అర్జెంటీనా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

<ref name=deis/> మరియు ఆయుఃపరిమితి 60 సంవత్సరాల నుండి 76 సంవత్సరాల వయస్సు వరకు అధికరించింది. <ref name=un97/> ఈ సంఖ్యలు గ్లోబల్ సగటులతో పోల్చినప్పటికీ అభివృద్ధి చెందిన దేశాలలో కంటే తక్కువ స్థాయిలో ఉన్నాయి. 2006 లో ఆర్జెంటినా లాటిన్ అమెరికాలో నాల్గవ స్థానంలో ఉంది.

<ref name=undata/>

[[File:Buenos Aires - Recoleta - El Ateneo ex Grand Splendid 1.JPG|thumb|200px|[[El Ateneo Grand Splendid]], it was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite web |title=Top shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May 2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}</ref>]]

Argentina is a [[multiculturalism|multicultural country]] with significant European influences. Modern Argentine culture has been largely influenced by [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and other European immigration from France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|United Kingdom]], and Germany among others. Its cities are largely characterized by both the prevalence of people of European descent, and of conscious imitation of American and European styles in fashion, architecture and design.<ref name=frommer>Luongo, Michael. ''Frommer's Argentina''. Wiley Publishing, 2007.</ref> Museums, cinemas, and galleries are abundant in all the large urban centers, as well as traditional establishments such as literary bars, or bars offering [[live music]] of a variety of genres although there are lesser elements of [[Amerindian]] and [[African culture|African]] influences, particularly in the fields of music and art. {{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=91}} The other big influence is the [[gaucho]]s and their traditional country lifestyle of self-reliance.{{sfn|McCloskey|Burford|2006|p=123}} Finally, indigenous American traditions have been absorbed into the general cultural milieu.

|source=''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'' (1976)<ref>Sabato, Ernesto (1976). ''La cultura en la encrucijada nacional'', Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, p. 17-18.</ref>}}

 

[[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|200px|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]]

Although Argentina's rich literary history began around 1550,{{sfn|Rivas|1989|p=11}} it reached full independence with [[Esteban Echeverría]]'s ''El Matadero'', a [[Romantic literature|romantic]] landmark that played a significant role in the development of 19th century's Argentine narrative,{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=99}} split by the ideological divide between the popular, federalist epic of [[José Hernández (writer)|José Hernández]]' ''[[Martín Fierro]]'' and the elitist and cultured discourse of [[Domingo Faustino Sarmiento|Sarmiento]]'s masterpiece, ''[[Facundo]]''.{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=13, 101|2a1=Young|2a2=Cisneros|2y=2010|2p=51}}

Other highly regarded Argentine writers, poets and [[essay]]ists include [[Estanislao del Campo]], [[Eugenio Cambaceres]], [[Pedro Bonifacio Palacios]], [[Hugo Wast]], [[Benito Lynch]], [[Enrique Banchs]], [[Oliverio Girondo]], [[Ezequiel Martínez Estrada]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Leopoldo Marechal]], [[Silvina Ocampo]], [[Roberto Arlt]], [[Eduardo Mallea]], [[Manuel Mujica Láinez]], [[Ernesto Sábato]], [[Silvina Bullrich]], [[Rodolfo Walsh]], [[María Elena Walsh]], [[Tomás Eloy Martínez]], [[Manuel Puig]], [[Alejandra Pizarnik]], and [[Osvaldo Soriano]].{{sfnm|1a1=Foster|1a2=Lockhart|1a3=Lockhart|1y=1998|1pp=66, 85, 97–121||2a1=McCloskey|2a2=Burford|2y=2006|3p=43|3a1=Díaz|3y=2010|3pp=22, 91|4a1=Young|4a2=Cisneros|4y=2010|4pp=51–54}}

 

 

[[File:Barenboim Vienna-2.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Daniel Barenboim]], Music Director of the [[Berlin State Opera]]; he previously served as Music Director of the [[Orchestre de Paris]] and [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]].]]

[[Tenor saxophone|Tenor saxophonist]] [[Gato Barbieri|Leandro "Gato" Barbieri]] and composer and [[big band]] conductor [[Lalo Schifrin]] are among the most internationally successful Argentine jazz musicians.

 

[[File:Colon-interior-escenario-TM.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Teatro Colón]], it is ranked the third best opera house in the world.<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/ "Top 10: Opera Houses"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014</ref>|alt=View of the theatre's stage]]

Buenos Aires is one of the great theater capitals of the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|title=Eclectic dramatic mix to grace Shanghai stages|work=China Daily|date=17 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052502/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2005-10/17/content_485395.htm|archivedate=19 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |title=Buenos Aires – A Passionate City |work=Radar Magazine |date=10 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503182412/http://www.radarmagazine.com.au/en/?p=1558 |archivedate=3 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> with a scene of international caliber centered on [[Corrientes Avenue]], "the street that never sleeps", sometimes referred to as an intellectual [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Buenos Aires.{{sfn|Foster|Lockhart|Lockhart|1998|p=48}} [[Teatro Colón]] is a global landmark for [[opera]] and classical performances; its acoustics are considered among the world's top five.{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}{{efn-ua|The other top venues being Berlin's [[Konzerthaus Berlin|Konzerthaus]], Vienna's [[Musikverein]], Amsterdam's [[Concertgebouw]] and Boston's [[Symphony Hall, Boston|Symphony Hall]].{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=21–25}}}} Other important theatrical venues include [[Teatro General San Martín]], [[Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires)|Cervantes]], both in Buenos Aires City; [[Teatro Argentino de La Plata|Argentino]] in La Plata, [[Teatro El Círculo|El Círculo]] in Rosario, [[Teatro Independencia|Independencia]] in Mendoza, and [[Libertador Theatre|Libertador]] in Córdoba.

Argentine theatre traces its origins to Viceroy [[Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo]]'s creation of the colony's first theatre, ''La Ranchería'', in 1783. In this stage, in 1786, a tragedy entitled ''Siripo'' had its premiere. ''Siripo'' is now a lost work (only the second act is conserved), and can be considered the first Argentine stage play, because it was written by Buenos Aires poet Manuel José de Lavardén, it was premiered in Buenos Aires, and its plot was inspired by an historical episode of the early colonization of the [[Río de la Plata Basin]]: the destruction of [[Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)|Sancti Spiritu]] colony by aboriginals in 1529. ''La Ranchería'' theatre operated until its destruction in a fire in 1792. The second theatre stage in Buenos Aires was [[Teatro Coliseo]], opened in 1804 during the term of Viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]]. It was the nation's longest-continuously operating stage. The musical creator of the Argentine National Anthem, [[Blas Parera]], earned fame as a theatre score writer during the early 19th century. The genre suffered during the regime of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], though it flourished alongside the economy later in the century. The national government gave Argentine theatre its initial impulse with the establishment of the [[Colón Theatre]], in 1857, which hosted classical and operatic, as well as stage performances. Antonio Petalardo's successful 1871 gambit on the opening of the [[Teatro Opera]], inspired others to fund the growing art in Argentina.

 

The Argentine film industry has historically been one of the three most developed in [[Latin American cinema]], along with those produced in [[Cinema of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazil]].<ref>Carl J. Mora, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=pOwdFIQiTv8C&pg=PA196&dq=%22for+instance+in+argentina,+along+with+brazil,+the+other+major+Latin+American+film-proucing+country%22&hl=es&sa=X&ei=J5gwT5PcF8XLtgfQu8irBw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22for%20instance%20in%20argentina%2C%20along%20with%20brazil%2C%20the%20other%20major%20Latin%20American%20film-proucing%20country%22&f=false Mexican cinema: reflections of a society, 1896-1980]" (1982) {{ISBN|0520043049}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |title=Argentina - Cultura - Cine |language=Spanish |date=16 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141530/http://www.argentina.ar/_es/cultura/cine/index.php |archivedate=16 December 2008}}</ref> Started in 1896; by the early 1930s it had already become Latin America's leading film producer, a place it kept until the early 1950s.{{sfn|King|2000|p=36}} The world's first [[list of animated feature films|animated feature films]] were made and released in Argentina, by cartoonist [[Quirino Cristiani]], in 1917 and 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|title=Quirino Cristiani, The Untold Story of Argentina's Pioneer Animator|first=Giannalberto|last=Bendazzi|publisher=Animation World Network|year=1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928121624/http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.4/articles/bendazzi1.4.html|archivedate=28 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

 

{{As of|2013|alt=In 2013}} about 100 full-length motion pictures were being created annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Market Study – Argentina|publisher=German Films|place=Munich, Germany|date=August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611142447/http://www.german-films.de/fileadmin/mediapool/pdf/Marktanalyse/MarketStudy_ARGENTINA_Aug2013.pdf|archivedate=11 June 2014|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

[[File:Buenos Aires - Las Nereidas.jpg|thumb|230px|''Las Nereidas Font'' by [[Lola Mora]]]]

Some of the best-known Argentine painters are [[Cándido López]] and [[Florencio Molina Campos]] ([[Naïve art|Naïve style]]); [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] and [[Eduardo Sívori]] ([[Realism (art)|Realism]]); [[Fernando Fader]] ([[Impressionism]]); [[Pío Collivadino]], [[Atilio Malinverno]] and [[Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós]] ([[Postimpressionism]]); [[Emilio Pettoruti]] ([[Cubism]]); [[Julio Barragán]] ([[Concretism (art)|Concretism]] and Cubism) [[Antonio Berni]] ([[Neofigurativism]]); [[Roberto Aizenberg]] and [[Xul Solar]] ([[Surrealism]]); [[Gyula Košice]] ([[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]]); [[Eduardo Mac Entyre]] ([[Generative art]]); [[Luis Seoane]], ''Carlos Torrallardona'', ''Luis Aquino'', and ''Alfredo Gramajo Gutiérrez'' ([[Modernism]]); [[Lucio Fontana]] ([[Spatialism]]); [[Tomás Maldonado]] and [[Guillermo Kuitca]] ([[Abstract art]]); [[León Ferrari]] and [[Marta Minujín]] ([[Conceptual art]]); and [[Gustavo Cabral]] ([[Fantasy art]]).

Internationally laureate sculptors [[Erminio Blotta]], [[Lola Mora]] and [[Rogelio Yrurtia]] authored many of the classical evocative monuments of the Argentine cityscape.

 

[[File:Tribunales de Cordoba.jpg|thumb|left|230px|The [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] [[façade]] of the [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] Palace of Justice]]

The colonization brought the [[Spanish Baroque architecture]], which can still be appreciated in its simpler ''Rioplatense'' style in the [[Indian Reductions|reduction]] of [[San Ignacio Miní]], the [[Cathedral of Córdoba (Argentina)|Cathedral of Córdoba]], and the Cabildo of Luján. Italian and French influences increased at the beginning of the 19th century with strong [[Eclectic architecture|eclectic]] overtones that gave the local architecture a unique feeling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|title=Preserving history in Buenos Aires|last=Martínez-Carter|first=Karina|publisher=BBC Travel|date=14 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123055257/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20130226-preserving-history-in-buenos-aires|archivedate=23 January 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

Numerous Argentine architects have enriched their own country's cityscape and those around the world: [[Juan Antonio Buschiazzo]] helped popularize [[Beaux-Arts architecture]] and [[Francisco Gianotti]] combined [[Art Nouveau]] with [[Italianate]] styles, each adding flair to Argentine cities during the early 20th century. [[Francisco Salamone]] and [[Viktor Sulčič]] left an [[Art Deco]] legacy, and [[Alejandro Bustillo]] created a prolific body of [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] and [[Rationalist architecture]]. [[Alberto Prebisch]] and [[Amancio Williams]] were highly influenced by [[Le Corbusier]], while [[Clorindo Testa]] introduced [[Brutalist architecture]] locally. [[César Pelli]]'s and [[Patricio Pouchulu]]'s [[Futurist architecture|Futurist]] creations have graced cities worldwide: Pelli's 1980s throwbacks to the Art Deco glory of the 1920s made him one of the world's most prestigious architects, with the [[Norwest Center]] and the [[Petronas Towers]] among his most celebrated creations.

 

 

[[File:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|thumb|left|150px|[[Diego Maradona]], one of the [[FIFA Player of the Century|FIFA Players of the 20th Century]]]]