బెలారస్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
Content deleted Content added
Trey314159 (చర్చ | రచనలు) చి fix homoglyphs: convert Latin characters in Беларус[i] to Cyrillic |
|||
పంక్తి 174:
2014 నుండి దేశాన్ని రష్యన్ విధానాలు ప్రభావితం చేసిన తరువాత లుకాషేన్‌కో బెలారసియన్ గుర్తింపు పునరుద్ధరణ చేయాలని నొక్కిచెప్పాడు. రష్యన్ క్రిమియా విలీనం మరియు తూర్పు యుక్రెయిన్‌లో సైనిక జోక్యం తరువాత మొట్టమొదటిసారిగా అతను బెలారసియన్ భాషలో మాట్లాడాడు (చాలామంది ప్రజలు దీనిని ఉపయోగించుకున్నారు) అతను ఇలా చెప్పాడు. "మేము రష్యన్ కాదు-మేము బెలారస్‌కు చెందినవారని", తరువాత బెలారసియన్ వాడకాన్ని ప్రోత్సహించింది. వాణిజ్య వివాదాలు, సరిహద్దు వివాదం మరియు అసంతృప్తికర స్పందనలు విశేషమైన అధికారిక వైఖరి రష్యాతో దీర్ఘకాలం అనుకూల సంబంధాన్ని బలహీనపరిచే భాగంగా ఉన్నాయి.<ref>[https://globalvoices.org/2017/02/21/the-strange-death-of-russias-closest-alliance/ The Strange Death of Russia's Closest Alliance], [[Global Voices Online|Global Voices]], 21 February 2017</ref>
==Geography and climate==
{{Main article|Geography of Belarus}}
[[File:Strusta Lake - Panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Strusta Lake]] in the [[Vitebsk Region]]|250x250px]]
Belarus lies between latitudes [[51st parallel north|51°]] and [[57th parallel north|57° N]], and longitudes [[23rd meridian east|23°]] and [[33rd meridian east|33° E]]. Its extension from north to south is {{convert|560|km|abbr=on}}, from west to east is {{convert|650|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html|title=Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus|publisher=the Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus|year=2011|website=Land of Ancestors|accessdate=11 September 2013}}</ref> It is [[landlocked country|landlocked]], relatively flat, and contains large tracts of [[marsh]]y land.<ref name="ciageo">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html|title=Belarus – Geography|accessdate=7 November 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|year=2007|work=The World Factbook|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114004238/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bo.html|archivedate=14 November 2007|deadurl=no}}</ref> About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests.<ref name="key facts"/><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf|title= Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=22 September 2008|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001230713/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf|archivedate=1 October 2008|deadurl=no}}
</ref>
Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus.<ref name="ciageo"/> Three major rivers run through the country: the [[Neman River|Neman]], the [[Pripyat River|Pripyat]], and the [[Dnieper River|Dnieper]]. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the [[Black Sea]].<ref name="bell">{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Imogen|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2002|page=132|isbn=1-85743-137-5}}</ref>
The highest point is [[Dzyarzhynskaya Hara]] (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at {{convert|345|m|ft|0}}, and the lowest point is on the Neman River at {{convert|90|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ciageo"/> The average elevation of Belarus is {{convert|160|m|0|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref>{{harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=xix}}</ref> The climate features mild to cold winters, with average January minimum temperatures ranging from {{convert|-4|°C|°F|1|lk=on}} in southwest ([[Brest, Belarus|Brest]]) to {{convert|-8|°C|°F|1}} in northeast ([[Vitebsk]]), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}}.<ref name="locclimate">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/15.htm |title=Belarus – Climate |accessdate=22 December 2007 |last=Fedor |first=Helen |year=1995 |work=Belarus: A Country Study |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> Belarus has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|550|to|700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="locclimate"/> The country is in the transitional zone between [[continental climate]]s and [[Oceanic climate|maritime climates]].<ref name="ciageo"/>
Natural resources include [[peat]] deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, [[granite]], dolomite ([[limestone]]), [[marl]], chalk, sand, gravel, and clay.<ref name="ciageo"/> About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl nuclear disaster]] entered Belarusian territory, and about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern regions) was affected by radiation fallout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4485003.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Belarus cursed by Chernobyl|first=Sarah|last=Rainsford|date=26 April 2005|accessdate=26 March 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424152147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4485003.stm| archivedate= 24 April 2006|deadurl=no}}</ref> The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of [[caesium]] binders and [[rapeseed]] cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of [[caesium-137]].<ref name="uncher">{{cite web|url=http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/belarus.html| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084709/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/belarus.html| archivedate=6 May 2008| publisher=United Nations|title=The United Nations and Chernobyl – The Republic of Belarus|year=2004|accessdate=4 October 2007}}</ref><ref name="iaea">{{cite news|first=Marilyn|last=Smith|title=Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=http://tc.iaea.org/tcweb/news_archive/Chernobyl/ecoreserve/default.asp|accessdate=19 December 2007}}</ref>
Belarus borders five countries: [[Latvia]] to the north, [[Lithuania]] to the northwest, [[Poland]] to the west, [[Russia]] to the north and the east, and [[Ukraine]] to the south. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uef.fi/documents/428549/854028/countryreport-belarus-borders.pdf/751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7|title=Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus|author=Larissa Titarenko|accessdate=9 February 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Eastern Finland|page=14}}</ref> Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urm.lt/index.php?-1507529950|title=Lithuania's Cooperation with Belarus|accessdate=19 December 2007|publisher=Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}{{deadurl|date=January 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the six largest cities in Belarus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=BY&name=Belarus|title=Belarus climate information|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Minsk]] || 23/14 || 74/57 || −2/−6 || 28/20
|-
|[[Gomel]] || 25/15 || 77/58 || −2/−7 || 28/19
|-
|[[Mogilev]] || 23/12 || 74/55 || −1/−6 || 30/21
|-
|[[Vitebsk]] || 23/13 || 74/56 || −3/−7 || 26/18
|-
|[[Grodno]] || 24/12 || 75/55 || −1/−6 || 30/21
|-
|[[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] || 25/14 || 83/61 || −0/−5 || 31/23
|}
== బయటి లింకులు ==
| |||