రొమేనియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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File:Romania Transylvania Sighisoara Medieval Fortress Panorama 2.jpg|[[Sighișoara]]
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==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Romania}}
{{further information|Agriculture in Romania|Industry of Romania}}
[[File:Dacia Duster Salon de l'Auto.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dacia Duster]] concept at the [[Geneva Motor Show]] (2009).]]
In 2016, Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $441.601 billion and a [[List of countries by GDP per capita (PPP)|GDP per capita]] ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]) of $22,348.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=24&pr1.y=9&c=968&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-04-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095227/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=24&pr1.y=9&c=968&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}, [[IMF]] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017</ref> According to the [[World Bank]], Romania is an upper-middle income country economy.<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/?locations=RO-XT World Bank – Data for Romania 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010142627/https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=RO-XT |date=10 October 2017 }}</ref> According to [[Eurostat]], Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 59% of the EU average in 2016, an increase from 41% in 2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/GDP_per_capita,_consumption_per_capita_and_price_level_indices |title=GDP per capita, consumption per capita and price level indices |accessdate=13 June 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702200346/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/GDP_per_capita,_consumption_per_capita_and_price_level_indices |archivedate=2 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however, the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative [[macroeconomic]] stability, characterized by high growth, low unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to the [[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|Romanian Statistics Office]], GDP growth in real terms was recorded at 7.7%, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|format=PDF|title=GDP in 2006|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|accessdate=10 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015144/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/pib/pibr06.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, a recession following the [[global financial crisis of 2008–2009]] forced the government to borrow externally, including an [[IMF]] €20bn bailout program.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html nytimes.com: "Romania to Get Next Installment of Bailout" 1 Nov 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231183017/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/02/business/global/02romecon.html |date=31 December 2016 }}</ref> GDP has been growing by over 2% each year since.<ref name="Eurostat – Real GDP growth rate">{{cite web|url=http://www.ziare.com/articole/crestere+economica+romania+2014|title=Veste excelenta pentru Romania de la Banca Mondiala (Video)|accessdate=11 June 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618095328/http://www.ziare.com/articole/crestere+economica+romania+2014|archivedate=18 June 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[The World Bank]], the GDP per capita [[purchasing power parity]] grew from $13,442 in 2007 to an estimated $22,124 in 2015.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017">{{cite press release |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |format=PDF |title=In January 2017, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was estimated at 5.4% |language= |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|National Institute of Statistics]] |date=31 January 2017 |accessdate=9 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114812/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/somaj_bim_ian17e.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Romania still has one of the lowest net average monthly wage in the EU of €540 in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs12e16.pdf |title=Average gross earnings in Romania |date=16 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305113855/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cs12e16.pdf |archivedate=5 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and an inflation of −1.1% in 2016.<ref name="Eurostat">{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|title=Eurostat, HICP – monthly data (12-month average rate of change)|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=5 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114746/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00118&language=en|archivedate=5 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Unemployment in Romania is at 5.4% in 2017, which is very low compared to other EU countries.<ref name="INSSE Jan 2017" />
[[File:EU Single Market.svg|thumb|Romania is part of the [[European Single Market|EU single market]].]]
Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in February 2013, the highest in the EU-27.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417223746/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/4-12042013-AP/EN/4-12042013-AP-EN.PDF Industrial production up by 0.4% in euro area and EU27|Eurostat]. Eurostat (12 April 2013). Retrieved on 13 May 2013.</ref> The largest local companies include car maker [[Automobile Dacia]], [[Petrom]], [[Rompetrol]], [[Ford Romania]], [[Electrica]], [[Romgaz]], [[RCS & RDS]] and [[Banca Transilvania]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chirileasa |first=Andrei |url=http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |title=Top 20 companies in Romania by turnover |publisher=Romania-Insider.com |date=9 June 2014 |accessdate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612001600/http://www.romania-insider.com/top-20-companies-in-romania-by-turnover/124291/ |archivedate=12 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Exports have increased substantially in the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010. Romania's main exports are cars, software, clothing and textiles, industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment, metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centered on the member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy being the country's single largest trading partners. The account balance in 2012 was estimated to be −4.52% of the GDP.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|title=IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011 – Central and Eastern Europe|date=April 2011|publisher=IMF|accessdate=27 April 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015040029/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=1&c=968&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH%2CLUR&grp=0&a=|archivedate=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and 2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is somewhat lower than in other European economies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155414/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Romania |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 5 January 2005 |title=Index of Economic Freedom: Romania |publisher=heritage.org |accessdate=31 August 2008 |df= }}</ref> In 2005, the government replaced Romania's [[progressive tax]] system with a [[flat tax]] of 16% for both personal income and corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European Union.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628064604/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_06/2-26062007-EN-AP.PDF|dead-url=yes|archive-date=28 June 2007|format=PDF|title=Taxation trends in the EU|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|date=26 June 2007|accessdate=31 August 2008}}</ref> The economy is predominantly based on services, which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36% and 13% of GDP, respectively. Additionally, 30% of the Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|title=Romania|publisher=CIA World Factbook|year=2010|accessdate=27 April 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501072844/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html|archivedate=1 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. [[Foreign direct investment]] was valued at €8.3 billion in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346 |title=Romania: FDI reached over EUR 8.3 bn |accessdate=31 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928125042/http://www.portalino.it/nuke/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=20346 |archivedate=28 September 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> According to a 2011 [[World Bank]] report, Romania currently ranks 72nd out of 175 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/|title=Economy Ranking|work=Doing Business|year=2007|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915084658/http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Additionally, a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic reformer (after [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]).<ref>{{cite report|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21041782~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308173737/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21041782~pagePK%3A64257043~piPK%3A437376~theSitePK%3A4607%2C00.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 8 March 2007 |title=Doing Business 2007 Report |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=31 August 2008 |df= }}</ref>
Since 1867 the official currency has been the [[Romanian leu|Romanian ''leu'']] ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005, it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007, Romania is expected to adopt the [[Euro]] sometime around 2020.<ref name=EUROENTRY>{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0434en01.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071025023219/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0434en01.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 October 2007 |format=PDF |title=Fifth Report on the Practical Preparations for the Future Enlargement of the Euro Area |date=16 July 2007 |publisher=Commission of the European Communities |accessdate=31 May 2013 |df= }}</ref>
At 1 July 2015, Romanian's external debt was €90.59 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title = Banca Națională a României|url = http://bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10616|website = bnr.ro|accessdate = 29 September 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930005458/http://bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10616|archivedate = 30 September 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
===Infrastructure===
{{Main|Transport in Romania|Energy in Romania}}
[[File:Romania-drumuri.svg|thumb|Romania's [[Roads in Romania|road network]].]]
[[File:Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015.svg|thumb|Graph Romania electricity supply mix 2015]]
According to the ''[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]'', Romania's total road network was estimated in 2015 at {{convert|86080|km|0|abbr=out}}.<ref name="INSSE">{{cite web |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |title=Length of roads in Romania 2015 |publisher=INSSE |accessdate=16 March 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113231241/http://www.insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/lung_cailor_transp15r_1.pdf |archivedate=13 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The World Bank estimates the railway network at {{convert|22298|km}} of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in Europe.<ref name="Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |title=Reteaua feroviara |language=Romanian |publisher=cfr.to |accessdate=6 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608211134/http://www.cfr.ro/jf/romana/0208/retea.htm |archivedate=8 June 2009 }}</ref> [[Căile Ferate Române|Rail transport]] experienced a dramatic decline after 1989, and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in 2004; but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to infrastructure improvements and partial privatization of lines,<ref name="Europaworld">{{Cite book|encyclopedia=The Europa World Year Book|year=2007|volume=2|edition=48|publisher=Routledge|location=London and New York|title=Romania|pages=3734–3759|isbn=978-1-85743-412-5}}</ref> accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight movements in the country.<ref name="Europaworld" /> [[Bucharest Metro]], the only [[rapid transit|underground]] railway system, was opened in 1979 and measures {{convert|61.41|km|2|abbr=on}} with an average ridership in 2007 of 600,000 passengers during the workweek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |title=Metrorex ridership |language=Romanian |publisher=Financial Week newspaper |date=23 April 2007 |accessdate=31 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516140935/http://www.sfin.ro/articol_8634/transferul_metrorex_la_primaria_capitalei_a_incins_spiritele.html |archivedate=16 May 2008 }}</ref> There are [[Airports in Romania|sixteen international commercial airports]] in service today, with five of them ([[Henri Coandă International Airport]], [[Aurel Vlaicu International Airport]], [[Timișoara International Airport]], [[Constanta International Airport]] and [[Sibiu International Airport]]) being capable of handling [[wide-body aircraft]]. Over 9.2 million passengers flew through Bucharest's [[Henri Coandă International Airport]] in 2015.<ref>[http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls Ann.aero database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326185002/http://www.anna.aero/wp-content/uploads/european-airports.xls |date=26 March 2017 }}</ref>
Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.<ref name=eia>{{cite web|url=[[List of countries by electricity consumption]] |title=List of countries by electricity consumption |date= |accessdate=20 February 2017}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=May 2017}} Around a third of the produced energy comes from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=9 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211040927/https://www.minind.ro/energie/PNAER_final.pdf |archivedate=11 December 2015 |df= }}</ref> In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%), hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%) .<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |title=Raport Anual 2015 energie |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=20 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095255/http://www.hidroelectrica.ro/rapoarte/Raport_Anual_2015_RO.pdf |archivedate=10 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It has one of the largest refining capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more than a decade.<ref name=eia /> With one of the largest reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[shale gas]] in Europe,<ref name=eia /> it is among the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ana Hontz-Ward |url=http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |title=Romania Expects to be Energy Independent Despite Ukraine Crisis |publisher=Voanews.com |date= |accessdate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818030644/http://www.voanews.com/content/romania-expects-energy-independence-despite-ukraine-crisis/1956837.html |archivedate=18 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is looking to further expand its nuclear power plant at [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant|Cernavodă]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |title=Contractul pentru unitatile 3 si 4 de la centrala nucleara Cernavoda se va parafa in mai. Chinezii v-or avea 51% din actiuni – Nicolae Moga (PSD) – Energie – HotNews.ro |publisher=Economie.hotnews.ro |date= |accessdate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090341/http://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-energie-16428344-contractul-pentru-unitatile-3-4-centrala-nucleara-cernavoda-parafa-mai-chinezii-vor-avea-51-din-actiuni-nicolae-moga-psd.htm |archivedate=19 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|title=Numărul conexiunilor la internet a crescut cu 22,8%. Câte milioane de români au acces la internet|publisher=[[Gândul]]|date=4 December 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080533/http://www.gandul.info/it-c/numarul-conexiunilor-la-internet-a-crescut-cu-22-8-cate-milioane-de-romani-au-acces-la-internet-13701212|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], in 2013 Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to ''[[The Independent]]'', it ranks number one in Europe at internet speeds,<ref>[https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/ • Chart: Blistering BroadBand: Europe's fastest downloaders -> Statista<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110431/https://www.statista.com/chart/3348/europes-fastest-downloaders/ |date=22 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|title=Top 10: Where to Find the World's Fastest Internet|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=23 January 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628104937/http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2013-01-23/top-10-countries-with-the-fastest-internet.html#slide7|archivedate=28 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with [[Timișoara]] ranked among the highest in the world.<ref name=Akamai>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking|publisher=Net Index|date=3 July 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706191940/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking/103102/|archivedate=6 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
===Tourism===
[[File:BranCastle.jpg|thumb|[[Bran Castle]] near [[Brașov]], sometimes advertised as "[[Dracula]]'s Castle", is a popular attraction for tourists.]]
{{Main|Tourism in Romania}}
Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=World Economic Forum|title=Country/Economy Profiles: Romania, Page 329 Travel&Tourism|accessdate=16 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405043639/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TravelTourismCompetitiveness_Report_2008.pdf|archivedate=5 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]], Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year from 2007 to 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=WTTC spells out policy recommendations for Romania to tap travel and tourism potential|publisher=WTTC|url=http://www.wttc.travel/eng/News_and_Events/Press/Press_Releases_2006/WTTC_spells_out_recommendations_for_Romania/index.php|accessdate=11 January 2008}}{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref> The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9.33 million foreign tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.<ref name="business review website">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |title=Worldbank Tourism in Romania |website=worldbank.org |accessdate=5 May 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191802/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL?locations=RO |archivedate=25 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in investments in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|language=ro |url=http://www.gandul.info/social/turismul-atras-2005-investitii-400-milioane-euro.html?3932;255059 |publisher=''Gandul'' Newspaper |title=Tourism attracted in 2005 investments worth €400 million |accessdate=11 January 2008 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
More than 60% of the foreign visitors in 2007 were from other EU countries.<ref name=turism>{{cite report|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|format=PDF|title=Report from Romanian National Institute of Statistics|quote=for the first 9 months of 2007 an increase from the previous year of 8.7% to 16.5 million tourists; of these 94.0% came from European countries and 61.7% from EU|accessdate=11 January 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015139/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/turism/a07/turism09e07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The popular summer attractions of [[Mamaia]] and other [[Romanian Black Sea resorts|Black Sea Resorts]] attracted 1.3 million tourists in 2009.<ref name="litoral2010-08-21">[http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html Criza ne strică vacanța] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102104448/http://jurnalul.ro/stire-economic/criza-ne-strica-vacanta-548967.html |date=2 November 2012 }}, 9 July 2010, jurnalul.ro, accessed on 21 August 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |title=Tan and fun at the Black Sea |publisher=UnseenRomania |accessdate=10 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011041935/http://unseenromania.com/places-to-go-romania/tan-and-fun-at-the-black-sea.html |archivedate=11 October 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Most popular skiing resorts are along the [[Valea Prahovei]] and in [[Poiana Brașov]]. [[Castles of Transylvania|Castles]] in [[Transylvania]]n cities such as [[Sibiu]], [[Brașov]], and [[Sighișoara]] also attract a large number of tourists. [[Bran Castle]], near [[Brașov]], is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being [[Dracula in popular culture|Dracula]]'s Castle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|title=Castelul Bran, marcat de istorie, dar şi de legenda lui Dracula atrage anual sute de mii de turişti|website=www.digi24.ro|access-date=28 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103842/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Lejer/Magazin/Castelul+Bran+marcat+de+istorie+dar+si+de+legenda+lui+Dracula+at|archivedate=22 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative,<ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|date=5 July 2008|title=Turismul renaste la tara|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|accessdate=28 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802065943/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a128995/turismul-renaste-la-tara.html|archivedate=2 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and is targeted to promote such sites as [[Bran, Brașov|Bran]] and its [[Bran Castle|Dracula's Castle]], the [[Painted churches of Northern Moldavia]], and the [[Wooden churches of Maramureș]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|language=Romanian|publisher=RuralTourism.ro|title=Bine ati venit pe site-ul de promovare a pensiunilor agroturistice din Romania !!!|accessdate=28 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053130/http://www.ruraltourism.ro/|archivedate=14 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other attractions include the [[Danube Delta]], and the [[Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turism.ro/statiuni.php |title=Turism in Romania |publisher=Turism.ro |accessdate=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060849/http://turism.ro/statiuni.php |archivedate=2 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120909134147/http://www.romaniaturistica.com/obiective-turistice/ansamblul-sculptural-constantin-brancusi.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Ansamblul sculptural Constantin Brancusi din Targu Jiu |publisher=Romaniaturistica.com |date=16 March 1957 |accessdate=29 August 2011 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a total turnover of EUR 2.6 billion.<ref>[http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/ How important is tourism in Romania’s economy?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064035/http://www.romania-insider.com/how-important-is-tourism-in-romanias-economy/158787/ |date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12% more than in 2013.<ref name="romania-insider.com">[http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/ Over 1.9 million tourists visit Romania, where do they come from – Romania Insider<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204055850/http://www.romania-insider.com/over-1-9-million-tourists-visit-romania-where-do-they-come-from/141244/ |date=4 February 2015 }}</ref> According to the country's National Statistics Institute, some 77% came from Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7% from North America.<ref name="romania-insider.com" />
===Science and technology===
{{Main|Science and technology in Romania|List of Romanian inventors and discoverers}}
[[File:Coanda aircraft at 1910 Paris salon.jpg|thumb|[[Coandă-1910]] was an early aircraft with ducted fan propulsion.]]
Historically, Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In the history of flight, [[Traian Vuia]] made the first airplane to take off on its own power<ref name="RomAcademyLib">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|title=Traian Vuia in a Century of Aviation|publisher=Romanian Academy Library|page=1|accessdate=7 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IQ4ALpj8?url=http://www.biblacad.ro/Vuiaeng.htm|archivedate=27 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Aurel Vlaicu]] built and flew some of the earliest successful [[aircraft]], while [[Henri Coandă]] discovered the [[Coandă effect]] of fluidics. [[Victor Babeș]] discovered more than 50 types of [[bacteria]]; biologist [[Nicolae Paulescu]] discovered [[insulin]], while [[Emil Palade]], received the [[Nobel Prize]] for his contributions to [[cell biology]]. [[Lazăr Edeleanu]] was the first chemist to synthesize [[amphetamine]] and he also invented the procedure of separating valuable petroleum components with selective solvents, while [[Costin Nenițescu]] developed numerous new classes of compounds in [[organic chemistry]]. Notable mathematicians include [[Spiru Haret]], [[Grigore Moisil]], and [[Ștefan Odobleja]]; physicists and inventors: [[Șerban Țițeica]], [[Alexandru Proca]], and [[Ștefan Procopiu]].
During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including corruption, low funding and a considerable [[brain drain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |title=Science in post-communist Romania: The future is not inviting |accessdate=2011-02-09 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003910/http://www.ad-astra.ro/journal/2/editorial_en.pdf |archivedate=10 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, since the country's accession to the [[European Union]], this has begun to change.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16869790-laserul-magurele-institutul-cercetare-pentru-fizica-inginerie-nucleara-semnat-contractul-pentru-realizarea-sistemului-fascicul-gamma.htm |title=Laserul de la Magurele: Institutul de Cercetare pentru Fizica si Inginerie Nucleara a semnat contractul de 66 milioane euro pentru realizarea Sistemului Fascicul Gamma – Esential |publisher=HotNews.ro |date= |accessdate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811081832/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16869790-laserul-magurele-institutul-cercetare-pentru-fizica-inginerie-nucleara-semnat-contractul-pentru-realizarea-sistemului-fascicul-gamma.htm |archivedate=11 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After being slashed by 50% in 2009 because of the global recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=124097 |title=Bulgaria: Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency |publisher=Novinite.com |date=13 January 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511095920/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=124097 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/469142a.html |title=Science fortunes of Balkan neighbours diverge : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116022857/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/469142a.html |archivedate=16 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The country has joined several major international organizations such as [[CERN]] and the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epochtimes-romania.com/article.php?article_id=97824 |title=Funeriu: Stiinta din Romania 'se imbunatateste', insa mai sunt multe lucruri de facut |publisher=Epochtimes-romania.com |date=13 January 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003912/http://www.epochtimes-romania.com/article.php?article_id=97824 |archivedate=10 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actmedia.eu/2011/01/20/top+story/romania+is+to+sign+agreement+on+joining+european+space+agency+convention+/31695 |title=Romania is to sign agreement on joining European space agency convention |publisher=Actmedia.eu |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124013651/http://www.actmedia.eu/2011/01/20/top+story/romania+is+to+sign+agreement+on+joining+european+space+agency+convention+/31695 |archivedate=24 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Overall, the situation has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/news.2011.8.html |title=Romania's high hopes for science : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |accessdate=14 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319180142/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110112/full/news.2011.8.html |archivedate=19 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The [[nuclear physics]] facility of the [[European Union]]'s proposed [[Extreme Light Infrastructure]] (ELI) [[laser]] will be built in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eli-np.ro/ |title=ELI-NP | Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics |publisher=Eli-np.ro |accessdate=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906022342/http://www.eli-np.ro/ |archivedate=6 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In early 2012, Romania launched its first [[Goliat|satellite]] from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais]] in French Guyana.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |title=VIDEO Romania's first satellite Goliat successfully launch from Kourou base in French Guyana – Top News |publisher=HotNews.ro |accessdate=4 April 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406215026/http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-11498074-video-romania-39-first-satellite-goliat-successfully-launch-from-kourou-base-french-guyana.htm |archivedate=6 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Starting December 2014, Romania is a co-owner of the [[International Space Station]].<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |title=Romania will own a part of the International Space Station and will contribute to the development of the latest European rocket, Ariane 6 |work=Romanian Space Agency |date=3 December 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208052247/http://www.rosa.ro/index.php/en/news-menu/stiri/787-romania-va-detine-o-parte-din-statia-spatiala-internationala-si-va-contribui-la-dezvoltarea-celei-mai-noi-rachete-europene-ariane-6 |archivedate=8 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
== ఇవీ చూడండి ==
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