వాటికన్ నగరం: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 281:
దేశంలో సుమారు 23 హెక్టార్ల (57 ఎకరాలు) తోటలు ఉన్నాయి. సగటు సముద్ర మట్టం కంటే 60 మీటర్లు (200 అడుగులు)అధికమైన ఎత్తులో ఉన్నాయి. ఉత్తర, దక్షిణ మరియు పశ్చిమ ప్రాంతాల్లో రాతి గోడలు కట్టుబడి ఉన్నాయి.
మధ్యకాలంలో తోటలు పాపల్ అపోస్టోలిక్ ప్యాలెస్ ఉత్తరాన తోటలు మరియు ద్రాక్ష తోటలు విస్తరించబడ్డాయి.<ref name="Pellegrino">{{cite web|url=http://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm|title=Al Pellegrino Cattolico: ''The Vatican Gardens''|accessdate=21 November 2008|publisher=2008 Al Pellegrino Cattolico s.r.l. Via di Porta Angelica 81\83 (S.Pietro) I- 00193 Roma, Italy|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413133503/http://www.pellegrinocattolico.com/ctv/gardens.htm|archivedate=13 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 1279 లో పోప్ మూడవ నికోలస్ (గియోవన్నీ గేటానో ఓర్సిని 1277-1280) తన నివాసాన్ని లేటెన్ ప్యాలెస్ నుండి వాటికన్‌కు మార్చి ఈ ప్రాంతాన్ని గోడలు నిర్మించి మూసివేసాడు. <ref name="Vatican">{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |title=Official Vatican City State Website: ''A Visit to the Vatican Gardens'' |accessdate=21 November 2008 |publisher=2007–08 Uffici di Presidenza S.C.V. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108134258/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Gardens/ |archivedate=8 November 2008 }}</ref> అతను ఒక ఆర్చర్డ్ (పోమిరియం), ఒక పచ్చిక (ప్రతెల్లం) మరియు ఒక తోట (విరిడారియం) ను ఏర్పాటు చేశాడు. <ref name="Vatican"/>
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|caption = <center>Panorama of the gardens from atop St. Peter's Basilica</center>
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== Economy ==
{{Main article|Economy of Vatican City}}
The Vatican City State budget includes the [[Vatican Museums]] and post office and is supported financially by the sale of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City|stamps]], [[Vatican euro coins|coins]], medals and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales.{{efn|1=The Holy See's budget, which is distinct from that of Vatican City State, is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief and aid to churches in developing nations.}} The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.<ref name="economy factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vt.html|title=Holy See (Vatican City): Economy|work=CIA – The World Factbook|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref> Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a [[Vatican Pharmacy]].
The [[Institute for Works of Religion]] (IOR, ''Istituto per le Opere di Religione''), also known as the Vatican Bank, and with the acronym IOR (''Istituto per le Opere di Religione''), is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual [[automated teller machine|ATM]]s with instructions in [[Latin]], possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardinalseansblog.org/?p=232|title=A Glimpse Inside the Vatican & Msgr. Robert Deeley's Guest Post|author=O'Malley, Seán P. |date=28 September 2006|accessdate=30 January 2008|authorlink=Seán Patrick O'Malley}}</ref>
Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999/98). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002—the Vatican does not issue [[euro banknotes]]. Issuance of euro-denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/economic_and_monetary_affairs/institutional_and_economic_framework/l25040_en.htm|title=Agreements on monetary relations (Monaco, San Marino, the Vatican and Andorra)|accessdate=23 February 2007|work=Activities of the European Union: Summaries of legislation}}</ref> Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cathnews.acu.edu.au/604/100.html|title=Benedict Vatican euros set for release|accessdate=25 September 2014|work=Catholic News|date=21 April 2006}}</ref> Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own [[Vatican lira]] currency, which was on par with the Italian [[lira]].
Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.<ref>[http://www.christiantelegraph.com/issue6216.html Holy See's budget shortfall shrinks in 2008]. ''Christian Telegraph''. The report quoted deals mainly with the revenues and expenses of the Holy See and mentions only briefly the finances of Vatican City.</ref>
In 2012, the U.S. State Department's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money-laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia.<ref>Pullella, Philip (8 March 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/08/us-vatican-laundering-idUSBRE82710J20120308 "U.S. adds Vatican to money-laundering 'concern' list."] Reuters.</ref>
On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal [[George Pell]]. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offenses. [[Pope Francis]] also appointed an auditor-general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the [[Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See]] would be the Vatican's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.<ref name="VaticanEconomicSecretariat">{{cite news|title=Vatican financial system restructuring begins with new secretariat|url=http://www.theitalynews.net/index.php/sid/220216280/scat/145bb158ac2f80f2/ht/Vatican-financial-system-restructuring-begins-with-new-secretariat|date=25 February 2014|publisher=The Italy News.Net}}</ref>
== ప్రాదేశికత ==
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