బోస్నియా, హెర్జెగోవినా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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[[File:Neum, Adriatic Sea, Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpg|thumb|center|800px|View towards [[Neum]], Bosnia and Herzegovina's {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline access to the [[Adriatic Sea]], summer 2010]]
==Economy==
{{main article|Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{see also|List of companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Tree map export 2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina.jpeg|thumb|Graphical depiction of Bosnia and Herzegovina's product exports in 28 color-coded categories]]
Bosnia faces the dual-problem of rebuilding a war-torn country and introducing transitional liberal market reforms to its formerly mixed economy. One legacy of the previous era is a strong industry; under former republic president [[Džemal Bijedić]] and SFRY President [[Josip Broz Tito]], metal industries were promoted in the republic, resulting in the development of a large share of Yugoslavia's plants; S.R. Bosnia and Herzegovina had a very strong industrial export oriented economy in the 1970s and 1980s, with large scale exports worth millions of [[US$]].
For most of Bosnia's history, agriculture has been conducted on privately owned farms; Fresh food has traditionally been exported from the republic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/serbian_digest/225/t225-4.htm |title=A Divided Bosnia, January 29, 1996 |first=Aleksandar |last=Ciric |accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref>
The war in the 1990s, caused a dramatic change in the Bosnian economy.<ref>Daclon, Corrado Maria (1997). Bosnia. Maggioli. Italy</ref> GDP fell by 60% and the destruction of physical infrastructure devastated the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/skills/training/publ/pub12.htm |title=Post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina – Martha Walsh – Employment Sector |publisher=ILO |accessdate=5 May 2009}}</ref> With much of the production capacity unrestored, the Bosnian economy still faces considerable difficulties. Figures show GDP and per capita income increased 10% from 2003 to 2004; this and Bosnia's shrinking [[Government debt|national debt]] being negative trends, and high unemployment 38.7% and a large [[Balance of trade|trade deficit]] remain cause for concern.
The national currency is the (Euro-pegged) [[Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark|Convertible Mark]] (KM), controlled by the [[currency board]]. Annual inflation is the lowest relative to other countries in the region at 1.9% in 2004.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|title=[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]}}</ref> The international debt was $5.1 billion (as on 31 December 2014) . [[Gross domestic product|Real GDP]] growth rate was 5% for 2004 according to the Bosnian [[Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Central Bank of BiH]] and Statistical Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina has displayed positive progress in the previous years, which decisively moved its place from the lowest income equality rank of [[List of countries by income equality|income equality rankings]] fourteen out of 193 nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf#page=335 |title=Table 15: Inequality in income or expenditure |accessdate=9 January 2007 |publisher=UN |year=2006 |format=PDF |work=Human Development Report 2006|page=335 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206223646/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf#page=335 |archivedate=6 December 2006}}</ref>
According to [[Eurostat]] data, Bosnia and Herzegovina's PPS GDP per capita stood at 29 per cent of the EU average in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114 |title=GDP per capita in PPS |publisher=Eurostat |accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref>
The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) announced a loan to Bosnia worth US$500 million to be delivered by [[IMF Stand-By Arrangement|Stand-By Arrangement]]. This was scheduled to be approved in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elvira M. Jukic |url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/imf-to-give-bosnia-500-million-credit |title=IMF To Loan Bosnia $500 Million |publisher=Balkan Insight |date= |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref>
'''Overall value of [[foreign direct investment]] (1999–2014)'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oslobodjenje.ba/ekonomija/rusija-u-2014-najveci-strani-investitor-u-bih |title=Direct foreign investments}}</ref>
* 1999: €166 million
* 2000: €159 million
* 2001: €133 million
* 2002: €282 million
* 2003: €338 million
* 2004: €534 million
* 2005: €421 million
* 2006: €556 million
* 2007: €1.329 billion
* 2008: €684 million
* 2009: €180 million
* 2010: €307 million
* 2011: €357 million
* 2012: €273 million
* 2013: €214 million
* 2014: €419 million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.klix.ba/biznis/finansije/cbbih-stopa-nezaposlenosti-27-5-posto-vanjski-dug-drzave-31-posto-gdp-a/150409071 |title=Direct foreign investments 2014}}</ref>
'''The top investor countries (May 1994 – December 2013)'''
* Austria (€1.329 billion)
* Serbia (€1.002 billion)
* Croatia (€733 million)
* Slovenia (€499 million)
* Russia (€343 million)
* Germany (€333 million)
* Switzerland (€273 million)
* Netherlands (€206 million)
'''Foreign investments by sector for (May 1994 – December 2013)'''
* 32% manufacturing
* 22% banking
* 15% telecommunication
* 11% trade
* 5% estate
* 4% services
* 11% other
The United States Embassy in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina produces the Country Commercial Guide – an annual report that delivers a comprehensive look at Bosnia and Herzegovina's commercial and economic environment, using economic, political, and market analysis. It can be viewed on [https://web.archive.org/web/20121018193841/http://sarajevo.usembassy.gov/country-commercial-guide.html Embassy Sarajevo’s website].
In 2017, exports grew by 15.96% when compared to the previous year, totaling €5.65 billion.<ref>https://radiokameleon.ba/2018/01/02/bih-povecala-izvoz-2017-godini-evo-koje-drzave-najvise-uvoze-nase-proizvode/</ref>
The unemployment rate in 2017 was 20.5%, but The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies is predicting falling unemployment rate for the next few years. In 2018, the unemployment should be 19.4% and it should further fall to 18.8% in 2019. In 2020, the unemployment rate should go down to 18.3%.<ref>http://www.biznisinfo.ba/nezaposlenost-prvi-put-ide-ispod-20-posto/</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main article|Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Bh air fleet.jpg|thumbnail|220px|right|Apron overview of Sarajevo International Airport]]
[[File:TrainTrip-Sarajevo-Mostar.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Train trip from [[Sarajevo]] to [[Mostar]] via [[Neretva River]] scenery]]
[[Sarajevo International Airport]] {{Airport codes|SJJ|LQSA}}, also known as ''Butmir Airport'', is the main [[international airport]] in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located {{convert|3.3|NM|abbr=on|lk=in}} southwest of the railway station<ref name="AIP">{{cite web|url=http://www.ead.eurocontrol.int/publicuser/protect/pu/main.jsp|title=EAD Basic – Error Page|work=eurocontrol.int|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> in the city of [[Sarajevo]] in the suburb of [[Butmir]].
'''Railway operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina''' are successors of the [[Yugoslav Railways]] within the country boundaries following independence from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Former Yugoslavia]] in 1992.
===Communications===
{{main article|Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
The Bosnian communications market was fully liberalised in January 2006. There are three [[landline]] telephone providers, although each one predominantly serves a partile services are provided by three operators, with nationwide services. Mobile data services are also available, including high-speed [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] and [[3G]] services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20081008005553&newsLang=en |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina – Telecoms Market Overview & Statistics Report Covers the Regulatory Environment, Major Players and Market Developments |publisher=Businesswire.com |date=8 October 2008 |accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref>
''[[Oslobođenje]]'' (Liberation), founded in 1943, is one of the country's longest running continuously circulating newspapers. There are many national publications, only some of which include the ''[[Dnevni Avaz]]'' (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and ''Jutarnje Novine'' (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.<ref>Udovicic, Radenko (3 May 2002). [http://www.mediaonline.ba/en/?ID=211 What is Happening with the Oldest Bosnian-Herzegovinian Daily: Oslobođenje to be sold for 4.7 Million Marks] Mediaonline.ba: Southeast European Media Journal.</ref> Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper [[Hrvatska riječ]] and the Bosnian magazine [[Start (newspaper)|Start]], as well as the weekly newspapers ''Slobodna Bosna'' (''Free Bosnia'') and ''BH Dani'' (''BH Days''). ''[[Novi Plamen]]'', a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication currently. The international news station [[Al Jazeera]] maintains a sister channel that caters to the [[Balkans|Balkan]] region, [[Al Jazeera Balkans]], broadcasting out of and based in Sarajevo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/nov/11/al-jazeera-launches-balkans-broadcast |title=Al Jazeera Launches Its Balkans Broadcast Centre |publisher= The Guardian |location=London |date=11 November 2011}}</ref>
Additionally, the country is the most liberated in terms of [[freedom of the press]] in the region, ranking 43rd internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html |title=Press Freedom Index |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |accessdate=12 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121065147/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010%2C1034.html |archivedate=21 November 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Tourism===
{{main article|Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{see also|Sites of interest in Sarajevo}}
[[File:Marijin dvor, Sarajevo panorama 2010.jpg|thumb|center|800px|One of the city squares in the capital, [[Sarajevo]], is Marijin Dvor (2010).]]
{{Multiple image
|align=rightt |direction=vertical |width=220
|image1=Mostar Old Town Panorama 2007.jpg |caption1=[[Mostar]]'s [[Stari Most]]
|image2=Trebinje River.jpg |caption2=[[Trebinje]], on the banks of the [[Trebišnjica]]
|image3=Bridge on the Drina July 2009.jpg |caption3=[[Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge]] in [[Višegrad]]; [[UNESCO]] world heritage site since 2007.
|image4=Blagaj Ceilings.jpg |caption4=Buna river, near the town of [[Blagaj]], resurging as one of the biggest [[Karst|karst springs]] in Europe.
|image5=Prokosko jezero.jpg |caption5=[[Prokoško Lake]] in the municipality of [[Fojnica]].
|image6=Saint James Church (St. Jakov) Medjugorje - Hotel Pansion Porta - Bosnia Herzegovina - Creative Commons by gnuckx (4695237966).jpg |caption6=The [[Our Lady of Medjugorje|Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace]] in [[Međugorje]].
}}
According to projections by the [[World Tourism Organization]], Bosnia and Herzegovina will have the third highest tourism growth rate in the world between 1995 and 2020.<ref name="Newfound"/>
In 2012, 747,827 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 9%, and had 1,645,521 overnight hotel stays, a 9.4% increase from the previous year. 58.6% of the tourists came from foreign countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhas.ba/saopstenja/2013/TUR_2012M12_001_01-bos.pdf |title=Statistika Turizma |trans-title=Tourism Statistics |publisher=Agency for statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina|orig-year=2012 |accessdate=4 July 2015 |type=pdf}}</ref>
In 2006, when ranking the best cities in the world, [[Lonely Planet]] placed [[Sarajevo]], the [[capital (political)|national capital]]<ref name=Constitution/> and host of the [[1984 Winter Olympics|1984 Winter Olympic Games]], as #43, ahead of [[Dubrovnik]] at #59, [[Ljubljana]] at #84, [[Bled]] at #90, [[Belgrade]] at #113, and [[Zagreb]] at #135.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bosniatravel.net/news/2006/lonely-planet-on-sarajevo.html |publisher=Bosnia Travel |title=Lonely Planet: Sarajevo {{sic|43|th|nolink=yes}} Best City in the World |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223094909/http://www.bosniatravel.net/news/2006/lonely-planet-on-sarajevo.html |archivedate=23 February 2007}}</ref> Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects. In 2010, Lonely Planet's "Best In Travel" nominated it as one of the top ten cities to visit that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/press-centre/press-release.cfm?press_release_id=444 |title=Press Centre & Lonely Planet Reveals Its Best Destinations, Journeys & Experiences for 2010 |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2 November 2009 |accessdate=4 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106185953/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/press-centre/press-release.cfm?press_release_id=444 |archivedate=6 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref> Sarajevo also won travel blog Foxnomad's "Best City to Visit" competition in 2012, beating more than one hundred other cities around the entire world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxnomad.com/2012/03/27/the-best-city-to-visit-travel-tournament-2012-championship/ |title=The Best City To Visit Travel Tournament 2012: Championship |first=Anil |last=Polat |publisher=Foxnomad |date=27 March 2012 |accessdate=30 March 2012}}</ref>
[[Međugorje]] has become one of the most popular pilgrimage sites for Christians in the world and has turned into Europe's third most important religious place, where each year more than 1 million people visit.<ref>[http://www.romereports.com/palio/Visionaries-of-Medjugorje-may-appear-before-the-Vatican-english-2441.html RomeReports: Visionaries of Medjugorje may appear before the Vatican] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505053250/http://www.romereports.com/palio/Visionaries-of-Medjugorje-may-appear-before-the-Vatican-english-2441.html|date=5 May 2013}}; retrieved 26 February 2011.</ref> It has been estimated that 30 million pilgrims have come to Međugorje since the reputed apparitions began in 1981.<ref name=reuters>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62G3OR20100317 Vatican Probes Claims of Apparitions at Medugorje], Reuters.com; retrieved 17 March 2010.</ref>
Bosnia has also become an increasingly popular skiing and [[Ecotourism]] destination. Bosnia and Herzegovina remains one of the last undiscovered natural regions of the southern area of the Alps, with vast tracts of wild and untouched nature attracting adventurers and nature lovers. [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic magazine]] named Bosnia and Herzegovina as the best mountain biking adventure destination for 2012.<ref name="test">[http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/trips/best-adventure-destinations-2012/#/bike-bosnia-herzegovina_45406_600x450.jpg],</ref> The central [[Dinaric Alps|Bosnian Dinaric Alps]] are favored by hikers and mountaineers, containing both Mediterranean and Alpine climates. [[Rafting|Whitewater rafting]] is somewhat of a [[national sport|national pastime]], with three rivers, including the deepest [[canyon|river canyon]] in Europe, the [[Tara River Canyon]].<ref name="Newfound"/>
Most recently, the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' named Bosnia and Herzegovina the "9th Greatest Adventure in the World for 2013", adding that the country boasts "the cleanest water and air in Europe; the greatest untouched forests; and the most wildlife. The best way to experience is the three rivers trip, which purls through the best the Balkans have to offer."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-bangs/13-greatest-adventures-for-2013-photos_b_2446637.html#slide=1965175|title=13 Greatest Adventures For 2013 |first=Richard|last=Bangs|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref>
In 2017, 1,307,319 tourists visited Bosnia-Herzegovina, an increase of 13.7%, and had 2,677,125 overnight hotel stays, a 12.3% increase from the previous year. Also, 71.5% of the tourists came from foreign countries.<ref>http://ba.n1info.com/a241980/Vijesti/Vijesti/U-BiH-u-2017.-godini-ostvareno-2-6-miliona-nocenja.html</ref>
====Tourist attractions====
Some of the tourist attractions in Bosnia and Herzegovina include:
* [[Sarajevo]], the "Olympic City" or "European Jerusalem"; the scientific, cultural, tourist and commercial center of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* [[Vratnik (Sarajevo)|Vratnik]] old town and [[Bijela Tabija]] fortress in Sarajevo
* [[Medjugorje|Shrine of Our Lady of Međugorje]], with Annual Youth Festival; the site of a [[Marian apparition]] and subsequent Catholic pilgrimage destination
* [[Mostar]], the "City on Neretva" or "City of Sunshine"; the location of the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s of [[Stari most]] and old-town Mostar
* [[Višegrad]], location of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the [[Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge]]
* [[Banja Luka]], the "Green City", with sights such as the Kastel fortress and [[Ferhat Pasha Mosque|Ferhadija mosque]]
* [[Bihać]] and the waterfalls of the river [[Una (Sava)|Una]] within Una National Park
* [[Jajce]], city of the Bosnian kings and the place where the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was founded, Pliva lakes and waterfall
* [[Prijedor]], featuring its Old City Mosque, [[Kozara National Park]] and, at Mrakovica, Bosnia's largest World War II monument
* The salt-lakes of [[Tuzla]], birthplace of [[Meša Selimović]]
* The [[Neretva]] river and the [[Rakitnica]] river canyons in [[Neretva|Upper Neretva]]
* The [[Trebižat (river)|Trebižat]] river and its waterfalls at Kravice and Kočuša
* The [[Buna (Neretva)|Buna]] with its spring and historic town of [[Vrelo Bune|Blagaj]]
* The [[Tara (Drina)|Lower Tara]] river canyon, the deepest canyon in Europe
* [[Sutjeska National Park]], featuring the [[Old-growth forest|ancient forest]] of [[Perućica]] (one of the last two remaining primeval forests in Europe) and the Sutjeska river canyon
* [[Počitelj (Čapljina)|Počitelj]] historical village
* Mount [[Bjelašnica Mountain|Bjelašnica]] and [[Jahorina]], sites used during [[1984 Winter Olympics|XIV Olympic Winter Games in 1984]]
* [[Neum]], the only coastal city in Bosnia and Herzegovina with direct access to the Adriatic Sea
* [[Doboj]] and its 13th-century fortress
* [[Stolac Municipality|Stolac]], featuring the [[Begovina]] neighborhood and [[Radimlja]] tombstones
* [[Visoko, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Visoko]], city of the Bosnian nobility and monarchy, historical capital of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] and the site of the alleged [[Bosnian pyramids]]
* [[Prokoško Lake]] in Fojnica
* [[Tešanj]], one of Bosnia's [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest known cities]]
* [[Bijeljina]], known for its agriculture and ethnic village Stanišić
* [[Lukavac]], featuring [[Modrac Lake]], the largest artificial lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* [[Travnik]], the birthplace of [[Ivo Andrić]] and once the capital city of the [[Bosnia Eyalet]]
* [[Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Jablanica]], Museum of [[Battle of Neretva]] and Old bridge destroyed by Yugoslav army in [[Second World War]]
* [[Ostrožac Castle]], a 16th-century castle built by the Ottoman Empire and later expanded by the [[House of Habsburg]]
* [[Konjic]], featuring Tito's underground nuclear bunker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/travel/exploring-tito-s-cold-war-bunker-1.1042780|title=Exploring Tito's Cold War bunker|author=Caludio Agostoni, Parallelzero|work=gulfnews.com}}</ref>
[[File:Željeznica river (Ilidža, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina).jpg|thumb|center|800px|Panoramic view of [[Željeznica (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Željeznica river]] at [[Ilidža]] near [[Sarajevo]].]]
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