భారతరత్న: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 50:
==విమర్శలు==
In 1988, then Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. G. Ramachandran]], in a bid to influence voters prior to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1989|Tamil Nadu assembly elections]] in 1989.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=169}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/column-it-s-time-to-junk-the-sullied-padma-awards-1506135|title=It's time to junk the sullied Padma awards|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=17 May 2014|location=Mumbai|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|author=Hattangadi, Shekhar|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018003543/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/column-it-s-time-to-junk-the-sullied-padma-awards-1506135|archivedate=18 October 2014}}</ref> The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist [[B. R. Ambedkar]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title='Politicking' over the Bharat Ratna award|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politicking-over-the-bharat-ratna-award/article1-268981.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=13 January 2008|accessdate=16 May 2014|location=New Delhi|author=Patranobis, Sutirtho|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018193017/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politicking-over-the-bharat-ratna-award/article1-268981.aspx|archivedate=18 October 2014}}</ref> While [[Ravi Shankar]] was accused of lobbying for the award,<ref name="aticon"/> the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour [[K. Kamaraj]] was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, 1977|Tamil Nadu assembly elections]] in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please [[Dalit]]s.<ref name="outlook">{{cite journal|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200543|title=An Honourable Judgement: A Supreme Court ruling aims to restore the sanctity of the nation's highest awards|year=1996|journal=[[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook]]|last=Chatterjee|first=Saibal|last2=Prakash|first2=Amit|publication-date=10 January 1996|accessdate=14 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515051918/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200543|archivedate=15 May 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=169}}
The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2887907/THE-NEEDLER-Bharat-Ratna-Pandit-Malviya-lead-demands.html|title=The Needler: Bharat Ratna to Pandit Malviya can lead to more demands|date=27 December 2014|accessdate=8 November 2015|newspaper=Mail Today|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208124203/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2887907/THE-NEEDLER-Bharat-Ratna-Pandit-Malviya-lead-demands.html|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor [[Ashoka]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/bharat-ratna-for-vajpayee-malaviya-govt-needs-to-stop-politicising-the-reward-2014367.html|title=Bharat Ratna for Vajpayee, Malaviya: Govt needs to stop politicising the reward|date=25 December 2014|accessdate=8 November 2015|author=Sharma, Sandipan|newspaper=Firstpost|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126220208/http://www.firstpost.com/india/bharat-ratna-for-vajpayee-malaviya-govt-needs-to-stop-politicising-the-reward-2014367.html|archivedate=26 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], Maratha Emperor [[Shivaji]], Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-bharat-ratna-for-mahatma-gandhi-734711|title=A Bharat Ratna for Mahatma Gandhi?|date=28 January 2015|accessdate=8 November 2015|publisher=NDTV|author=Sopariwala, Dorab R.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029034207/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-bharat-ratna-for-mahatma-gandhi-734711|archivedate=29 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hindu spiritualist [[Swami Vivekananda]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-07/news/30601975_1_highest-civilian-award-bharat-ratnas-vibhushan|title=Let us not degrade country's highest civilian honour Bharat Ratna|date=7 January 2012|accessdate=8 November 2015|author=Ramaswami, T. R.|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> and independence activist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]].<ref name="Rediff20141224">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/amberish-k-diwanji-mr-modi-why-not-a-bharat-ratna-for-the-mahatma/20141224.htm|title=Mr Modi, why not a Bharat Ratna for the Mahatma?|publisher=Rediff.com|date=24 December 2014|accessdate=8 November 2015|author=Diwanji, Amberish K.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119191548/http://www.rediff.com/news/column/amberish-k-diwanji-mr-modi-why-not-a-bharat-ratna-for-the-mahatma/20141224.htm|archivedate=19 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The then Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.<ref name="Rediff20141224"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/netaji-stature-bigger-than-bharat-ratna/|title="Netaji stature bigger than Bharat Ratna": Kin say best way to honour him is to declassify govt files on his disappearance|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=8 November 2015|location=Kolkata|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208114110/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/netaji-stature-bigger-than-bharat-ratna/|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s decision to award [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], who died in 1946, met with criticism.<ref name="Rediff20141224"/> [[Janardan Dwivedi]], politician of the [[Indian National Congress]], said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in [[Varanasi]], was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent [[Indian Parliament|Member of Parliament]] from Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2896593/No-posthumous-Bharat-Ratna-given-says-Congress-veteran-Dwivedi.html|title='No posthumous Bharat Ratna should be given' says Congress veteran Dwivedi|newspaper=DailyMail|date=5 January 2015|accessdate=8 November 2015|author=Agnihotri, Amit|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135154/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2896593/No-posthumous-Bharat-Ratna-given-says-Congress-veteran-Dwivedi.html|archivedate=8 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120906/jsp/nation/story_15944154.jsp|title=Bharat Ratna cry for Bose|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|location=New Delhi|date=6 September 2012|accessdate=18 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519100034/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120906/jsp/nation/story_15944154.jsp|archivedate=19 May 2014}}</ref> The award for [[Mother Teresa]] was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. [[Satyajit Ray]] received an [[Academy Honorary Award]] in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.{{sfn|Guha|2001|p=170}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|title= Acceptance Speeches: Satyajit Ray|accessdate=18 May 2014|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609212921/http://aaspeechesdb.oscars.org/link/064-24/|archivedate=9 June 2014}}</ref> In 1999, [[Amartya Sen]] was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]. The award was proposed by Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to President [[K. R. Narayanan]] who agreed to the proposal.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1603/16030300.htm|title=Bharat Ratna for Amartya Sen|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|publisher=The Hindu|volume=16|issue=3|date=1999|accessdate=18 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094707/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1603/16030300.htm|archivedate=19 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/35855|title=Freedom of Expression: Indians are Becoming Increasingly Intolerant|journal=Forbes India Magazine|date=23 August 2013|accessdate=18 May 2014|author=Tripathi, Salil|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519094021/http://forbesindia.com/printcontent/35855|archivedate=19 May 2014}}</ref>
== భారతరత్న పురస్కారం పొందిన వారి జాబితా<ref name="recp54-15">{{cite web|title=List of recipients of Bharat Ratna (1954–2015)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/RecipientsBR_140515.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|accessdate=11 September 2015|format=PDF|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002846/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/RecipientsBR_140515.pdf|archivedate=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==
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