dl'''a'' "eat"

| Rather like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, or {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}}, said together.

 

|- id="M"

|-

| English '''''m'''i'''m'''e''

|

|-

| English ''sy'''m'''phony''

| Like {{IPA|[m]}}, but lips touch teeth as they do in {{IPA|[f]}}.

|-

| see under [[#W|W]]

|

|-

| see under [[#W|W]]

|

 

|- id="N"

|-

| English '''''n'''u'''n'''''

|

|-

| English ''si'''ng''''', Māori '''''ng'''a''

|

|-

| Spanish ''Pe'''ñ'''a,'' French ''champa'''gn'''e''

| Rather like English ''ca'''ny'''on'' ({{IPA|/nj/}} said quickly).

|-

| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳ]}} [[Varuna|''Varu'''n'''a'']]

| Like {{IPA|[n]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| Castilian Spanish ''Do'''n''' Juan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}

| Like {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, but further back, in the throat.

 

|- id="O"

|-

| Spanish ''n'''o''','' French '''''eau'''''

|

|-

| German ''B'''o'''den'', French [[Vosges|''V'''o'''sges'']]

| Long {{IPA|[o]}}. Somewhat reminiscent of English ''n'''o'''.''

|-

| German [[Oldenburg (disambiguation)|'''''O'''ldenburg'']], French [[Garonne|''Gar'''o'''nne'']]

|

|-

| RP ''l'''aw''''', French [[Limoges|''Lim'''o'''ges'']]

| Long {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

|-

| French [[Lyon|''Ly'''on''''']], ''s'''on'''''

| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

|-

| French ''f'''eu''''', ''b'''œu'''fs''

| Like {{IPA|[e]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[o]}}.

|-

| German [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|''G'''oe'''the'']], French [[Deûle|''D'''eû'''le'']], ''n'''eu'''tre''

| Long {{IPA|[ø]}}.

|-

| Swedish ''d'''u'''m''

| Halfway between {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}. Similar to {{IPA|[ʊ]}} but with the tongue slightly more down and front.

|-

| French ''b'''œu'''f'', ''s'''eu'''l'', German [[Göttingen|''G'''ö'''ttingen'']]

| Like {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.

|-

| French '''''œu'''vre'', ''h'''eu'''re''

| Long {{IPA|[œ]}}.

|-

| French ''br'''un''''', ''parf'''um'''''

| Nasalized {{IPA|[œ]}}.

|-

| see under [[#other|other]]

|

|-

| see under [[#other|other]]

 

|- id="P"

|-

| English ''pi'''p'''

|

 

|- id="Q"

|-

| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|قُرْآن}} ''[[Qur'an|'''Q'''ur’ān]]''

| Like {{IPA|[k]}}, but further back, in the throat.

 

|- id="R"

|-

| Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o,'' Scots ''bo'''rr'''ow''

| "Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, when there's no ambiguity.)

|-

| Spanish ''pe'''r'''o,'' Tagalog ''dali'''r'''i'', Malay ''kaba'''r''''', American English ''ki'''tt'''y/ki'''dd'''ie''

| "Flapped R".

|-

| Dutch '''''r'''ood'' and German '''''r'''ot'' (some speakers)

| A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.

|-

| Hindi साड़ी {{IPA|[sɑːɽiː]}} "sari"

| Like flapped {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, but with the tongue curled back.

|-

| RP ''bo'''rr'''ow''

| <!--This is not the sound or ''run,'' which is [ɹʷ].-->

|-

| American English ''bo'''rr'''ow, butt'''er'''''

| Like {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.

|-

| French ''[[Paris|Pa'''r'''is]]'', German [[Bernhard Riemann|'''''R'''iemann'']]

| Said back in the throat, but not trilled.

 

|- id="S"

|-

| English '''''s'''a'''ss'''''

|

|-

| English '''''sh'''oe''<!--italicized 2008-10-03-->

|

|-

| Mandarin 少林 ''([[Shaolin Monastery|'''Sh'''àolín]])'', Russian [[Alexander Pushkin|Пу'''ш'''кин ''(Pu'''sh'''kin)'']]

| Acoustically similar to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.<br>

 

|- id="T"

|-

| English ''to'''t''', s'''t'''op''

|

|-

| Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' "thief"

| Like {{IPA|[t]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| English ''ca'''ts''','' Russian '''ц'''арь '''''ts'''ar''

|

|-

| English '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''

|

|-

| Mandarin 北京 {{audio-pipe|Zh-Beijing.ogg|Beijing|''Běi'''j'''īng''}}, Polish '''''ci'''ebie'' "you"

| Like {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, but with more of a y-sound.

|-

| Mandarin '''''zh''''', Polish '''''cz'''as''

| Like {{IPA|[tʃ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

 

|- id="U"

|-

| French ''v'''ou'''s'' "you"

|

|-

| French [[Rocquencourt|''Rocquenc'''ou'''rt'']], German [[Michael Schumacher|''Sch'''u'''macher'']], close to RP ''f'''oo'''d''

| Long {{IPA|[u]}}.

|-

| English ''f'''oo'''t'', German ''B'''u'''ndesrepublik''

|

|-

| Australian English ''f'''oo'''d'' (long)

| Like {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.

|-

| see under [[#Y|Y]]

|

|-

| see under [[#W|W]]

|

 

|- id="V"

|-

| English '''''v'''er'''ve'''''

|

|-

| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳə]}} [[Varuna|"Varuna"]]

| Between {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}. Used by some Germans and Russians for ''v/w'', and by some speakers of British English for ''r''.

|-

| see under [[#Y|Y]]

|

|-

| see under [[#Y|Y]]

|

|-

| see under [[#A|A]]

|

 

|- id="W"

|-

| English '''''w'''ow''

|

|-

| English '''''r'''ain'' {{IPA|[ɹʷeɪn]}}</big>

| Indicates a sound has lip rounding, ''q'''u'''ick.''

|-

| '''''wh'''at'' (some dialects)

| like {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together

|-

| Turkish ''kay'''ı'''k'' "caïque", [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''gaol''

| Like {{IPA|[u]}}, but with the lips flat; something like {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.<!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example-->

|-

| Spanish ''a'''gu'''a''

|

 

|- id="X"

|-

| Scottish English ''lo'''ch''''', German ''[[Johann Sebastian Bach|Ba'''ch''']],'' Russian '''х'''ороший {{IPA|[xɐˈroʂɨj]}} "good", Spanish '''''j'''oven''

| between {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}

|-

| [[Dutch phonology|northern Standard Dutch]] [[Scheveningen|''S'''ch'''eveningen'']], Castilian Spanish ''Don '''J'''uan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}

| Like {{IPA|[x]}}, but further back , in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have {{IPA|[χ]}} for {{IPA|[x]}}.

 

|- id="Y"

|-

| French ''r'''u'''e''

| Like {{IPA|[i]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.

|-

| German [[Bernhard von Bülow|''B'''ü'''low'']], French ''s'''û'''r''

| Long {{IPA|[y]}}.

|-

| German [[Düsseldorf|''D'''ü'''sseldorf'']]

| Like {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.

|-

| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|غَالِي}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ghālī}}'' and Swahili '''''gh'''ali'' "expensive", Spanish ''sue'''g'''ro''

| Sounds rather like French {{IPA|[ʁ]}} or between {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}.

|-

| Mandarin ''[[Henan|H'''é'''nán]]'', [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''taigh''

| Like {{IPA|[o]}} but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of {{IPA|[ʊ]}} and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}.

|-

| Italian ''ta'''gli'''atelle''

| Like {{IPA|[l]}}, but more y-like. Rather like English ''vo'''l'''ume.''

|-

| French ''l'''u'''i''

| Like {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together.

 

|- id="Z"

|-

| English '''''z'''oo'''s'''''

|

|-

| English ''vi'''si'''on,'' French '''''j'''ournal''

|

|-

| formal Russian '''жж'''ёшь {{IPA|[ʑːoʂ]}} "you burn", Polish '''''ź'''le''

| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, something like ''bei'''ge'''y.''

|-

| Mandarin 人民日报 '''''R'''énmín '''R'''ìbào'' "People's Daily", Russian '''ж'''ир "fat"

| Like {{IPA|[ʒ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|-

| see under [[#L|L]]

|

 

|- id="other"

|-

| English '''''th'''igh, ba'''th'''''

|

|-

| Japanese 富士 {{IPA|[ɸɯdʑi]}} ''[[Mount Fuji|'''F'''uji]]'', Māori {{IPA|[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]}} ''[[wharenui|'''wh'''arenui]]''

| Like {{IPA|[p]}}, but with the lips not quite touching

|-

| English ''uh-oh, Hawai'''‘'''i,'' German ''die Angst

| The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in ''bu'''tt'''on'' {{IPA|[ˈbʌʔn̩]}}, or between vowels across words: ''Deus ex machina'' {{IPA|[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɨnə]}}; in some nonstandard dialects, in ''a apple'' {{IPA|[ʌˈʔæpl̩]}}.

|-

| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|عَرَبِيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|'''ʻ'''arabī}}'' "Arabic"

| A light sound deep in the throat.

|-

| English ''tsk-tsk!'' or ''tut-tut!,'' Zulu ''i'''c'''i'''c'''i'' "earring"

| (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]}}. The Zimbabwean MP [[Welshman Ncube|N'''c'''ube]] has this click in his name, as did [[Cetshwayo kaMpande|'''C'''etshwayo]].

|-

| English ''tchick! tchick!,'' Zulu ''i'''x'''o'''x'''o'' "frog"

| (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]}}. Found in the name of the [[Xhosa people|'''X'''hosa]].

|-

| Zulu ''i'''q'''a'''q'''a'' "polecat"

| (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]}}.

 

==Marks added to letters==

Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel ''a.'' A more complete list is given at {{Section link|International Phonetic Alphabet|Diacritics and prosodic notation}}.

 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em"

|-

|-

| French ''vi'''n''' bla'''n'''c'' {{IPA|[vãblɑ̃]}} "white wine"

|-

| Portuguese ''v'''á''''' {{IPA|[vä]}} "go"

|-

|-

| English ''co'''w''''' {{IPA|[kʰaʊ̯]}}, ''ko'''i''''' {{IPA|[kʰɔɪ̯]}}

|-

|

|-

| English ''butt'''on'''''

|-

| Spanish '''''d'''os,'' French '''''d'''eux''

|-

<!-- There is no point in distinguishing left and right, since a user can't tell the difference. -->

|-

| English '''''c'''ome''

|-

| Zulu ''u'''k'''uza'' "come"

|-

| English ''shh!'' {{IPA|[ʃː]}}

|-

| RP ''caught'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɔˑt]}}

|-

| rowspan="2" | ''pronunciation''<br>{{IPA|[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]}}

|-

|-

| English ''courtship'' {{IPA|[ˈkɔrt.ʃɪp]}}

|}

 

 

===Voiced velar plosive===

These two characters should look similar:

:{|class=wikitable

 

===Affricates and double articulation===

The ''tie bar'' is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) because of a bug in that font:

:ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.

 

===Angle brackets===

True angle brackets, &#x27E8; &#x27E9;, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings:

 

{{MFSample|⟨...⟩}}

 

Online IPA keyboard utilities<ref>Online IPA keyboard utilities like [http://r12a.github.io/pickers/ipa/ IPA character picker 19 at GitHub], [http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ TypeIt.org], or [http://westonruter.github.io/ipa-chart/keyboard/ IPA Chart keyboard at GitHub],</ref> are available and they cover the (complete) range of IPA symbols and diacritics.

 

==See also==

*[[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]]

*[[Dipthong#Diphthongs in various languages|IPA charts for diphthongs in various languages]]