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అర్జెంటీనా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

చరిత్రలో దిద్దుబాట్లను ఎంపిక చేసుకుంటూ తేడాలు చూడండి
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విజువల్వికీటెక్స్ట్
పంక్తి 459:
<ref name=deis/> మరియు ఆయుఃపరిమితి 60 సంవత్సరాల నుండి 76 సంవత్సరాల వయస్సు వరకు అధికరించింది. <ref name=un97/> ఈ సంఖ్యలు గ్లోబల్ సగటులతో పోల్చినప్పటికీ అభివృద్ధి చెందిన దేశాలలో కంటే తక్కువ స్థాయిలో ఉన్నాయి. 2006 లో ఆర్జెంటినా లాటిన్ అమెరికాలో నాల్గవ స్థానంలో ఉంది.
<ref name=undata/>
==Culture==
{{main article|Culture of Argentina}}
{{see also|List of Argentines}}
[[File:Buenos Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite web |title=Top shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May 2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}</ref>]]
Argentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture and design.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]] influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.
Argentine writer [[Ernesto Sabato]] has reflected on the nature of the culture of Argentina as follows:
{{Cquote|With the primitive Hispanic American reality fractured in La Plata Basin due to immigration, its inhabitants have come to be somewhat dual with all the dangers but also with all the advantages of that condition: because of our European roots, we deeply link the nation with the enduring values of the Old World; because of our condition of Americans we link ourselves to the rest of the continent, through the folklore of the interior and the old Castilian that unifies us, feeling somehow the vocation of the ''Patria Grande'' San Martín and Bolívar once imagined.
|author=[[Ernesto Sabato]]
|source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, p. 17-18.</ref>}}
 
===Literature===
{{main article|Argentine literature}}
[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]
Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''El Matadero'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}
 
The [[Modernist literature|Modernist]] movement advanced into the 20th century including exponents such as [[Leopoldo Lugones]] and poet [[Alfonsina Storni]];{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}} it was followed by [[Vanguardism]], with [[Ricardo Güiraldes]]'s ''[[Don Segundo Sombra]]'' as an important reference.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=104, 107–109|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=223}}
 
[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentina's most acclaimed writer and one of the foremost figures in the [[history of literature]],{{sfn|Bloom|1994|p=2}} found new ways of looking at the modern world in [[metaphor]] and philosophical debate and his influence has extended to authors all over the globe. Short stories such as ''[[Ficciones]]'' and ''[[The Aleph (short story collection)|The Aleph]]'' are among his most famous works. He was a friend and collaborator of [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], who wrote one of the most praised [[science fiction]] [[novel]]s, ''[[The Invention of Morel]]''.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=52, 80}}
[[Julio Cortázar]], one of the leading members of the [[Latin American Boom]] and a major name in 20th century literature,{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=79, 144}} influenced an entire generation of writers in the Americas and Europe.{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=3, 144}}
 
Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=Díaz|3y=2010|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}
 
===Music===
{{main article|Music of Argentina}}
 
[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]
 
[[Tango]], a ''[[Río de la Plata|Rioplatense]]'' musical genre with European and African influences,{{sfn|Miller|2004|p=86}} is one of Argentina's international cultural symbols.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=121}}
The golden age of tango (1930 to mid-1950s) mirrored that of [[jazz]] and [[swing music|swing]] in the United States, featuring large orchestras like those of [[Osvaldo Pugliese]], [[Aníbal Troilo]], [[Francisco Canaro]], [[Julio de Caro]] and [[Juan d'Arienzo]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
After 1955, virtuoso [[Astor Piazzolla]] popularized ''[[Nuevo tango]]'', a subtler and more intellectual trend for the genre.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
Tango enjoys worldwide popularity nowadays with groups like [[Gotan Project]], [[Bajofondo]] and [[Tanghetto]].
 
Argentina developed strong classical music and dance scenes that gave rise to renowned artists such as [[Alberto Ginastera]], composer; [[Alberto Lysy]], violinist; [[Martha Argerich]] and [[Eduardo Delgado]], pianists; [[Daniel Barenboim]], pianist and [[symphonic orchestra]] director; [[José Cura]] and [[Marcelo Álvarez]], tenors; and to [[ballet dancer]]s [[Jorge Donn]], [[José Neglia]], [[Norma Fontenla]], ''Maximiliano Guerra'', [[Paloma Herrera]], [[Marianela Núñez]], [[Iñaki Urlezaga]] and [[Julio Bocca]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
[[File:Martha Argerich concierto.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Martha Argerich]], widely regarded as one of the greatest pianists of the second half of the 20th century<ref name="Alex Ross New Yorker profile">{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=Madame X|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2001/11/12/011112crmu_music |accessdate=15 January 2014 |newspaper=The New Yorker |date=12 November 2001 |authorlink=Alex Ross (music critic)}}</ref>]]
 
A national Argentine folk style emerged in the 1930s from dozens of regional musical genres and went to influence the entirety of [[Latin American music]]. Some of its interpreters, like [[Atahualpa Yupanqui]] and [[Mercedes Sosa]], achieved worldwide acclaim.
 
The [[romantic ballad]] genre included singers of international fame such as [[Sandro de América]].
 
[[Argentine rock]] developed as a distinct musical style in the mid-1960s, when Buenos Aires and Rosario became cradles of aspiring musicians.
Founding bands like [[Los Gatos]], [[Sui Generis]], [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]] and [[Manal]] were followed by [[Seru Giran]], [[Los Abuelos de la Nada]], [[Soda Stereo]] and [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]], with prominent artists including [[Gustavo Cerati]], [[Litto Nebbia]], [[Andrés Calamaro]], [[Luis Alberto Spinetta]], [[Charly García]], [[Fito Páez]] and [[León Gieco]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=43}}
 
[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro "Gato" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.
 
===Theatre===
{{main article|Theatre in Argentina}}
[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro Colón]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/ "Top 10: Opera Houses"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014</ref>|alt=View of the theatre's stage]]
Buenos Aires is one of the great theater capitals of the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> with a scene of international caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], "the street that never sleeps", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} Other important theatrical venues include [[Teatro General San Martín]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]] in La Plata, [[Teatro El Círculo|El Círculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]] in Córdoba.
[[Griselda Gambaro]], [[Copi]], [[Roberto Cossa]], [[Marco Denevi]], [[Carlos Gorostiza]], and [[Alberto Vaccarezza]] are a few of the most prominent Argentine playwrights.
 
Argentine theatre traces its origins to Viceroy [[Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo]]'s creation of the colony's first theatre, ''La Ranchería'', in 1783. In this stage, in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''Siripo'' had its premiere. ''Siripo'' is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet Manuel José de Lavardén, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the [[Río de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''La Ranchería'' theatre operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation's longest-continuously operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century. The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Colón Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage performances. Antonio Petalardo's successful 1871 gambit on the opening of the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.
 
===Cinema===
{{main article|Cinema of Argentina}}
The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>Carl J. Mora, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archivedate=16 December 2008}}</ref> Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
{{double image|right|Bérénice Bejo Cannes 2016.jpg|151|Marcelo Pont Vergés.jpg|144|<center>[[Bérénice Bejo]], nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2011.</center>|<center>The art director of [[The Secret in Their Eyes]] won the [[Academy Award]] for that film.</center>}}
 
Argentine films have achieved worldwide recognition: the country has won two [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], with ''[[The Official Story]]'' (1985) and ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009) with seven nominations:
*[[The Truce (1974 film)|The Truce]] (''La Tregua'') in 1974
*[[Camila (film)|Camila]] (''Camila'') in 1984
*[[The Official Story]] (''La Historia Oficial'') in 1985
*[[Tango (1998 film)|Tango]] (''Tango'') in 1998
*[[Son of the Bride]] (''El hijo de la novia'') in 2001
*[[The Secret in Their Eyes]] (''El Secreto de sus Ojos'') in 2009
*[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]] (''Relatos Salvajes'') in 2015
 
In addition, Argentine composers [[Luis Enrique Bacalov]] and [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] in 2006 and 2007 nods and ''Armando Bo'' and ''Nicolás Giacobone'' have been honored with [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay]] in 2015. Also, the [[French Argentine|Argentine French]] actress [[Bérénice Bejo]] received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] in 2011 and won the [[César Award for Best Actress]] and won the [[Best Actress Award (Cannes Film Festival)|Best Actress]] award in the [[Cannes Film Festival]] for her role in the film ''[[The Past (film)|The Past]]''.<ref name="CannesAwards">{{cite web |url= http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/2013/awardCompetition.html |title= Cannes Film Festival: Awards 2013 |date= 26 May 2013 |accessdate= 26 May 2013 |work= Cannes}}</ref>
 
Argentina also has won seventeen [[Goya Award for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film|Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film]] with ''[[A King and His Movie]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Gatica, el mono]]'' (1993), ''[[Autumn Sun]]'' (1996), ''[[Ashes of Paradise]]'' (1997), ''[[The Lighthouse (film)|The Lighthouse]]'' (1998), ''[[Plata Quemada|Burnt Money]]'' (2000), ''[[La Fuga (2001 film)|The Escape]]'' (2001), ''[[Intimate Stories]]'' (2003), ''[[Blessed by Fire]]'' (2005), ''[[The Hands]]'' (2006), ''[[XXY (film)|XXY]]'' (2007), ''[[The Secret in Their Eyes]]'' (2009), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011), ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014), ''[[The Clan (2015 film)|The Clan]]'' (2015) and ''[[The Distinguished Citizen]]'' (2016) being by far the most awarded in [[Latin America]] with twenty four nominations.
 
Many other Argentine films have been acclaimed by the international critique: ''[[Camila (film)|Camila]]'' (1984), ''[[Man Facing Southeast]]'' (1986), ''[[A Place in the World (film)|A Place in the World]]'' (1992), ''[[Pizza, Beer, and Cigarettes]]'' (1997), ''[[Nine Queens]]'' (2000), ''[[A Red Bear (film)|A Red Bear]]'' (2002), ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004), ''[[The Aura]]'' (2005), ''[[Chinese Take-Away]]'' (2011) and ''[[Wild Tales (film)|Wild Tales]]'' (2014) being some of them.
 
{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
===Visual arts===
{{See also|Argentine painting}}
[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''Las Nereidas Font'' by [[Lola Mora]]]]
Some of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''Carlos Torrallardona'', ''Luis Aquino'', and ''Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez'' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).
 
In 1946 Gyula Košice and others created The [[Madí Movement]] in Argentina, which then spread to Europe and United States, where it had a significant impact.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stewart|first=Jennifer|title=Lively, playful geometric works of art for fun|work=St. Petersburg Times|place=St. Petersburg, FL|date=16 July 2006}}</ref>
Tomás Maldonado was one of the main theorists of the [[Ulm School of Design|Ulm Model]] of design education, still highly influential globally.
 
Other Argentine artists of worldwide fame include [[Adolfo Bellocq]], whose [[lithograph]]s have been influential since the 1920s, and [[Benito Quinquela Martín]], the quintessential port painter, inspired by the immigrant-bound [[La Boca]] neighborhood.
 
Internationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.
 
===Architecture===
{{main article|Architecture of Argentina}}
[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[façade]] of the [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] Palace of Justice]]
The colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]] and [[Viktor Sulčič]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]] were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[César Pelli]]'s and [[Patricio Pouchulu]]'s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]] and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.
 
===Sport===
{{main article|Sport in Argentina}}
 
[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego Maradona]], one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Players of the 20th Century]]]]
 
''[[Pato]]'' is the [[national sport]],<ref name=pato1>{{cite Argentine law|d=17468/1953|date=25 September 1953|bo=17490}}</ref> an ancient horseback game locally originated in the early 1600s and predecessor of [[horseball]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=124–125}}<ref name=pato2>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |title=Pato, Argentina's national sport |work=Argentina – Portal público de noticias de la República Argentina |publisher=Secretaría de Medios de Comunicación – Presidencia de la Nación |place=Buenos Aires |date=18 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075011/http://www.en.argentina.ar/_en/sports/C480-pato-argentinas-national-sport.php |archivedate= 6 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |quote=In 1610, thirty years after [[Buenos Aires]]' second foundation and two hundred years before the [[May Revolution]], a document drafted by the military anthropologist [[Félix de Azara]] described a ''pato'' sport scene taking place in the city. |df= }}</ref> The most popular sport is [[Association Football|Football]]. Along with [[French national football team|France]], the [[Argentina national football team|men's national team]] is the only one to have won the most important international triplet: [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]], and [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]]. It has also won 14 [[Copa América|Copas América]], 6 [[Football at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medals]], and many other trophies.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|pp=14–23}} [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]], [[Diego Maradona]], and [[Lionel Messi]] are among the best players in the game's history.{{sfn|Friedman|2007|pp=56, 127}}
 
The country's [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|women's field hockey team ''Las Leonas'']] is one of the world's most successful, with four [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic medals]], two [[Women's Hockey World Cup|World Cups]], a [[FIH Hockey World League|World League]] and seven [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} [[Luciana Aymar]] is recognized as the best female player in the history of the sport,<ref name=hwc1>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|title=Meet Luciana Aymar – Las Leonas (Argentina)|publisher=Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014|place=Nieuwegein, The Netherlands|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616131926/http://www.rabobankhockeyworldcup2014.com/video/meet-luciana-aymar-las-leonas-argentina|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> being the only player to have received the [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|FIH Player of the Year Award]] eight times.<ref name=fih1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|title=Amazing Aymar lands eighth FIH Player of the Year crown|publisher=FIH – ''Fédération Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon'' [International Hockey Federation]|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|date=8 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212013213/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-4873-amazing-aymar-lands-eighth-fih-player-of|archivedate=12 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
[[Basketball]] is a very popular sport. The [[Argentina national basketball team|men's national team]] is the only one in the [[FIBA Americas]] zone that has won the quintuplet crown: [[FIBA World Championship|World Championship]], [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold Medal]], [[FIBA Diamond Ball|Diamond Ball]], [[FIBA Americas Championship|Americas Championship]], and [[Basketball at the Pan American Games|Pan American Gold Medal]]. It has also conquered 13 [[South American Basketball Championship|South American Championship]]s, and many other tournaments.<ref name=fiba1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|title=Argentina – Profile|publisher=FIBA – ''Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball'' [International Basketball Federation]|place=Mies, Switzerland|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616165816/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/14/wcm/team/p/rid//sid/6241/tid/237/profile.html|archivedate=16 June 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Emanuel Ginóbili]], [[Luis Scola]], [[Andrés Nocioni]], [[Fabricio Oberto]], [[Pablo Prigioni]], [[Carlos Delfino]] and [[Juan Ignacio Sánchez]] are a few of the country's most acclaimed players, all of them part of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]].{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=11}} Argentina hosted the [[Basketball World Cup]] in 1950 and 1990. [[File:Lionel Messi, Player of Argentina national football team.JPG|thumb|right|170px|[[Lionel Messi]], five times [[FIFA Ballon d'Or]] winner, is the current captain of the [[Argentina national football team]].]]
 
[[Rugby Union|Rugby]] is another popular sport in Argentina. {{As of|2014}} the [[Argentina national rugby union team|men's national team]], known as 'Los Pumas' has competed at the [[Rugby World Cup]] each time it has been held, achieving their highest ever result in [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] when they came third. Since [[2012 Rugby Championship|2012]] the Los Pumas have competed against [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]], [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] & [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] in [[The Rugby Championship]], the premier international Rugby competition in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 2009 the [[Argentina Jaguars|men's national 'A' team]] known as the 'Jaguares' has competed against the [[USA Selects|USA]] & [[Canada A national rugby union team|Canada]] 'A' teams along with [[Uruguay national rugby union team|Uruguay]] in the [[Americas Rugby Championship]], The Los Jaguares have won every year the competition has been competed.
 
Argentina has produced some of the most formidable champions for [[Boxing]], including [[Carlos Monzón]], the best [[middleweight]] in history;<ref name=thering1>{{cite web|url=http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |last=Fischer |first=Doug |title=10: Best middleweight titleholders of the last 50 years |publisher=The Ring |place=Blue Bell, PA, USA |date=30 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615032944/http://ringtv.craveonline.com/news/169390-10-best-middleweight-titleholders-of-the-last-50-years/11 |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> [[Pascual Pérez (boxer)|Pascual Pérez]], one of the most decorated [[flyweight]] boxers of all times; [[Víctor Galíndez]], {{as of|2009|lc=y}} record holder for consecutive world [[light heavyweight]] title defenses; and [[Nicolino Locche]], nicknamed "The Untouchable" for his masterful defense; they are all inductees into the [[International Boxing Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|Rodríguez|2009|pp=164–165}}
 
[[Tennis]] has been quite popular among people of all ages. [[Guillermo Vilas]] is the greatest Latin American player of the [[History of tennis|Open Era]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=144}} while [[Gabriela Sabatini]] is the most accomplished Argentine female player of all time—having reached #3 in the [[WTA Ranking]],{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=135}} are both inductees into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]].<ref name=ithf1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|title=Hall of Fame Members|publisher=International Tennis Hall of Fame and Museum|place=Newport, RI, USA|year=2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214070259/http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/members|archivedate=14 February 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>
 
Argentina reigns undisputed in [[Polo]], having won more international championships than any other country and been seldom beaten since the 1930s.{{sfn|Aeberhard|Benson|Phillips|2000|pp=50–51}} The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo|Argentine Polo Championship]] is the sport's most important international team trophy. The country is home to most of the world's top players, among them [[Adolfo Cambiaso]], the best in Polo history.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=128}}
 
Historically, Argentina has had a strong showing within [[Auto racing]]. [[Juan Manuel Fangio]] was five times [[Formula One]] world champion under four different teams, winning 102 of his 184 international races, and is widely ranked as the greatest driver of all time.{{sfnm|1a1=Nauright|1a2=Parrish|1y=2012|1p=98|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171}} Other distinguished racers were [[Oscar Alfredo Gálvez]], [[Juan Gálvez]], [[José Froilán González]], and [[Carlos Reutemann]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arbena|1y=1999|1p=147|2a1=Dougall|2y=2013|2pp=170–171, 195}}
 
===Cuisine===
{{main article|Argentine cuisine}}
[[File:Bife de chorizo (2).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Argentine beef]] as ''[[asado]]'', a traditional dish|alt=Table with a cut of Argentine beef, wine, sauces and spices]]
Besides many of the pasta, sausage and dessert dishes common to continental Europe, Argentines enjoy a wide variety of Indigenous and [[Criollo people|Criollo]] creations, including ''[[empanada]]s'' (a small stuffed pastry), ''[[locro]]'' (a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd), ''[[humita]]'' and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]''.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=79, 199, 221}}
 
The country has the highest consumption of [[red meat]] in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|last=Steiger|first=Carlos|title=Modern Beef Production in Brazil and Argentina|work=Choices Magazine|place=Milwaukee, WI, USA|year=2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235801/http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2006-2/tilling/2006-2-12.htm|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> traditionally prepared as ''[[asado]]'', the Argentine barbecue. It is made with various types of meats, often including ''[[chorizo]]'', [[sweetbread]], [[chitterlings]], and [[blood sausage]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=79}}
 
Common desserts include ''[[facturas]]'' ([[Viennese cuisine|Viennese-style]] pastry), [[cake]]s and [[pancake]]s filled with ''[[dulce de leche]]'' (a sort of milk [[caramel]] jam), ''[[alfajor]]es'' (shortbread cookies sandwiched together with chocolate, ''dulce de leche'' or a fruit paste), and ''[[torta frita|tortas fritas]]'' (fried cakes){{sfnm|1a1=Aeberhard|1a2=Benson|1a3=Phillips|1y=2000|1p=31|2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2a3=2006|2pp=80, 143}}
 
[[Argentine wine]], one of the world's finest,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|first=Tom|last=Cannavan|title=About Argentine wine|publisher=Wine Pages|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211132347/http://www.wine-pages.com/resources/argenexp.htm|archivedate=11 December 2012|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> is an integral part of the local menu. [[Malbec]], [[Torrontés]], [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Syrah]] and [[Chardonnay]] are some of the most sought-after [[international varieties|varieties]].{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|pp=230, 252, 261–262, 265}}
 
===National symbols===
{{main article|National symbols of Argentina}}
 
Some of Argentina's national symbols are defined by law, while others are traditions lacking formal designation.<ref name=natsymb>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm#simbolos|title=Datos generales de Argentina|publisher=Folklore del Norte Argentino|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613103149/http://www.folkloredelnorte.com.ar/tucuman/argdatos.htm|archivedate=13 June 2011|deadurl=no|language=Spanish}}</ref>
The [[Flag of Argentina]] consists of three horizontal stripes equal in width and colored light blue, white and light blue, with the [[Sun of May]] in the center of the middle white stripe.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=1650/2010 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=23 November 2010|bo=32033|p=5}}</ref> The flag was designed by [[Manuel Belgrano]] in 1812; it was adopted as a national symbol on 20 July 1816.{{sfn|Ferro|1991|pp=234–235}} The [[Coat of Arms of Argentina|Coat of Arms]], which represents the union of the provinces, came into use in 1813 as the [[seal (emblem)|seal]] for official documents.<ref name=dec10302>{{cite Argentine law|d=10302/1944 – Símbolos Nacionales|date=10 May 1944|bo=14894|p=4}}</ref>
The [[Argentine National Anthem]] was written by [[Vicente López y Planes]] with music by [[Blas Parera]], and was adopted in 1813.<ref name=dec10302/> The [[Cockade of Argentina|National Cockade]] was first used during the [[May Revolution]] of 1810 and was made official two years later.{{sfn|Calvo|1864|pp=20ff}} [[Our Lady of Luján|The Virgin of Luján]] is Argentina's [[patron saint]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |title=Nuestra Señora de Luján |publisher=Ministerio de Educación de la Nación – Efemérides Culturales Argentinas |place=Buenos Aires |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309220652/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/virgendelujan/index.html |archivedate=9 March 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>
 
The [[Furnarius rufus|''hornero'']], living across most of the national territory, was chosen as the [[national bird]] in 1928 after a lower school survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp |title=El Hornero |publisher=Red Argentina |place=Carlos Casares, Argentina |date=24 September 2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113022038/http://www.redargentina.com/Faunayflora/Aves/hornero.asp |archivedate=13 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
The [[Erythrina crista-galli|''ceibo'']] is the [[national floral emblem]] and [[national tree]],<ref name=natsymb/><ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=138974/1942|date=25 January 1943|bo=14519|p=5}}</ref> while the [[Schinopsis balansae|''quebracho colorado'']] is the national forest tree.<ref>{{cite Argentine law|d=15190/1956|date=5 September 1956}}</ref>
[[Rhodochrosite]] is known as the national gemstone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|title=Piedra nacional: la Rodocrosita|publisher=Embajada de la República Argentina en la República de Colombia|place=Bogotá|year=2013|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050230/http://www.ecolo.mrecic.gov.ar/content/piedra-nacional-la-rodocrosita|archivedate=29 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
The national sport is ''[[pato]]'', an [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] game that was popular among gauchos.<ref name=pato1/>
 
[[Argentine wine]] is the [[national liquor]], and ''[[mate (beverage)|mate]]'', the national [[infusion]].<ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=26870 – Declárase al Vino Argentino como bebida nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite Argentine law|l=26871 – Declárase al Mate como infusión nacional|date=2 August 2013|bo=32693|p=1}}</ref>
''[[Asado]]'' and ''[[locro]]'' are considered the [[national dish]]es.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viaresto.clarin.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx |title=El asado |work=Via Restó |publisher=Grupo Clarín |place=Buenos Aires |date=28 April 2010 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203103920/http://viaresto.com/Notas/El-asado-660.aspx |archivedate=3 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php |title=ArgentinaGastronomia |publisher=Argentina – Portal oficial de promoción de la República Argentina |place=Buenos Aires |date=6 June 2008 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727003909/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/turismo/C791-gastronomia.php |archivedate=27 July 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
 
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