గ్రీస్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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2011 ఒ.ఇ.సి.డి. నివేదిక ప్రకారం 34 ఒ.ఇ.సి.డి. సభ్యుదేశాలన్నింటి కంటే వయోజన దినసరి ధూమపానం అత్యధికంగా ఉన్న దేశం గ్రీసు అని భావిస్తున్నారు.<ref name="OECD" /> దేశం ఊబకాయం రేటు 18.1%, ఇది ఒ.ఇ.సి.డి. సగటు కంటే 15.1% కంటే ఎక్కువ. కానీ అమెరికా 27.7% కంటే తక్కువగా ఉంది.<ref name="OECD" /> 2008 లో గ్రీసు ఆరోగ్యం 98.5% ఉంది. ఒ.ఇ.సి.డి.లో <ref name="OECD Health Status">{{cite web|url = http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT |title= Perceived Health Status | publisher = [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |accessdate=22 July 2011}}</ref> శిశు మరణాలు 1,000 మందికి 3.6 మరణాల రేటుతో 2007 ఒ.ఇ.సి.డి. సగటు 4.9 కంటే తక్కువగా ఉంది.<ref name="OECD" />
== సంస్కృతి ==
== Culture ==
 
{{Main|Culture of Greece|Greeks|List of Greeks}}
[[File:Epidavros.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.1|The [[Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus]], still used for theatrical plays.]]
 
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In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of [[Western culture]].<ref>Mazlish, Bruce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AmacbFXUTEoC&pg=PA3#v=onepage ''Civilization And Its Contents.''] Stanford University Press, 2004. p. 3. Web. 25 June 2012.</ref> Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history,<ref>Myres, John. ''Herodotus, Father of History''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953. Web. 25 June 2012.</ref> philosophy,<ref>[[Frederick Copleston|Copleston, Frederick]]. ''History of Philosophy, Volume 1''.</ref> physics and mathematics.<ref name="Heath1981">{{cite book|author=Thomas Heath|title=A History of Greek Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&printsec=frontcover&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians|accessdate=19 August 2013|year=1981|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-24073-2|page=1}}</ref> They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced [[Western art history|Western art]].<ref>Peter Krentz, Ph.D., W. R. Grey Professor of History, Davidson College.<br /> "Greece, Ancient." ''World Book Advanced.'' World Book, 2012. Web. 8 July 2012.</ref>
 
=== Visual artsదృశ్యకళలు ===
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{{See also|Greek art|Byzantine art|Modern Greek art}}
[[File:Nike of Paionios, Olympia Archaeological Museum (16149728289).jpg|thumb|Nike by [[Paeonius]] at the [[Archaeological Museum of Olympia]] (5th BC)]]
[[File:Lion of Amphipolis BW 2017-10-05 09-38-25.jpg|thumb|The [[Lion of Amphipolis]], erected in 4th BC in honour of [[Laomedon of Mytilene]], admiral of Alexander the Great]]
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Post Byzantine art schools include the [[Cretan School]] and [[Heptanese School (painting)|Heptanese School]]. The first artistic movement in the [[Greek Kingdom]] can be considered the [[Greek academic art of the 19th century]] (''Munich School''). Notable modern Greek painters include [[Nikolaos Gyzis]], [[Georgios Jakobides]], [[Theodoros Vryzakis]], [[Nikiforos Lytras]], [[Konstantinos Volanakis]], [[Nikos Engonopoulos]] and [[Yannis Tsarouchis]], while some notable sculptors are [[Pavlos Prosalentis]], [[Ioannis Kossos]], [[Leonidas Drosis]], [[Georgios Bonanos]] and [[Yannoulis Chalepas]].
 
=== Architectureనిర్మాణకళ ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
{{See also|Ancient Greek architecture|Byzantine architecture|Modern Greek architecture}}
[[File:Vatheia Mani 01.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Towerhouses of [[Mani peninsula]]]]
 
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After the establishment of the [[Greek Kingdom]], the architecture of Athens and other cities was mostly influenced by the [[Neoclassical architecture]]. For Athens, the first [[King of Greece]], [[Otto of Greece]], commissioned the architects [[Stamatios Kleanthis]] and [[Eduard Schaubert]] to design a modern city plan fit for the capital of a state. As for [[Thessaloniki]], after the [[Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917|fire of 1917]], the government ordered for a new city plan under the supervision of [[Ernest Hébrard]]. Other modern Greek architects include [[Anastasios Metaxas]], [[Panagis Kalkos]], [[Ernst Ziller]], [[Dimitris Pikionis]] and [[Georges Candilis]].
 
=== Theatreధియేటర్ ===
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{{See also|Theatre of ancient Greece|Modern Greek theatre}}
[[File:Corfu Town Hall R01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|left|[[Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corfù]], the first theatre and [[opera]] house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, "The Parliamentary Candidate" of [[Spyridon Xyndas]], based on an exclusively Greek [[libretto]] was performed.]]
 
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The [[National Theatre of Greece]] was opened in 1900 as ''Royal Theatre''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.n-t.gr/el/knowus|title=ΓΝΩΡΙΣΤΕ ΜΑΣ - Εθνικό Θέατρο|website=www.n-t.gr}}</ref> Notable playwrights of the modern Greek theatre include [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Pantelis Horn]], [[Alekos Sakellarios]] and [[Iakovos Kambanelis]], while notable actors include [[Cybele Andrianou]], [[Marika Kotopouli]], [[Aimilios Veakis]], [[Orestis Makris]], [[Katina Paxinou]], [[Manos Katrakis]] and [[Dimitris Horn]]. Significant directors include [[Dimitris Rontiris]], [[Alexis Minotis]] and [[Karolos Koun]].
 
=== Literatureసాహిత్యం ===
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{{Main|Greek literature|Byzantine literature|Modern Greek literature}}
[[File:Roilos-georgios-poets-parnassos-literary-club.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Parnassos Literary Society]] by George Roilos ([[Kostis Palamas]] at the center)]]
Greek literature can be divided into three main categories: Ancient, Byzantine and modern Greek literature.<ref name="britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica - "Greek literature: Byzantine literature"</ref>
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Leading figures of modern Greek literature include [[Dionysios Solomos]], [[Andreas Kalvos]], [[Angelos Sikelianos]], [[Emmanuel Rhoides]], [[Demetrius Vikelas]], [[Kostis Palamas]], [[Penelope Delta]], [[Yannis Ritsos]], [[Alexandros Papadiamantis]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Andreas Embeirikos]], [[Kostas Karyotakis]], [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]], [[Constantine P. Cavafy]], [[Nikos Kavvadias]], [[Kostas Varnalis]] and [[Kiki Dimoula]]. Two Greek authors have been awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]: [[George Seferis]] in 1963 and [[Odysseas Elytis]] in 1979.
 
===ఫిలాసఫీ Philosophy ===
{{Main|Ancient Greek philosophy|Modern Greek Enlightenment}}
[[File:Πλάτωνας, Ακαδημία Αθηνών 6619.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Statue of [[Plato]], Athens. "The safest general characterisation of the [[Western philosophy|European philosophical tradition]] is that it consists of a series of footnotes to [[Plato]]." ([[Alfred North Whitehead]], ''[[Process and Reality]]'', 1929).]]
 
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Other modern era Greek philosophers or political scientists include [[Cornelius Castoriadis]], [[Nicos Poulantzas]] and [[Christos Yannaras]].
 
=== సంగీతం మరియు నృత్యాలు ===
=== Music and dances ===
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{{Main|Music of Greece}}
[[File:Sfakia-dance.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cretan]] dancers of [[Greek folk music|traditional folk music]]]]
[[File:Rembetes Karaiskaki 1933.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rebetiko|Rebetes]] in Karaiskaki, [[Piraeus]] (1933). Left [[Markos Vamvakaris]] with [[bouzouki]].]]
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Greece participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] 35 times after its debut at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 1974|1974 Contest]]. In [[Eurovision Song Contest 2005|2005]], Greece won with the song "[[My Number One]]", performed by Greek-Swedish singer [[Elena Paparizou]]. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. The [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006|51st Eurovision Song Contest]] was held in [[Athens]] at the [[Olympic Indoor Hall]] of the [[Athens Olympic Sports Complex]] in [[Maroussi]], with hosted by [[Maria Menounos]] and [[Sakis Rouvas]].
 
=== ఆహారసంస్కృతి ===
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Greek cuisine|Greek wine}}
 
[[File:Naxos Taverna.jpg|thumb|Greek [[taverna]]]]
[[File:Spanikopita Greek dish.jpg|thumb|[[Spanakopita]]]]
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Some sweet desserts include [[melomakarona]], [[diples]] and [[galaktoboureko]], and drinks such as [[ouzo]], [[metaxa]] and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: [[oregano]], [[Mentha|mint]], garlic, [[onion]], [[dill]] and [[bay laurel]] leaves. Other common herbs and spices include [[basil]], [[thyme]] and [[fennel]] seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example [[cinnamon]] and [[clove]]s in stews.
 
===చలన చిత్రాలు ===
=== Cinema ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2017}}
{{Main|Greek cinema}}
[[File:Μελίνα Μερκούρη.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|[[Melina Mercouri]] during the filming of [[Phaedra (film)|Phaedra]] (1962).]]
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896, but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907 in Athens. In 1914 the ''Asty Films Company'' was founded and the production of long films began. ''Golfo'' (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek [[feature film]], although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 [[Orestis Laskos]] directed ''Daphnis and Chloe'' (''Δάφνις και Χλόη''), containing one of the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 [[Katina Paxinou]] was honoured with the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls (film)|For Whom the Bell Tolls]]''.
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There are also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora, such as the Greek-French [[Costa-Gavras]] and the Greek-Americans [[Elia Kazan]], [[John Cassavetes]] and [[Alexander Payne]].
 
=== Sportsక్రీడలు ===
 
{{Main|Sports in Greece}}
[[File:Louis entering Kallimarmaron at the 1896 Athens Olympics.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Spyridon Louis]] entering the [[Panathenaic Stadium]] at the end of the marathon; [[1896 Summer Olympics]].]]
[[File:Charisteas' Siegtreffer im Finale der Euro 2004.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Angelos Charisteas]] scoring Greece's winning goal in the [[UEFA Euro 2004 Final]]]]
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Apart from these, [[cricket]] is relatively popular in [[Corfu]].
 
===పౌరాణికం ===
=== Mythology ===
 
{{Main|Greek mythology}}
[[File:The Chariot of Zeus - Project Gutenberg eText 14994.png|thumb|The Chariot of [[Zeus]] by Alfred Church.]]
The numerous gods of the [[ancient Greek religion]] as well as the mythical heroes and events of the ancient Greek [[epic (genre)|epics]] (''[[The Odyssey]]'' and ''[[The Iliad]]'') and other pieces of art and literature from the time make up what is nowadays colloquially referred to as Greek mythology. Apart from serving a religious function, the mythology of the [[ancient Greeks|ancient Greek]] world also served a cosmological role as it was meant to try to explain how the world was formed and operated.
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The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the [[Dodekatheon]], or the ''Twelve Gods'', who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was [[Zeus]], the king of the gods, who was married to [[Hera]], who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the [[Twelve Olympians]] were [[Ares]], [[Poseidon]], [[Athena]], [[Demeter]], [[Dionysus]], [[Apollo]], [[Artemis]], [[Aphrodite]], [[Hephaestus]] and [[Hermes]]. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as [[nymphs]] and other magical creatures.
 
=== ప్రభుత్వ శలవులు మరియు పండుగలు ===
=== Public holidays and festivals ===
 
{{Main|Public holidays in Greece}}
[[File:Virgin Mary procession, Chora of Naxos, 118916.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Procession in honor of the Assumption of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]] (15 August)]]
 
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