జిబౌటి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 195:
జిబౌటిలో జీవవైవిద్యం ఉన్న దేశంలో లభిస్తున్న సమాచారం ఆధారంగా దేశంలో 820 కి పైగా జాతుల మొక్కలు, 493 జాతులు అకశేరుకాలు, 455 జాతుల చేపలు, 40 రకాల సరీసృపాలు, 3 జాతుల ఉభయచరాలు, 360 జాతుల పక్షులు మరియు 66 జాతుల క్షీరదాలు ఉన్నాయి. <ref name=day/> జిబౌటి వన్యప్రాణుల సమూహం ఆఫ్రికన్ బయోడైవర్శిటీ కేంద్రంగా ఉంది. ఎర్ర సముద్రం ఎడెన్ పగడపు రీఫు కేంద్రంగా గల్ఫులో భాగంగా ఉంది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lntreasures.com/djibouti.html|title=Djibouti|accessdate=27 February 2013|publisher=Living National Treasures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803140824/http://lntreasures.com/djibouti.html#|archive-date=3 August 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>క్షీరదాల్లో సోమెర్రింగు గజెల, పెల్జెలు గజెలె అనేక రకాల జాతులు ఉన్నాయి.
1970 ప్రారంభం నుండి విధించిన వేట నిషేధం ఫలితంగా ఈ జాతులు ఇప్పుడు బాగా సంరక్షించబడుతున్నాయి. ఇతర క్షీరదాలు గ్రేవీ జీబ్రా, హమడ్రియాస్ బబూన్, హంటర్ జింక ఉన్నాయి. డే నేషనల్ పార్కులో వార్తాగు వంటి అంతరించిపోతున్న జంతువు కనుగొనబడింది. తీర జలాల్లో దుగాంగులు, అబిస్సినియన్ ఉన్నాయి. వీటికి మరికొంత అధ్యయనాల నిర్ధారణ అవసరం. తీర జలాల్లో పచ్చటి తాబేళ్లు, హాక్స్బిల్ తాబేళ్ళు ఉన్నాయి. <ref name="Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989">{{cite book|author1=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|author2=Norway. Direktoratet for utviklingshjelp|title=The IUCN Sahel studies 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|accessdate=28 May 2011|date=December 1989|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-977-8|pages=95, 104}}</ref><ref name="StuartAdams1990">{{cite book|author1=S. N. Stuart|author2=Richard J. Adams|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands: Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGyrXpCbTX4C&pg=PA81|accessdate=28 May 2011|year=1990|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2|pages=81–82}}</ref> జిబౌటీలో ఉన్న ఈశాన్య ఆఫ్రికన్ చిరుత ఏసినోనైక్స్ జుబాటస్ సోమేమేర్మియం అంతరించిపోయినట్లు భావిస్తున్నారు.
==Economy==
{{main article|Economy of Djibouti}}
[[File:GDP by sector, Djibouti.png|thumb|250px|Djibouti GDP by sector]]
Djibouti's economy is largely concentrated in the service sector. Commercial activities revolve around the country's free trade policies and strategic location as a Red Sea transit point. Due to limited rainfall, vegetables and fruits are the principal production crops, and other food items require importation. The GDP (purchasing power parity) in 2013 was estimated at $2.505 billion, with a real growth rate of 5% annually. Per capita income is around $2,874 (PPP). The services sector constituted around 79.7% of the GDP, followed by industry at 17.3%, and agriculture at 3%.<ref name=CIA/>
{{As of|2013}}, the container terminal at the [[Port of Djibouti]] handles the bulk of the nation's trade. About 70% of the seaport's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring [[Ethiopia]], which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.<ref name=CIA/> In 2012, the Djiboutian government in collaboration with DP World started construction of the Doraleh Container Terminal,<ref name="Cdpafoid">{{cite web|author=Bansal, Ridhima|title=Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti|url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/|publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs|accessdate=26 February 2013|date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327074151/http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/#|archive-date=27 March 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> a third major seaport intended to further develop the national transit capacity.<ref name=CIA/> A$396 million project, it has the capacity to accommodate 1.5 million twenty foot container units annually.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/>
Djibouti was ranked the 177th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Euromoney Country Risk |url=http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/ |publisher=Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC |accessdate=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110730183356/http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/# |archive-date=30 July 2011 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> To improve the environment for direct foreign investment, the Djibouti authorities in conjunction with various non-profit organizations have launched a number of development projects aimed at highlighting the country's commercial potential. The government has also introduced new private sector policies targeting high interest and inflation rates, including relaxing the tax burden on enterprises and allowing exemptions on consumption tax.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/>
[[File:Tree map export 2009 Djibouti.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports.]]
Additionally, efforts have been made to lower the estimated 60% urban unemployment rate by creating more job opportunities through investment in diversified sectors. Funds have especially gone toward building telecommunications infrastructure and increasing disposable income by supporting small businesses. Owing to its growth potential, the fishing and agro-processing sector, which represents around 15% of GDP, has also enjoyed rising investment since 2008.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/>
To expand the modest industrial sector, a 56 megawatt geothermal power plant slated to be completed by 2018 is being constructed with the help of [[OPEC]], the [[World Bank]] and the [[Global Environmental Facility]]. The facility is expected to solve the recurring electricity shortages, decrease the nation's reliance on Ethiopia for energy, reduce costly oil imports for diesel-generated electricity, and thereby buttress the GDP and lower debt.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/>
The Djibouti firm Salt Investment (SIS) began a large-scale operation to industrialize the plentiful salt in Djibouti's [[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]] region. Operating at an annual capacity of 4 million tons, the desalination project has lifted export revenues, created more job opportunities, and provided more fresh water for the area's residents.<ref name=CIA/><ref name="Cdpafoid"/> In 2012, the Djibouti government also enlisted the services of the China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd for the construction of an ore terminal. Worth $64 million, the project is scheduled to be completed within two years{{when|date=September 2015}} and will enable Djibouti to export a further 5,000 tons of salt per year to markets in Southeast Asia.<ref name="Xdcssmuatfse">{{cite news|title=Djibouti, China Sign 64 mln USD Agreement to Facilitate Salt Export|url=http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm|accessdate=27 February 2013|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224170743/http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm#|archive-date=24 February 2014|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Djibouti GDP 1985 to 2015.png|thumb|300px|Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015.]]
Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341 million in 1985 to US$1.5 billion in 2015. The [[Djiboutian franc]] is the currency of Djibouti. It is issued by the [[Central Bank of Djibouti]], the country's [[monetary authority]]. Since the Djiboutian franc is pegged to the U.S. dollar, it is generally stable and inflation is not a problem. This has contributed to the growing interest in investment in the country.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/><ref name="Rdbbafi">{{cite news|title=Djibouti banking boom attracts foreign investors|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html|accessdate=27 February 2013|agency=Reuters|date=23 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060742/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html#|archive-date=26 May 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf Le système informel de transferts de fonds et le mécanisme automatique du Currency Board : complémentarité ou antagonisme ? Le cas des transferts des hawalas à Djibouti] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224163710/http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf |date=24 February 2014 }}. univ-orleans.fr</ref>
{{As of|2010}}, 10 conventional and Islamic banks operate in Djibouti. Most arrived within the past few years, including the Somali money transfer company [[Dahabshiil]] and BDCD, a subsidiary of Swiss Financial Investments. The banking system had previously been monopolized by two institutions: the Indo-Suez Bank and the Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR).<ref name="Rdbbafi"/> To assure a robust credit and deposit sector, the government requires commercial banks to maintain 30% of shares in the financial institution;{{clarify|date=September 2015}} a minimum of 300 million Djiboutian francs in up-front capital is mandatory for international banks. Lending has likewise been encouraged by the creation of a guarantee fund, which allows banks to issue loans to eligible small- and medium-sized businesses without first requiring a large deposit or other collateral.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/>
Saudi investors are also reportedly exploring the possibility of linking the [[Horn of Africa]] with the [[Arabian Peninsula]] via a {{convert|28.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://basementgeographer.com/bridge-of-the-horns-cities-of-light-will-they-ever-actually-be-built/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828004021/http://basementgeographer.com/bridge-of-the-horns-cities-of-light-will-they-ever-actually-be-built/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 August 2013 |title=Bridge of the Horns, Cities of Light: Will They Ever Actually Be Built? |date=27 June 2011 |website=The Basement Geographer |publisher=WordPress |access-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref> oversea bridge through Djibouti, referred to as the [[Bridge of the Horns]]. The investor [[Tarek bin Laden]] has been linked to the project. However, it was announced in June 2010 that Phase I of the project had been delayed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768 |title=Phase I of Yemen and Djibouti Causeway delayed |publisher=Steelguru.com |date=22 June 2010 |accessdate=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082305/http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768# |archive-date=5 April 2016 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Transport===
{{Main article|Transport in Djibouti}}
[[File:The Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport.png|thumb|right|Main Terminal at [[Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport]].]]
The [[Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport]], the country's only international airport in [[Djibouti City]] serves many intercontinental routes with scheduled and chartered flights. [[Air Djibouti]] is the flag carrier of Djibouti and is the country's largest airline.
The new and electrified [[standard gauge]] [[Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway]] started operation in January 2018. Its main purpose is to facilitate freight services between the Ethiopian hinterland and the Djiboutian [[Port of Doraleh]].
Car ferries pass the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]] from Djibouti City to [[Tadjoura]]. There is the [[Port of Doraleh]] west of Djibouti City, which is the main port of Djibouti. The Port of Doraleh is the terminal of the new Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway. In addition to the Port of Doraleh, which handles general cargo and oil imports, Djibouti currently (2018) has three other major ports for the import and export of bulk goods and livestock, the [[Tadjoura|Port of Tadjourah]] (potash), the [[Damerjog|Damerjog Port]] (livestock) and the [[Port of Goubet]] (salt). Almost 95 % of Ethiopia's imports and exports move through Djiboutian ports.
The Djiboutian highway system is named according to the road classification. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Djibouti.
===Media and telecommunications===
{{Main article|Media of Djibouti|Telecommunications in Djibouti}}
[[File:Djibtelcom2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti Telecom]] headquarters in [[Djibouti City]].]]
Telecommunications in Djibouti fall under the authority of the Ministry of Communication.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/DJ.html|publisher=CIA|accessdate=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005352/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/DJ.html#|archive-date=21 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Djibouti Telecom]] is the sole provider of telecommunication services. It mostly utilizes a microwave radio relay network. A fiber-optic cable is installed in the capital, whereas rural areas are connected via wireless local loop radio systems. Mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city. {{As of|2015}}, 23,000 telephone main lines and 312,000 mobile/cellular lines were in use. The [[SEA-ME-WE 3 (cable system)|SEA-ME-WE 3]] [[Submarine communications cable|submarine cable]] operates to [[Jeddah]], [[Suez]], Sicily, [[Marseille]], [[Colombo]], Singapore and beyond. Telephone [[satellite]] earth stations include 1 [[Intelsat]] (Indian Ocean) and 1 [[Arabsat]]. Medarabtel is the regional microwave radio relay telephone network.<ref name=CIA/>
[[Radio Television of Djibouti]] is the state-owned national broadcaster. It operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the two domestic radio networks on [[AM broadcasting|AM]] 1, [[FM broadcasting|FM]] 2, and shortwave 0. Licensing and operation of broadcast media is regulated by the government.<ref name=CIA/> Movie theaters include the Odeon Cinema in the capital.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie theaters in Djibouti, Djibouti|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti|publisher=Cinema Treasures|accessdate=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124154503/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti#|archive-date=24 November 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{As of|2012}}, there were 215 local internet service providers. Internet users comprised around 99,000 individuals (2015). The internet country top-level domain is [[.dj]].<ref name=CIA/>
===Tourism===
{{Main article|Tourism in Djibouti}}
[[File:Photo of Gulf Of Tadjoura.png|thumb|right|Arta Plage on the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]].]]
Tourism in Djibouti is one of the growing economic sectors of the country and is an industry that generates less than 80,000 arrivals per year, mostly the family and friends of the soldiers stationed in the country's major naval bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087312/tiny-african-nation-djibouti-banks-chinese-tourists|title=African Nation of Djibouti banks on Chinese tourists|last=|first=|date=17 April 2017|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314190711/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2087312/tiny-african-nation-djibouti-banks-chinese-tourists#|archive-date=14 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Although the numbers are on the rise, there are talks of the visa on arrival being stopped, which could limit tourism growth.
Infrastructure makes it difficult for tourists to travel independently and costs of private tours are high. Since the re-opening of the train line from Addis Ababa to Djibouti in January 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/|title=Ethiosport launch of the train to Djibouti|last=|first=|date=1 January 2018|website=ethiosports.com|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174951/http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/#|archive-date=14 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> travel by land has also resumed. Djibouti's two main geological marvels, Lake Abbe and Lake Assal, are the country's top tourist destinations. The two sights draw<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/|title=Things to do in Djibouti|last=|first=|date=14 March 2018|website=onceinalifetimejourney|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174944/https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/#|archive-date=14 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> hundreds of tourists every year looking for remote places that are not visited by many.
===Energy===
{{main|Energy in Djibouti}}
Djibouti has an installed electrical power generating capacity of 126 MW from fuel oil and diesel plants.<ref name=oxford>{{Cite news|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development|title=Diversification key to expansion of Djibouti's energy sector|date=16 March 2016|work=Oxford Business Group|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153131/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development#|archive-date=3 November 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2002 electrical power output was put at 232 GWh, with consumption at 216 GWh. At 2015, per capita annual electricity consumption is about 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh); moreover, about 45% of the population does not have access to electricity,<ref name=oxford/> and the level of unmet demand in the country's power sector is significant. Increased [[hydropower]] imports from [[Ethiopia]], which currently satisfies 65% of Djibouti's demand, will play a significant role in boosting the country's renewable energy supply.<ref name=oxford/> The geothermal potential has generated particular interest in Japan, with 13 potential sites; they have already started the construction on one site near Lake Assal. The construction of the photovoltaic power station (solar farms) in Grand Bara will generated 50 MW capacity.
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