రొమేనియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 227:
 
1990 లలో ఆర్ధిక అస్థిరత్వం అనుభవాన్ని మరియు యురేపియన్ యూనియన్‌తో ఉచిత ప్రయాణ ఒప్పందాన్ని అమలుచేసిన తరువాత రోమేనియా ప్రజలు పెద్ద సంఖ్యలో పశ్చిమ ఐరోపా మరియు ఉత్తర అమెరికాలకు వలసవెళ్లారు. ముఖ్యంగా [[ఇటలీ]] మరియు [[స్పెయిన్]] పెద్ద సమూహాలుగా వలసగా వెళ్ళారు. 2008 లో రోమేనియన్ డయాస్పోరా రెండు మిలియన్లకుపైగా అంచనా వేయబడింది. <ref name=diaspora>{{cite web |location=Germany |url= http://www.focus-migration.de/index.php?id=2515&L=1 |title=Romania |accessdate=28 August 2008 |publisher=focus-migration.de}}</ref> ప్రపంచ ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థ చక్రీయ స్వభావం మరియు రోమానియా మరియు ఆధునిక ఐరోపా ఆర్థిక వ్యవస్థల మధ్య ఆర్థిక అసమానతలు దేశంలోని మరింత వలసలకు ఇంధనంగా మారింది. వలసలు రోమేనియాలో సామాజిక మార్పులకు దారితీశాయి. తద్వారా తల్లిదండ్రులు పేదరికం నుండి బయటపడేందుకు పాశ్చాత్య ఐరోపాకు వలసగా వెళ్లిపోయారు. వీరు వారి పిల్లలకు మంచి జీవన ప్రమాణాన్ని అందించడానికి దేశంలోనే వదిలి వెళ్ళారు. కొందరు పిల్లలు తాతలు మరియు బంధువులు పోషణ బాధ్యత వహించారు. కొంతమంది ఒంటరిగా జీవించారు. తల్లితండ్రులు తమ పిల్లలు తమకు తాము తగినముగా స్వీయ ఆధారంగా జీవనం సాగించాలని కొందరు తల్లి తండ్రులు భావించారు. <ref>{{cite news |last=Thorpe |first=Nick |title=EU migration: Romania's absent parents |publisher=BBC |date=2 January 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25558078 |accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref> తదనంతరం యువత యూరో-అనాధలుగా పిలువబడ్డారు. <ref>{{cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Caroline |title=Mothering via Skype: Europe's absentee parents |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=27 November 2014 |url=http://www.dw.com/en/mothering-via-skype-europes-absentee-parents/a-18092630 |accessdate=27 May 2016}}</ref>
==Geography and climate==
{{Main|Geography of Romania}}
[[File:Romania general map.png|thumb|left|300px|Topographic map of Romania]]
[[File:Moldoveanu-from-vistea.jpg|thumb|right|275px|[[Moldoveanu Peak]], the highest mountain of Romania]]
[[File:Pietrosu Mare.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The [[Rodna Mountains]] in [[Maramureș County]]]]
[[File:DanubedeltaSulinaarm2.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The [[Danube Delta]]]]
 
With an area of {{convert|238391|km2|sqmi|}}, Romania is the largest country in Southeastern Europe and the [[List of European countries in order of geographical area|twelfth-largest]] in Europe.<ref name="statistical">{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=Geography, Meteorology and Environment|year=2004|publisher=Romanian Statistical Yearbook|language=Romanian|accessdate=7 September 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It lies between latitudes [[43rd parallel north|43°]] and [[49th parallel north|49° N]] and longitudes [[20th meridian east|20°]] and [[30th meridian east|30° E]].
 
The terrain is distributed roughly equally between mountains, hills, and plains.
 
The [[Carpathian Mountains]] dominate the centre of Romania, with [[List of mountain peaks in Romania|14 mountain ranges]] reaching above {{convert|2000|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}, the highest of which is [[Moldoveanu Peak]] at {{convert|2544|m|ft|disp=or|abbr=on}}.<ref name="statistical" /> They are surrounded by the [[Moldavian Plateau|Moldavian]] and [[Transylvanian Plateau|Transylvanian]] plateaus and [[Carpathian Basin]] and [[Wallachian Plain|Wallachian]] plains.
 
About 47% of the country's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.<ref name=biodiversity>{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm |title=Romania's Biodiversity |publisher=Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania (via enrin.grida.no) |accessdate=10 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210141053/http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/romania/robiodiv.htm |archivedate=10 February 2008 |df= }}</ref> There are almost {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13 national parks and three biosphere reserves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm |title=Protected Areas in Romania |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |accessdate=10 January 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071117061753/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/protarea.htm |archivedate=17 November 2007}}</ref>
 
The [[Danube]] river forms a large part of the border with [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], and flows into the [[Black Sea]], forming the [[Danube Delta]], which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a [[biosphere reserve]] and a biodiversity [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |accessdate=9 January 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archivedate=27 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Danube Delta Reserve Biosphere |publisher=Romanian Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection (via envir.ee) |url=http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |accessdate=10 January 2008 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050426231510/http://www.envir.ee/programmid/pharecd/soes/romania/html/biodiversity/ariiprot/delta.htm |archivedate=26 April 2005}}</ref> the [[Danube Delta]] is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |title=Danube Delta |publisher=UNESCO's World Heritage Centre |accessdate=10 January 2008 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127014732/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/588 |archivedate=27 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and supports 1,688 different plant species alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wohl|first=Ellen|title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA130|year=2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-90480-1|page=130}}</ref>
 
Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |title=Romania |publisher=Fao.org |date= |accessdate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072102/http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3722e/w3722e23.htm |archivedate=10 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some 3,700 [[plant species]] have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared [[natural monument]]s, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.<ref name="flora">{{cite web|url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |title=Flora si fauna salbatica |publisher=enrin.grida.no |language=Romanian |accessdate=7 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223142209/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/romania/soe2000/rom/cap5/ff.htm |archivedate=23 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>
 
The fauna consists of 33,792 species of animals, 33,085 [[invertebrate]] and 707 [[vertebrate]],<ref name="flora" /> with almost 400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |format=PDF |title=EarthTrends: Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Romania |accessdate=10 January 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070926191841/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_642.pdf |archivedate=26 September 2007}}</ref> including about 50% of Europe's (excluding Russia) [[brown bear]]s<ref name="carnivoreconservation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|format=PDF|title=Bears. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan.|accessdate=2 October 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200609/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/bears.pdf|archivedate=23 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 20% of its [[wolf|wolves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |format=PDF |title=Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group |accessdate=2 October 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf |archivedate=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
===Climate===
 
Owing to its distance from open [[sea]] and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent, Romania has a climate that is [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[continental climate|continental]], with four distinct seasons. The average annual temperature is {{convert|11|°C}} in the south and {{convert|8|°C}} in the north.<ref name=climate>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|title=Romania: Climate|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|accessdate=10 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923055354/http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm|archivedate=23 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In summer, average maximum temperatures in Bucharest rise to {{convert|28|°C}}, and temperatures over {{convert|35|°C}} are fairly common in the lower-lying areas of the country.<ref name="clic.npolar.no">{{cite web|url=http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516104422/http://clic.npolar.no/disc/disc_datasets_metadata.php?s=0&desc=1&table=Datasets&id=DISC_GCMD_GGD30&tag=All&Category=&WCRP=&Location=All&stype=phrase&limit=10&q=|dead-url=yes|archive-date=16 May 2011|title=Permafrost Monitoring and Prediction in Southern Carpathians, Romania|publisher=CliC International Project Office (CIPO)|date=22 December 2004|accessdate=31 August 2008}}</ref> In winter, the average maximum temperature is below {{convert|2|°C}}.<ref name="clic.npolar.no" /> Precipitation is average, with over {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year only on the highest western mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to around {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|format=PDF|title=The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210503/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|archivedate=27 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
There are some regional differences: in the western parts, such as [[Banat]], the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In [[Dobruja]], the Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114 Clima Romaniei | Site-ul Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145308/http://www.meteoromania.ro/anm/?page_id=114 |date=22 January 2016 }}</ref>
 
{{stack|[[File:Romania map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|right|300px|Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according with ''Clima României'' from the ''Administrația Națională de Meteorologie'', Bucharest 2008]]}}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities in Romania<ref name=DWD>{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de| title = Klimatafel von Rumänien| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]| language = German| accessdate = 20 December 2016| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6aGM1eVkG?url=http://www.dwd.de/| archivedate = 24 July 2015| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Bucharest]] || 28.8/15.6 || 84/60 || 1.5/−5.5 || 35/22
|-
|[[Cluj-Napoca]] || 24.5/12.7 || 76/55 || 0.3/−6.5 || 33/20
|-
|[[Timișoara]] || 27.8/14.6 || 82/58 || 2.3/−4.8 || 36/23
|-
|[[Iași]] || 26.8/15 || 80/59 || −0.1/−6.9 || 32/20
|-
|[[Constanța]] || 25.9/18 || 79/64 || 3.7/−2.3 || 39/28
|-
|[[Craiova]] || 28.5/15.7 || 83/60 || 1.5/−5.6 || 35/22
|-
|[[Brașov]] || 24.2/11.4 || 76/53 || −0.1/−9.3 || 32/15
|-
|[[Galați]] || 27.9/16.2 || 82/61 || 1.1/–5.3 || 34/22
|}
 
==పరిపాలనా విధానాలు==
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