జిబౌటి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 72:
===చరిత్రకు పూర్వం ===
[[File:Pottery of Asa Koma.JPG|thumb|upright|Geometric design pottery found in [[Asa Koma]].]]
Djibouti area has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic]]. According to linguists, the first [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]-speaking populations arrived in the region during this period from the family's proposed [[Afroasiatic Urheimat|urheimat]] ("original homeland") in the [[Nile Valley]],<ref>Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</ref> or the [[Near East]].<ref>Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}}</ref> Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, with its speakers subsequently dispersing from there.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book|last1=Blench|first1=R.|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|date=2006|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0759104662|pages=143–144|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|accessdate=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914171419/http://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Prehistoric of Djibouti.png|thumb|left|Prehistoric rock art and tombs in Djibouti.]]
Pottery predating the mid-2nd millennium has been found at [[Asa Koma]], an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plain. The site's ware is characterized by punctate and incision geometric designs, which bear a similarity to the Sabir culture phase 1 ceramics from Ma'layba in [[Southern Arabia]].<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447051750|page=439|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|accessdate=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164620/http://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Long-horned humpless cattle bones have likewise been discovered at Asa Koma, suggesting that domesticated cattle were present by around 3,500 years ago.<ref name="Connah">{{cite book|last1=Connah|first1=Graham|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134403035|page=46|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC|accessdate=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164726/http://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rock art of what appear to be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at [[Dorra]] and [[Balho]].<ref name="Amvjaa">{{cite book|last1=Universität Frankfurt am Main|title=Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2|date=2003|publisher=Africa Manga Verlag|page=230|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 September 2014|isbn=9783937248004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164618/http://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Handoga]], dated to the fourth millennium BP, has in turn yielded obsidian microliths and plain ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=1136755527|isbn=978-1136755521|page=86|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>
 
Djiboutiజిబౌటి areaప్రాంతం hasనియోలిథిక్ beenనుండి inhabitedమానవ sinceఆవాసితంగా the [[Neolithic]]ఉంది. Accordingభాషా toప్రతిపాదనలు linguists,ఆధారంగా theమొదటి firstదశలో [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]ఆఫ్రోయాసిటిక్-speakingమాట్లాడే populationsప్రజలు arrivedనైలు inలోయలో, the region during this period from the family's proposed [[Afroasiatic Urheimat|urheimat]] ("original homeland") in the [[Nile Valley]],<ref>Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</ref> orనియర్ theఈస్టు ("అసలు మాతృభూమి") నుండి ఈ [[Nearప్రాంతంలో East]]వచ్చారు.<ref>Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}}</ref> Other scholars propose that the Afroasiatic family developed in situ in the Horn, withఇతర itsపరిశోధకులు speakersఆఫ్రోయాసియాటిక్ subsequentlyప్రజలు dispersingహోర్నులోని fromసిటూలో thereస్థిరపడ్డారు.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book|last1=Blench|first1=R.|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|date=2006|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0759104662|pages=143–144|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|accessdate=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914171419/http://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
Additionally, between Djibouti City and Loyada are a number of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] and phallic [[Stele|stelae]]. The structures are associated with graves of rectangular shape that are flanked by vertical slabs, as also found in central [[Ethiopia]]. The Djibouti-Loyada stelae are of uncertain age, and some of them are adorned with a T-shaped symbol.<ref name="Fattovich">{{cite journal|last1=Fattovich|first1=Rodolfo|title=Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|year=1987|volume=14|issue=14|pages=43–69|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931}}</ref>
 
[[File:Prehistoric of Djibouti.png|thumb|left|జిబౌటిలో చరిత్రపూర్వ రాక్ కళ మరియు సమాధులు]]
 
Potteryఅసా predatingకోమాలోని theగోబాద్ mid-2ndమైదానంలో millenniumకనుగొనబడిన hasమట్టిపాత్రలు been2 found atసహస్రాబ్ది [[Asaమధ్యకాలానికి Koma]],చెందినవని an inland lake area on the Gobaad Plainభావిస్తున్నారు. The site's ware is characterized by punctate andప్రాంతంలో incisionలభించిన geometricసామాన్లు designsచుక్కలు, whichరేఖాచిత్రాలు bearచిత్రించబడి aఉన్నాయి. similarityఇవి toదక్షిణ theఅరేబియాలోని Sabirమా'లేబా cultureనుండి phaseసబీర్ 1సంస్కృతి ceramicsమొదటి from Ma'laybaదశ inమట్టిపాత్రలను [[Southernపోలి Arabia]]ఉన్నాయి.<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447051750|page=439|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|accessdate=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164620/http://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Long-hornedఅస్కో humplessకోమాలో cattleకనుగొనబడిన bonesపొడవైన haveకొమ్ముల likewiseపశువుల beenఎముకలు discovered at Asa Koma35,000 suggestingసంవత్సరాలకు thatముందు domesticatedపెంపుడు cattleజంతువులుగా wereఉన్న present by around 3,500జంతువులకు yearsసంబంధించినవని agoభావిస్తున్నారు.<ref name="Connah">{{cite book|last1=Connah|first1=Graham|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134403035|page=46|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC|accessdate=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164726/http://www.google.com/books?id=ggD1wdQxBOcC#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rockడోర్రా, artబల్హోలో ofఉన్న whatశిలా appearచిత్రాలలో toఉన్న be antelopes and a giraffe are also found at [[Dorra]]యాంటెలోపులు, andజిరాఫీలు [[Balho]]ఉన్నాయి.<ref name="Amvjaa">{{cite book|last1=Universität Frankfurt am Main|title=Journal of African Archaeology, Volumes 1–2|date=2003|publisher=Africa Manga Verlag|page=230|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=7 September 2014|isbn=9783937248004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164618/http://www.google.com/books?id=ExwkAQAAIAAJ#|archive-date=14 September 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Handoga]],నాల్గవ datedసహస్రాబ్దికి to the fourth millenniumచెందిన BPహ్యాండోగా, hasపెంపుడు inజంతువులతో turnప్రారంభ yieldedసంచార obsidianపాస్టోరలిస్టులు microlithsసెరామికును, andరాతి plainపనిముట్లు ceramics used by early nomadic pastoralists with domesticated cattleఉపయోగించారు.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=1136755527|isbn=978-1136755521|page=86|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=1136755527|isbn=978-1136755521|page=86|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref>అంతేకాకుండా, జిబౌటి సిటీ, లోయిడాల మధ్య ఎన్నో మానవాకారాలు, లింగాకారాలు శిల్పాలు, దూలాలు ఉన్నాయి. ఈ నిర్మాణాలు మద్య ఇథియోపియాలో కనుగొనబడిన నిలువు స్లాబ్లచే చుట్టుముట్టబడిన దీర్ఘచతురస్రాకార సమాధులతో సంబంధం కలిగి ఉంటాయి. జిబౌటి-లాయిడా దూలాల కాలం అనిశ్చితంగా ఉంది. వాటిలో కొన్ని T- ఆకారపు గుర్తుతో అలంకరించబడ్డాయి.<ref name="Fattovich">{{cite journal|last1=Fattovich|first1=Rodolfo|title=Some remarks on the origins of the Aksumite Stelae|journal=Annales d'Éthiopie|year=1987|volume=14|issue=14|pages=43–69|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1987_num_14_1_931}}</ref>
 
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