రొమేనియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 328:
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmb.ro/ |title=Proiect – Zona metropolitana Bucuresti |publisher=Zmb.ro |accessdate=29 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902073229/http://www.zmb.ro/ |archivedate=2 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|title=Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest will be ready in 10 years|publisher=Romania Libera|language=Romanian|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403230850/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a94321/zona-metropolitana-bucuresti-va-fi-gata-peste-10-ani.html|archivedate=3 April 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=Romanian|url=http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|title=Official site of Metropolitan Zone of Bucharest Project|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902224547/http://www.zmb.ro/main.php|archivedate=2 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> మరో 19 నగరాల్లో 1,00,000 కన్నా ఎక్కువ మంది జనాభా ఉన్నారు. క్లూజ్-నపోకా మరియు టిమిషోరాలలో 3,00,000 మంది నివాసితులు ఇసాసి, కాన్‌స్టాంటా, క్రైయోవా, బ్రస్సోవ్లతో 2,50,000 మంది పౌరులు ఉన్నారు. గాలటి, ప్లోయిటిటితో 2,00,000 మంది పౌరులు నివసిస్తున్నారు.<ref name="INSSER" /> ఈ నగరాల్లో చాలా వరకు మహానగర ప్రాంతాలు ఏర్పాటు చేయబడ్డాయి.
 
===Educationవిద్య ===
{{Main|Romanian educational system}}
[[File:Universitatea din Bucuresti din Piata Universitatii.jpg|thumb|[[University of Bucharest]] was opened in 1864.]]
[[File:Romania 2011 literacy RO.svg|thumb|[[Illiteracy]] rate by county (2011). Cooler colors indicate a lower rate of illiteracy, and warmer colors indicate a higher rate of illiteracy. The national average is 1.22%.]]
Since the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], the Romanian educational system has been in a continuous process of reform that has received mixed criticism.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archivedate=2 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2004, some 4.4&nbsp;million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of these, 650,000 in [[kindergarten]] (3–6 years), 3.11&nbsp;million in primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level (universities).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|format=PDF|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=Romanian|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the same year, the adult literacy rate was 97.3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 75% (52nd worldwide).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |title=UN Human Development Report 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202212856/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |format=PDF |archivedate= 2 February 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6 years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the "preparatory school year" (''clasa pregătitoare'')<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăţa copiii şi cum vor fi evaluaţi – Mediafax<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326134025/http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 |date=26 March 2012 }}</ref> and is compulsory until tenth grade.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001200457/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|archivedate=1 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Primary and secondary education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a semi-legal, informal [[Tutoring#Private tutors|private tutoring]] system used mostly during secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist regime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |format=PDF |accessdate=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archivedate=4 September 2008 |df= }}</ref>
 
1989 నాటి రోమేనియన్ విప్లవం నుండి రోమేనియన్ విద్యా వ్యవస్థలో జరిగిన సంస్కరణలు మిశ్రమ విమర్శలను ఎదుర్కొన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002165335/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_1.html|archivedate=2 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Higher education is aligned with the [[European higher education area]]. The results of the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|title=Rezultate PISA 2012: Aproape 40% dintre elevii romani au dificultati sa citeasca si sa inteleaga un text si pot rezolva doar exercitii de baza la Matematica|publisher=[[Hotnews.ro]]|date=3 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409170909/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and in 2016 the Romanian government released statistics showing 42% of 15-year-olds are [[Functional illiteracy|functionally illiterate]] in reading.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|title=Over 40pct of Romania’s children struggling with functional literacy {{!}} Nine O`Clock|website=www.nineoclock.ro-US|access-date=21 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095254/http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|archivedate=10 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> though Romania often wins medals in the [[Mathematics|mathematical]] olympiads<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=Romanian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archivedate=18 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archivedate=8 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and not only. [[Alexandru Ioan Cuza University]] of Iași, [[Babeș-Bolyai University]] of Cluj-Napoca, [[University of Bucharest]], and [[West University of Timișoara]] have been included in the [[QS World University Rankings]]' top 800.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archivedate=21 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref>
2004 లో జనాభాలో 4.4 మిలియన్ల మంది విద్యార్థులు పాఠశాలలో చేరారు. వీటిలో 6,50,000 కిండర్ గార్టెన్ (3-6 సంవత్సరాలు), 3.11 మిలియన్ల ప్రాధమిక, మాధ్యమిక స్థాయిలలో, 6,50,000 మంది ఉన్నత స్థాయి (విశ్వవిద్యాలయాలలో) ప్రవేశం పొందారు.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|format=PDF|title=Romanian Institute of Statistics Yearbook – Chapter 8|language=Romanian|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827223322/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap8.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> అదే సంవత్సరంలో వయోజన అక్షరాస్యత రేటు 97.3% (ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా 45 వ స్థానంలో ఉంది) ఉంది. ప్రాధమిక, ద్వితీయ మరియు తృతీయ పాఠశాలల సంయుక్త స్థూల నమోదు నిష్పత్తి 75% (ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా 52వ స్థానం) గా ఉంది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |title=UN Human Development Report 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202212856/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR06-complete.pdf |format=PDF |archivedate= 2 February 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> కిండర్ గార్టెన్ 3 - 6 సంవత్సరాల మధ్య ఇష్టానుసారం. 2012 నుండి 6 సంవత్సరాల వయసు నుండి 10 తరగతి వరకు తప్పనిసరి విద్య (క్లాసా ప్రిగాటియోరే) చేయబడింది.
<ref>[http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 Clasa pregătitoare, obligatorie din septembrie. Ce vor învăţa copiii şi cum vor fi evaluaţi – Mediafax<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326134025/http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasa-pregatitoare-obligatorie-din-septembrie-ce-vor-invata-copiii-si-cum-vor-fi-evaluati-9167096 |date=26 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=UNESCO|url=http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|title=The Romanian Educational Policy in Transition|accessdate=31 August 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001200457/http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/romania/rapport_2.html|archivedate=1 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ప్రాథమిక మరియు మాధ్యమిక విద్య 12 - 13 తరగతులుగా విభజించబడింది. ఉన్నత పాఠశాలలో సెమీ-లీగల్, అనధికారిక ప్రైవేటు శిక్షణా వ్యవస్థ కూడా ఎక్కువగా ఉపయోగించబడింది. ఇది కమ్యూనిస్ట్ పాలనలో అభివృద్ధి చెందింది.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |title=Limited relevants. What feminists can learn from the eastern experience |format=PDF |accessdate=25 August 2008 |publisher=genderomania.ro |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904004658/http://www.genderomania.ro/book_gender_post/part1/Anca_Gheaus.pdf |archivedate=4 September 2008 |df= }}</ref>
 
 
ఉన్నత విద్య యూరోపియన్ ఉన్నత విద్య ప్రాంతంతో సమానంగా ఉంటుంది. 2012 సంవత్సరానికి పాఠశాలల్లో పి.ఐ.ఎస్.ఎ. అంచనా అధ్యయనం ఫలితాలు 65 సభ్య దేశాలలో రోమానియా 45 వ స్థానంలో ఉంది.
Higher education is aligned with the [[European higher education area]]. The results of the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries
 
 
Higher education is aligned with the [[European higher education area]]. The results of the [[Programme for International Student Assessment|PISA]] assessment study in schools for the year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65 participant countries<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|title=Rezultate PISA 2012: Aproape 40% dintre elevii romani au dificultati sa citeasca si sa inteleaga un text si pot rezolva doar exercitii de baza la Matematica|publisher=[[Hotnews.ro]]|date=3 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409170909/http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16124454-publicat-rezultatele-testelor-pisa-2012-romania-ocupa-locul-45-matematica.htm|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and2016 inలో 2016రోమేనియన్ theప్రభుత్వం Romanianవిడుదల governmentచేసిన releasedగణాంకాల statisticsప్రకారం showing15 42%సంవత్సరాల ofవయస్సు 15-year-oldsఉన్నవారిలో are42% [[Functionalమంది illiteracy|functionallyచదవడంలో illiterate]]అసమర్ధులుగా inఉన్నారని readingభావిస్తున్నారు.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|title=Over 40pct of Romania’s children struggling with functional literacy {{!}} Nine O`Clock|website=www.nineoclock.ro-US|access-date=21 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095254/http://www.nineoclock.ro/over-40pct-of-romanias-children-struggling-with-functional-literacy/|archivedate=10 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> thoughరోమేనియా Romaniaతరచూ oftenగణిత winsశాస్త్ర medalsఒలింపియాడ్లలో inవిజయం the [[Mathematics|mathematical]] olympiadsసాధిస్తుంది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|title=Romania's brains rank first in Europe, 10th in the world after Math Olympiad|publisher=romania-insider.com|date=16 July 2012|language=Romanian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718081702/http://www.romania-insider.com/romanias-brains-rank-first-in-europe-10th-in-the-world-after-math-olympiad/60686/|archivedate=18 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|title=Romanian students win four medals, two gold, at the European Girls Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=business-review.eu|date=16 April 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409190820/http://business-review.eu/featured/romanian-students-win-four-medals-two-gold-at-the-european-girls-mathematical-olympiad-60542|archivedate=9 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|title=Romanian students win 32 medals at SEEMOUS International Mathematical Olympiad|publisher=[[AGERPRES]]|date=11 March 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408223234/http://www.agerpres.ro/english/2014/03/11/romanian-students-win-32-medals-at-seemous-international-mathematical-olympiad-10-34-49|archivedate=8 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and" notఅలెశాండ్రు only.ఐవాన్ [[Alexandruకుజా Ioanయూనివర్సిటీ Cuza" University]](ఇసాయి) of Iași, [[Babeșబాబ్స్-Bolyaiబోలైయ్ University]]యూనివర్సిటీ of" Cluj(క్లుజ్-Napocaనపోకా), [[Universityబుకారెస్ట్ of Bucharest]]విశ్వవిద్యాలయం, and" [[Westవెస్ట్ Universityయూనివర్సిటీ of" Timișoara]]టిమిసోవార, haveవరల్డ్ beenయూనివర్సిటీ includedరాంకింగ్స్ inటాప్ the800 [[QSలో World University Rankings]]' top 800చేర్చబడ్డాయి.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |title=QS World University Rankings 2013 |publisher=topuniversities.com |date=October 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021124625/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search= |archivedate=21 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }} All four universities are ranked at 700+ which means they are ranked among the 701–800 places.</ref>
 
===Healthcare===
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