హంగరి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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హంగరీ, హార్ట్ డిసీజ్, హైపర్ టెన్షన్, స్ట్రోక్ మరియు ఆత్మహత్యల మధ్య భారీ వ్యత్యాసాలు ఎక్కువగా వ్యవసాయ మరియు తక్కువ ఆదాయం ఉన్న గ్రేట్ ప్లెయిన్లో ఉన్నాయి. కానీ అధిక-ఆదాయం మరియు మధ్యతరగతి పాశ్చాత్యనాగరికతకు మారుతున్న సెంట్రల్ హంగేరీలో తక్కువగా ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oefi.hu/olef/OLEF2003/Jelentesek/KronikusBbetegsegekOLEF2003.pdf|title=Egészségjelentés 2016|website=Oefi.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> స్మోకింగ్ కూడా హంగేరియన్ సమాజంలో గణనీయమైన నష్టాలను కలిగిస్తుంది. 2012 లో పెద్దవారిలో 28% మంది స్మోక్డ్, కఠినమైన నియంత్రణ కారణంగా 2013 లో 19%కు పడిపోయింది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mno.hu/belfold/egy-ev-alatt-kilenc-szazalekkal-csokkent-a-dohanyosok-szama-1196229|title=Egy év alatt kilenc százalékkal csökkent a dohányosok száma|date=19 November 2013|website=Mno.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> దేశవ్యాప్తంగా ధూమపానం ఇండోర్ బహిరంగ ప్రదేశానికి విస్తరించింది. పొగాకు అమ్మకం జాతీయ నియంత్రిత పొగాకు దుకాణాలకు నేషనల్ టొబాకో షాప్ అని పిలుస్తారు.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbj.hu/economy/govt-allocates-huf-450-mln-to-company-facilitating-tobacco-sales-monopoly_64136|title=Govt allocates HUF 450 mln to company facilitating tobacco sales monopoly|website=Bbj.hu|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> ఈ హత్యల శాతం 1,00,000 మందికి 1.3 గా ఉంది. ఇది ప్రపంచంలోనే అతి తక్కువగా ఉంది.
== సంస్కృతి ==
== Culture ==
 
{{Main|Culture of Italy}}
[[File:Vicenza - (Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale) - Villa Almerico Capra (La Rotonda).JPG|thumb|[[Villa Capra "La Rotonda"]], one of the influential [[Palladian villas of the Veneto]].]]
For centuries divided by politics and geography until its eventual unification in 1861, Italy's culture has been shaped by a multitude of regional customs and local centres of power and [[patronage]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Killinger|first=Charles|title=Culture and customs of Italy|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-32489-5|page=3|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Italy had a central role in Western culture for centuries and is still recognised for its cultural traditions and artists. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, a number of magnificent [[Court (royal)|courts]] competed for attracting the best architects, artists and scholars, thus producing a great legacy of monuments, paintings, music and literature. Despite the political and social isolation of these courts, Italy's contribution to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe and the world remain immense.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cole|first=Alison|title=Virtue and magnificence : art of the Italian Renaissance courts|year=1995|publisher=H.N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-2733-9}}</ref>
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Italy has more [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in Italy|World Heritage Sites]] ([[Table of World Heritage Sites by country|54]]) than any other country in the world, and has rich collections of art, culture and literature from many periods. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the [[Italian diaspora]]. Furthermore, Italy has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains),<ref name="Eyewitness Travel 2005, pg. 19">Eyewitness Travel (2005), pg. 19</ref> and according to some estimates the nation is home to half the world's great art treasures.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbot |first=Charles |date= 2006|title= Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGuWGa48iQMC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&f |publisher=Morellini Editore |page= 101}}</ref>
 
=== Architectureనిర్మాణకళ ===
 
{{Main|Architecture of Italy}}
Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861. This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs.
 
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Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect [[Inigo Jones]], inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by [[Andrea Palladio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |title=History – Historic Figures: Inigo Jones (1573–1652) |publisher=BBC |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821112543/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jones_inigo.shtml |archivedate=21 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Additionally, [[Italianate architecture]], popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on [[Renaissance architecture]].
 
=== Visual artదృశ్యకళలు ===
 
{{Main|Art of Italy}}
 
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'' (1494–1499), [[Leonardo da Vinci]], Church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie]], Milan]]
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In the 19th century, major Italian [[Romantic painting|Romantic]] painters were [[Francesco Hayez]], [[Giuseppe Bezzuoli]] and [[Francesco Podesti]]. [[Impressionism]] was brought from France to Italy by the ''[[Macchiaioli]]'', led by [[Giovanni Fattori]], and [[Giovanni Boldini]]; [[Realism (arts)|Realism]] by [[Gioacchino Toma]] and [[Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo]]. In the 20th century, with [[Futurism]], primarily through the works of [[Umberto Boccioni]] and [[Giacomo Balla]], Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of [[Giorgio de Chirico]], who exerted a strong influence on the [[Surrealists]] and generations of artists to follow.
 
=== Literatureసాహిత్యం ===
 
{{Main|Literature of Italy}}
 
Italian literature began after the founding of Rome in 753 BC. Latin literature was, and still is, highly influential in the world, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Pliny the Younger]], [[Virgil]], [[Horace]], [[Propertius]], [[Ovid]] and [[Livy]]. The Romans were also famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama and epigrams.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts.''|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|date=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHA_SydyKOYC&pg=PA39|accessdate=18 October 2011|isbn=9781615304905}}</ref> In early years of the 13th century, St. [[Francis of Assisi]] was considered the first Italian poet by literary critics, with his religious song ''[[Canticle of the Sun]]''.<ref>{{Cite book | chapter=2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.) | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&pg=PA5 | title=The Cambridge History of Italian Literature | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover | editor1-first=Peter | editor1-last=Brand | editor2-first=Lino | editor2-last=Pertile | editor2link=Lino Pertile | year=1999 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-52166622-0 | accessdate=31 December 2015 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover | archivedate=10 June 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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Prominent [[Italian philosophy|Italian philosophers]] include [[Cesare Beccaria]], [[Giordano Bruno]], [[Benedetto Croce]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], and [[Giambattista Vico]].
 
=== Theatreధియేటరు ===
 
{{Main|Commedia dell'arte}}
{{See also|Theatre of ancient Rome}}
[[File:Architettura La Scala operahouse.jpg|thumb|right|[[La Scala]] is ranked the best opera house in the world.<ref>[http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/opera-houses/ "Top 10: Opera Houses"] on travel.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 14 April 2014</ref>]]
Italian theatre can be traced back to the Roman tradition. The [[theatre of ancient Rome]] was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from festival performances of street theatre, nude dancing, and acrobatics, to the staging of [[Plautus]]'s broadly appealing situation comedies, to the high-style, verbally elaborate tragedies of [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]. Although Rome had a native tradition of performance, the [[Hellenization]] of [[Culture of ancient Rome|Roman culture]] in the 3rd century BCE had a profound and energising effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of Latin literature of the highest quality for the stage. As with many other literary genres, Roman dramatists was heavily influenced or tended to adapt from the Greek. For example, Seneca's ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' was based on that of [[Euripides]], and many of the comedies of [[Plautus]] were direct translations of works by [[Menander]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theatre and Drama in the Making|last=Gassner|first=John |publisher=Applause Theatre Books|year=1992|location=New York}}</ref>
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The [[Teatro di San Carlo]] in Naples is the oldest continuously active venue for public opera in the world, opening in 1737, decades before both the Milan's [[La Scala]] and Venice's [[La Fenice]] theatres.<ref name=SanCarlo>{{cite web|url=http://www.teatrosancarlo.it/teatro/il?_locale|title=The Theatre and its history|publisher=Teatro di San Carlo's official website|date=23 December 2013}}</ref>
 
=== Musicసంగీతం ===
 
{{Main|Music of Italy}}
[[File:GiacomoPuccini.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Giacomo Puccini]], Italian composer whose operas, including ''[[La bohème]]'', ''[[Tosca]]'', ''[[Madama Butterfly]]'' and ''[[Turandot]]'', are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the [[List of important operas|standard repertoire]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html | title=Quick Opera Facts 2007 | publisher=OPERA America | year=2007 | accessdate=23 April 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061001054025/http://www.operaamerica.org/pressroom/quickfacts2006.html |archivedate = 1 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html | title=An Operatic Survey | publisher=Opera Glass | author=Alain P. Dornic | year=1995 | accessdate=23 April 2007 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914030020/http://opera.stanford.edu/misc/Dornic_survey.html | archivedate=14 September 2007 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>]]
 
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Producers such as [[Giorgio Moroder]], who won three [[Academy Award]]s and four [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globes]] for his music, were highly influential in the development of [[electronic dance music]].<ref name=Moroder/> Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the [[Sanremo Music Festival]], which served as inspiration for the [[Eurovision]] song contest, and the [[Festival of Two Worlds]] in [[Spoleto]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/7817 | publisher = www.esctoday.com | accessdate =18 August 2011 | title = Sanremo Music Festival kicks off tonight | date = 27 February 2007 | author = Yiorgos Kasapoglou}}</ref> Singers such as [[Mina (singer)|Mina]], [[Andrea Bocelli]], [[Grammy]] winner [[Laura Pausini]], [[Zucchero Fornaciari|Zucchero]], [[Eros Ramazzotti]] and [[Tiziano Ferro]] have attained international acclaim.
 
===చలనచిత్రాలు ===
=== Cinema ===
 
{{Main|Cinema of Italy}}
The history of Italian cinema began a few months after the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] began motion picture exhibitions. The first Italian film was a few seconds, showing [[Pope Leo XIII]] giving a blessing to the camera. The Italian film industry was born between 1903 and 1908 with three companies: the Società Italiana Cines, the [[Ambrosio Film]] and the Itala Film. Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. In a short time these first companies reached a fair producing quality, and films were soon sold outside Italy. Cinema was later used by [[Benito Mussolini]], who founded Rome's renowned [[Cinecittà]] studio for the production of Fascist propaganda until World War II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html |title=The Cinema Under Mussolini |publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu |accessdate=30 October 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731200507/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html |archivedate=31 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
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Italy is the most awarded country at the [[Academy Award]]s for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], with 14 awards won, 3 [[Academy Honorary Award|Special Awards]] and 31 [[List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|nominations]]. {{as of|2016}}, Italian films have also won 12 [[Palme d'Or|Palmes d'Or]] (the second-most of any country), 11 [[Golden Lion]]s and 7 [[Golden Bear]]s.
 
==క్రీడలు ==
=== Sport ===
 
{{Main|Sport in Italy}}
The most popular sport in Italy is, by far, [[Association football|football]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamil|first=Sean|title=Managing football : an international perspective|year=2010|publisher=Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-85617-544-9|page=285|edition=1st ed., dodr.|last2=Chadwick|first2=Simon}}</ref> Italy's [[Italy national football team|national football team]] (nicknamed ''Gli Azzurri'' – "the Blues") is one of the world's most successful team as it has won four [[FIFA World Cup]]s (1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html |title=Previous FIFA World Cups |publisher=FIFA.com |accessdate=8 January 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125063612/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/index.html |archivedate=25 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Italian clubs have won 48 major European trophies, making Italy the [[List of UEFA club competition winners#By country|second most successful country in European football]]. Italy's top-flight club football league is named [[Serie A]] and ranks as the [[UEFA coefficient|third best in Europe]] and is followed by millions of fans around the world.
 
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==ఫ్యాషన్ మరియు డిజైన్ ==
=== Fashion and design ===
{{Main|Italian fashion|Italian design}}
 
[[File:Prada milano.JPG|thumb|[[Prada]] shop in Milan]]
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Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, [[architectural design]], [[industrial design]] and [[urban design]]. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as [[Gio Ponti]] and [[Ettore Sottsass]], and Italian phrases such as ''"Bel Disegno"'' and ''"Linea Italiana"'' have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.<ref>Miller (2005) p. 486</ref> Examples of classic pieces of Italian [[white goods]] and pieces of furniture include [[Zanussi]]'s [[washing machine]]s and [[fridge]]s,<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220">Insight Guides (2004) p.220</ref> the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium,<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220"/> and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by [[Bob Dylan]]'s song "[[Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again]]".<ref name="Insight Guides 2004 p.220"/> Today, [[Milan]] and [[Turin]] are the nation's leaders in [[architectural design]] and [[industrial design]]. The city of Milan hosts [[Fiera Milano]], Europe's largest design fair.<ref name="wiley.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |title=Design City Milan |publisher=Wiley |accessdate=3 January 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206052654/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026839.html |archivedate=6 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the "''Fuori Salone''" and the [[Salone del Mobile]], and has been home to the designers [[Bruno Munari]], [[Lucio Fontana]], [[Enrico Castellani]] and [[Piero Manzoni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |title=Frieze Magazine – Archive – Milan and Turin |publisher=Frieze |accessdate=3 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110123141/http://www.frieze.com/issue/article/milan_turin |archivedate=10 January 2010 |df= }}</ref>
 
===ఆహార సంస్కృతి Cuisine ===
 
{{Main|Italian cuisine}}
[[File:Italian food.JPG|thumb|Some of the most popular Italian foods: [[pizza]] ([[Pizza Margherita|Margherita]]), [[pasta]] ([[Carbonara]]), [[espresso]], and [[gelato]]]]
 
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A key factor in the success of Italian cuisine is its heavy reliance on traditional products; Italy has the most [[List of Italian products with protected designation of origin|traditional specialities]] protected under [[Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union|EU law]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Keane|first=John|title=Italy leads the way with protected products under EU schemes|url=http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|publisher=[[Bord Bia]]|accessdate=5 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329075250/http://www.bordbia.ie/industryservices/information/alerts/Pages/ItalyleadsthewaywithprotectedproductsunderEUschemes.aspx|archivedate=29 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[List of Italian cheeses|Cheese]], [[salumi|cold cuts]] and [[Italian wine|wine]] are a major part of Italian cuisine, with many regional declinations and [[Protected Designation of Origin]] or [[Protected Geographical Indication]] labels, and along with [[coffee]] (especially [[espresso]]) make up a very important part of the Italian [[gastronomic]] culture.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marshall|first=Lee|title=Italian coffee culture: a guide|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 September 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010212148/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/italy/6246202/Italian-coffee-culture-a-guide.html|archivedate=10 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Desserts have a long tradition of merging local flavours such as [[citrus fruits]], [[pistachio]] and [[almonds]] with sweet cheeses like [[mascarpone]] and [[ricotta]] or exotic tastes as cocoa, vanilla and cinnamon. [[Gelato]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Jewkes|first=Stephen|title=World's first museum about gelato culture opens in Italy|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[Times Colonist]]|date=13 October 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016062518/http://www.timescolonist.com/life/travel/world-s-first-museum-about-gelato-culture-opens-in-italy-1.15866|archivedate=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[tiramisù]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Squires|first=Nick|title=Tiramisu claimed by Treviso|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|accessdate=5 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=23 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829091009/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/10261930/Tiramisu-claimed-by-Treviso.html|archivedate=29 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[cassata]] are among the most famous examples of Italian desserts, cakes and patisserie.
 
==ప్రభుత్వ శలవులు మరియు పండుగలు ==
===Public holidays and festivals===
{{Main|Public holidays in Italy|Italian festivals}}
[[File:65th venice film festival.jpg|thumb|The [[Venice Film Festival]] is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "[[Film festival#Notable festivals|Big Three]]" alongside [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin]].<ref name=VeniceFilmFest>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|title=Venice: David Gordon Green's 'Manglehorn,' Abel Ferrara's 'Pasolini' in Competition Lineup|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=Anderson|first=Ariston|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218220740/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/venice-film-festival-unveils-lineup-720770|archivedate=18 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/|title=Addio, Lido: Last Postcards from the Venice Film Festival|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920162423/http://time.com/3291348/addio-lido-last-postcards-from-the-venice-film-festival/|archivedate=20 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]
Public holidays celebrated in Italy include religious, national and regional observances.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festività nazionali in Italia|url=http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|publisher=Italian Embassy in London|accessdate=15 April 2012|language=Italian|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624220055/http://www.amblondra.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Londra/Menu/In_linea_con_utente/Domande_frequenti/altro.htm|archivedate=24 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Italy's National Day, the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' (''Republic Day'') is celebrated on 2 June each year, and commemorates the [[Italian institutional referendum, 1946|birth of the Italian Republic]] in 1946.
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Other festivals include the [[Carnival in Italy|carnivals]] in [[Carnival of Venice|Venice]], [[Carnival of Viareggio|Viareggio]], [[Carnival of Satriano di Lucania|Satriano di Lucania]], [[Mamoiada]], and [[Ivrea]], mostly known for its [[Battle of the Oranges]]. The prestigious [[Venice International Film Festival]], awarding the "[[Golden Lion]]" and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world.<ref name=VeniceFilmFest/>
 
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hungary}}
"https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/హంగరి" నుండి వెలికితీశారు