మలావి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 151:
మలావిలో ఐదు జాతీయ ఉద్యానవనాలు, వన్యప్రాణి, గేమ్ రిజర్వులు, మరో రెండు రక్షిత ప్రదేశాలు ఉన్నాయి.
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Malawi}}
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Village boys.jpg|thumb|Children in Chilowamatambe, Kasungu district, Malawi]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|11.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Malawi has a population of over {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6)}} million, with a [[Population growth|growth rate]] of 3.32%, according to {{UN_Population|Year}} estimates.{{UN_Population|ref}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |website=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=23 July 2017}}</ref> The population is forecast to grow to over 45 million people by 2050, nearly tripling the estimated 16 million in 2010.18,091,575 is Malawi's estimated 2016 population based on most recent estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%27Population,%20History%20and%20Forecast%27&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=99&File=1|title=frm_Message|publisher=|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>
Malawi's population is made up of the [[Chewa people|Chewa]], [[Nyanja]], [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]], [[Yao (ethnic group in Africa)|Yao]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]], [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]], and [[Ngonde]] native [[ethnic group]]s, as well as populations of [[Asian people|Asians]] and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]]. The official language is English.<ref name=language /> Major languages include [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], a language spoken by over 57% of the population, [[Chewa language|Chinyanja]] (12.8%), [[Yao language|Chiyao]] (10.1%), and [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] (9.5%).<ref name="CIA" /> Other [[native language]]s are [[Malawi Lomwe language|Malawian Lomwe]], spoken by around 250,000 in the southeast of the country; [[Kokola]], spoken by around 200,000 people also in the southeast; [[Lambya people|Lambya]], spoken by around 45,000 in the northwestern tip; [[Ndali language|Ndali]], spoken by around 70,000; [[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa-Ngonde]], spoken by around 300,000 in northern Malawi; Malawian [[Sena language|Sena]], spoken by around 270,000 in southern Malawi; and [[Tonga (Nyasa) language|Tonga]], spoken by around 170,000 in the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|title=Languages of Malawi|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=21 November 2008|work=Ethnologue|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129051300/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|archivedate=29 November 2010}}</ref>
===Urbanization===
{{Largest cities of Malawi}}
===Religion===
{{Further|Christianity in Malawi|Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Islam in Malawi|Hinduism in Malawi|Bahá'í Faith in Malawi}}
[[File:Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi.jpg|thumb|9- to 10-year-old boys of the [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] tribe participating in circumcision and initiation rites.]]
Malawi is a majority Christian country, with a significant Muslim minority. Government surveys indicate that 87% of the country is Christian, with a minority 11.6% Islamic population.<ref name="DHS 2016">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf|title=Demographic and Health Survey: 2015-2016|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|format=PDF|page=36|accessdate=19 April 2018}}</ref> The largest Christian groups in Malawi are the Roman Catholic Church, of which 19% of Malawians are adherents, and the [[Church of Central Africa Presbyterian]] (CCAP) to which 18% belong.<ref name="DHS 2016"/> The CCAP is the largest Protestant denomination in Malawi with 1.3 million members. There are smaller [[Presbyterian]] denominations like the [[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi]] and the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Malawi]]. There are also smaller numbers of [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]], [[Baptists]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (over 93,000),<ref>2017 Service Year Report of Jehovah's Witnesses</ref> evangelicals, [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], and the [[Lutheran Church of Central Africa|Lutherans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa.—Malawi|publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005306/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|archivedate=11 January 2017}}</ref> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] had just over 2,000 members in the country at the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/malawi|title=LDS Statistics and Church Facts – Total Church Membership|publisher=}}</ref>
Most of the Muslim population is [[Sunni]], of either the [[Qadriya]] or Sukkutu groups, with a few who follow the [[Ahmadiyya]] branch of Islam.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyIpVV3FZlAC&pg=PA63#v=onepage | title=Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi | page=59 | author=Richard Carver | accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref>
Other religious groups within the country include [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'is]] (0.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |title=Baha'i population by country |publisher=Thearda.com |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>) and around 300 [[Jews]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=12347&rog3=MI |title=Jews in Malawi |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> [[Atheism|Atheists]] make up around 4% of the population, although this number may include people who practice traditional African religions that do not have any Gods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90107.htm|title=Malawi|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007|accessdate=18 December 2008|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=14 September 2007}}</ref>
===Health===
[[File:The time is now – mums waiting for family planning services (7513648798).jpg|thumb|Malawi women with young children attending [[family planning]] services]]
{{main|Healthcare in Malawi}}
Malawi has central hospitals, regional and private facilities. The public sector offers free health services and medicines, while [[non-government organisations]] offers services and medicines for fees. Private doctors offer fee-based services and medicines. Health insurance schemes have been established since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/02/19/000333037_20100219005458/Rendered/PDF/531070WP0Pharm10Box345597B01PUBLIC1.pdf|author=McCabe, Ariane|title=Private Sector Pharmaceutical Supply and Distribution Chains: Ghana, Mali and Malawi|work=Health Systems Outcome Publication|publisher=World Bank|date=December 2009|accessdate=2 April 2012}}</ref> The country has a [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] industry consisting of four privately owned pharmaceutical companies. Malawi's healthcare goal is for "promoting health, preventing, reducing and curing disease, and reducing the occurrence of premature death in the population".<ref>Malawi Investment Promotion Agency, 2008, p. 20 – Investment Guide</ref>
[[Infant mortality]] rates are high, and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 50.03 years. Abortion is illegal in Malawi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/where-abortion-illegal-protest-against-culture-death-malawi-religious-groups-2456454|title=Where Is Abortion Illegal? Protest Against 'Culture Of Death' By Malawi Religious Groups|last=|first=|date=|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> except to save the mother's life. The Penal Code punishes women who seek illegal or clinical abortion with 7 years in prison, and 14 years for those perform the abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5002/abortion-law-malawi |title=Abortion law Malawi — Women on Waves |website=Womenonwaves.org |date=15 June 2012 |accessdate=23 July 2017}}</ref> There is a high adult prevalence rate of [[HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 980,000 adults (or 9.1% of the population) living with the disease in 2015. There are approximately 27,000 deaths each year from HIV/AIDS, and over half a million children orphaned because of the disease (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/malawi|title=
HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|accessdate=6 January 2017}}</ref> Approximately 250 new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labor force dying of the disease. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.<ref name="Africa08" /> In 2006, international superstar [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] started [[Raising Malawi]], a foundation that helps AIDS orphans in Malawi, and also financed a documentary about the hardships experienced by Malawian orphans, called ''[[I Am Because We Are]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1223372,00.html|title=Madonna Finds a Cause|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Luscombe, Belinda|date=6 August 2006|accessdate=24 October 2008}}</ref> Raising Malawi also works with the [[Millennium Villages Project]] to improve education, health care, infrastructure and agriculture in Malawi.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/madonna200707|title=Raising Malawi|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|author=Hutton, Punch|date=July 2007|accessdate=24 October 2008}}</ref>
There is a very high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including bacterial and protozoal [[diarrhoea]], [[hepatitis A]], [[typhoid fever]], [[malaria]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[rabies]].<ref name="CIA" /> Malawi has been making progress on decreasing child mortality and reducing the incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; however, the country has been "performing dismally" on reducing maternal mortality and promoting [[gender equality]].<ref name=UNDP/> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practiced in some local communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111184006/http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2014|title=Wayback Machine|date=11 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>
On 23 November 2016, a court in Malawi sentenced an HIV-positive man to two years in prison with forced labor after having sex with 100 women without disclosing his status. Women rights activists asked the government to review the sentence calling it too "lenient."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-sexcrimes-women-idUSKBN13J01P|title=Malawi faces calls to review two-year jail term for HIV-positive 'hyena' man|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>
===Education===
[[File:Localschool.JPG|thumb|250 px|School children in the classroom, in [[Karonga, Malawi]]]]
{{Main|Education in Malawi}}
In Malawi, primary education is compulsory (Revised Education Act 2012). In 1994, free primary education for all children was established by the government, which increased attendance rates. Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Malawi.htm|title=Malawi|accessdate=6 October 2008|publisher=Bureau of International Labor Affairs, US Dept. of Labor|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm|archivedate=6 October 2008}}</ref> attributed to security problems during the long travel to school, as girls face a higher prevalence of gender-based violence. However, attendance rates for all children are improving, with enrollment rates for primary schools increased from 58% in 1992 to 75% in 2007, while the number of students who begin in standard one and complete standard five has increased from 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006. However attendance in secondary school falls to approximately 25%, with attendance rates being slightly higher for males.<ref name=Furlong>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56479-3|page=233}}</ref><ref name=U.N.>{{cite web|title=The world youth report: youth and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/WYR2010Final%20online%20version.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> Youth literacy has also increased, moving from 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007. This increase is primarily attributed to improved learning materials in schools, better infrastructure and feeding programs that have been implemented throughout the school system.<ref name=UNDP/>
[[File:Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.svg|link= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP,_2012_or_closest_year.svg|thumb|Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.<ref name="Web"/>]]
Education in Malawi comprises eight years of primary education, four years of secondary school and four years of university.
There are four public universities in Malawi, namely; [[Mzuzu University]] (MZUNI), Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), [[University of Malawi]] (UNIMA) and [[Malawi University of Science and Technology]](MUST). Besides these, there are also private universities like; Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, Catholic University of Malawi, African Bible College, UNICAF University, MIM etc. The entry requirement is six credits on the Malawi school Certificate of Education certificate which is equivalent to O levels.
In 2016, the Malawi eHealth Research Centre in partnership with Mzuzu University and Luke International was established and is Malawi's first fully dedicated eHealth Research Centre. This new research facility will contribute to improve health and social outcomes for communities in Malawi, by enhancing the quality of research and education in eHealth and healthcare.
== వెలుపలి లింకులు ==
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