నైజర్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 241:
 
2005 డిసెంబరులో ఐ.ఎం.ఎఫ్. నుండి 100% బహుపాక్షిక రుణ విముక్తి పొందిందని ప్రకటించబడింది. ఇది ఐ.ఎం.ఎఫ్.కు సుమారు $ 86 మిలియన్ల క్షమాపణ కింద అందించింది. మిగిలిన మొత్తం హెచ్.ఐ.పి.ఎస్. అందించింది. ప్రభుత్వ ఆర్ధికప్రణాళికలో దాదాపు సగం విదేశీ దాతల వనరుల నుండి తీసుకోబడుతుంది. చమురు, బంగారం, బొగ్గు, ఇతర ఖనిజ వనరులను అత్యుపయోగం ద్వారా భవిష్యత్తులో వృద్ధి కొనసాగవచ్చు. యురేనియం ధరలు గత కొన్ని సంవత్సరాలలో కొంతవరకు కోలుకున్నాయి. 2005 లో ఒక కరువు, మిడుతల ముట్టడి కారణంగా 2.5 మిలియన్ నైజరు ప్రజలకు ఆహార కొరత ఏర్పడింది.
 
 
== Society ==
 
===Demographics===
{{Main|Demographics of Niger}}
[[File:1997 275-15 young Wodaabe women.jpg|thumb|[[Fula people|Fulani]] women with traditional facial tattoos.]]
 
{{As of|{{UN_Population|Year}}}}, the population of Niger was {{UN_Population|Niger}}{{UN_Population|ref}}. Expanding from a population of 1.7 million in 1960, Niger's population has rapidly increased with a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1 children per mother<ref name="irin-demographics">[http://www.irinnews.org/report/75801/niger-population-explosion-threatens-development-gains Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains]. [[Irin]], 11 December 2007.</ref>).<ref name="ins-demographics">{{fr}} ''Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007-2011''. [http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/Annuaires_Statistiques/AS2007-2011STRUCTUREPOPULATION.pdf Structure de la population] (Niger's National Statistics Institute Report)</ref>
 
This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies.<ref name="irin-demographics"/> The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas.<ref name="ins-demographics"/>
 
A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8 per cent of the population) [[Slavery in Niger|in Niger are enslaved]].<ref>"[http://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today |publisher=BBC |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref>
 
=== Ethnic groups ===
{{Main|Hausa people|Zarma people|Tuareg people|Fula people|Kanuri people|Tubu people|Diffa Arabs|Gurma people}}
Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups as in most West African countries. The ethnic makeup of Niger is as follows: [[Hausa people|Hausa]] (53.0%), [[Zarma people|Zarma-Songhai]] (21.2%), [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] (10.4%), [[Fula people|Fula]] ({{lang-fr|Peuls}}; {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}) (9.9%), [[Kanuri people|Kanuri Manga]] (4.4%), [[Tubu people|Tubu]] (0.4%), [[Diffa Arabs|Arab]] (0.3%), [[Gurma people|Gourmantche]] (0.3%), other (0.2%).<ref name="ins-demographics"/>
 
=== Languages ===
{{Main| Languages of Niger}}
French, inherited from the colonial period, is the [[official language]]. It is spoken mainly as a second language by people who have received a formal western education and serves as the administrative language. Niger has been a member of the [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]] since 1970.
 
Niger has ten official [[national language]]s, namely [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Buduma language|Buduma]], [[Fula language|Fulfulde]], [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Songhay languages|Zarma & Songhai]], [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]], [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]], [[Tebu languages|Tebu]].<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/> Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated.<ref>Ethologue. [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages Niger languages]</ref><ref>Présidence de la République du Niger. [https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ Le Niger]</ref> Hausa and Zarma-Sonrai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages.
 
=== Largest cities ===
{{Further|List of cities in Niger}}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=top style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #DDDDDD"
!City
!Census division
!Population<br>2001<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niger.html Population figures from citypopulation.de], citing [http://www.stat-niger.org/ (2001) Institut National de la Statistique du Niger].</ref>
!Position<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NG/index.html fallingrain.com].</ref>
|-
|[[Agadez]]||[[Agadez Region|Agadez]]||78,289|| <small>{{Coord|16.9738889|7.9908333|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Arlit]]||[[Agadez Region|Agadez]]||69,435|| <small>{{Coord|18.7325|7.3680556|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Birni Nkonni]]||[[Tahoua Region|Tahoua]]||44,663|| <small>{{Coord|13.8|5.25|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Dogondoutchi]]||[[Dosso Region|Dosso]]||29,244|| <small>{{Coord|13.6461111|4.0288889|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Dosso, Niger|Dosso]]||[[Dosso Region|Dosso]]||43,561|| <small>{{Coord|13.0444444|3.1947222|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]]||[[Maradi Region|Maradi]]||148,017|| <small>{{Coord|13.4916667|7.0963889|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Niamey]]||[[Niamey|Niamey Capital District]]||707,951|| <small>{{Coord|13.5166667|2.1166667|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Tahoua]]||[[Tahoua Region|Tahoua]]||73,002|| <small>{{Coord|14.8902778|5.2677778|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Tessaoua]]||[[Maradi Region|Maradi]]||31,667|| <small>{{Coord|13.7533333|7.9863889|||format=dec}}</small>
|-
|[[Zinder]]||[[Zinder Region|Zinder]]||170,575|| <small>{{Coord|13.8|8.9833333|||format=dec}}</small>
|}
 
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Niger}}
[[File:Niamey Mosque.jpg|thumb|A mosque in [[Niamey]]]]
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Niger
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent<ref name="census" />
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Islam|darkgreen|99}}
{{bar percent|Christianity and Animism|purple|0.5}}
}}
Niger is a [[secular country]] and separation of state and religion is guaranteed by Articles 3 and 175 of the 2010 Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger. [[Religious freedom]] is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. [[Islam]], widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99% of the population according to the 2012 census.<ref name="census">{{cite web | url =http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/RGPH2012/ETAT_STRUCTURE_POPULATION.pdf | title = Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2012 | last = Institut national de la statistique | date = November 2015 | access-date =July 12, 2018}}</ref>
 
The other two main religions of Niger are [[Christianity]], practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism ([[African traditional religion|traditional indigenous religious beliefs]]), practiced by 0.2% of the population.<ref name="census" /> Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Other urban Christian expatriate communities from Europe and West Africa are also presented. Religious persecution is rare in Niger which is ranked last (#50) on the [[World Watch List]] for severity of persecution that Christians face for actively pursuing their faith.
 
The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the [[Bori (religion)|Bori religion]]) are practiced by [[syncretic]] Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some [[Toubou]] and [[Wodaabe]] pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa-speaking [[Maouri people|Maouri]] (or ''Azna'', the Hausa word for "pagan") community in [[Dogondoutci]] in the south-southwest and the [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] speaking Manga near [[Zinder]], both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa [[Maguzawa]] religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest.<ref name=Decalo79/>
 
====Islam====
{{Main|Islam in Niger}}
The majority of Muslims in Niger are [[Sunni]], 7% are [[Shi'a]], 5% are [[Ahmadiyya]] and 20% [[non-denominational]].<ref name="pew">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |accessdate=2 June 2014 |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life}}</ref><ref name=report>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the [[Songhai Empire]] in the west, and the influence of the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] traveling from the [[Maghreb]] and [[Egypt]]. [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the [[Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu Empire]] in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively [[Berber mythology|Berber]] practices.
 
Both [[Zarma people|Zarma]] and [[Hausa people|Hausa]] areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century [[Fula jihads|Fula led]] [[Sufi]] brotherhoods, most notably the [[Sokoto Caliphate]] (in today's Nigeria). Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the [[Tijaniya]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Tariqah|brotherhoods]], although there are small minority groups tied to [[Hammallism]] and [[Nyassist]] Sufi orders in the west, and the [[Sanusiya]] in the far northeast.<ref name=Decalo79>Decalo, James. ''Historical Dictionary of Niger''. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey&nbsp;– London, 1979. {{ISBN|0-8108-1229-0}}. pp. 156–7, 193–4.</ref>
 
A small center of followers of Salafi movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in [[Maradi, Niger|Maradi]].<ref>Decalo (1997) p. 261–2, 158, 230.</ref> These small groups, linked to similar groups in [[Jos]], Nigeria, came to public prominence in the 1990s during a series of religious riots.<ref>Ben Amara, Ramzi. [http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/pages/staff/amara.php "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation"]. Research Summary (n.d.)</ref><ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/nigeria-1.htm Nigeria Christian / Muslim Conflict], GlobalSecurity.org (n.d.)</ref><ref>[http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 Summary for Shedrack Best's ''Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement'', 1999] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113202500/http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=1 |date=13 January 2009 }}; conflict-prevention.net.</ref>
 
Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a [[secular state]], protected by law.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5684.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]], 26 October 2001.</ref> Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom.<ref>t'Sas, Vincent. [http://www.iol.ie/~afifi/BICNews/Islam/islam19.htm "Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger"], Reuters, 6 December 1997.</ref> Divorce and [[polygyny]] are unremarkable, women are not secluded, and head coverings are not mandatory—they are often a rarity in urban areas.<ref>Imam, Ayesha M. [http://www.wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd%5B87%5D=i-87-2639 Dossier 17: The Muslim Religious Right ('Fundamentalists') and Sexuality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316091055/http://wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd%5B87%5D=i-87-2639 |date=16 March 2009 }}. WLUML, November 1997.</ref> Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country.
 
===Education===
{{Main|Education in Niger}}
[[File:Niger primary school MCC3500.jpg|thumb|A primary classroom in Niger.]]
The [[literacy rate]] of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years.<ref name=ilab>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Niger.htm "Niger"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm |date=5 December 2008 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls.<ref name=ilab/> In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent.<ref name=ilab/>
 
About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years.<ref name=ilab/> Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or [[harvest]] periods.<ref name=ilab/> [[Nomad]]ic children in the north of the country often do not have access to schools.<ref name=ilab/>
 
===Health===
{{Main|Health in Niger}}
 
The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. According to the organization [[Save the Children]], Niger has the world's highest [[infant mortality rate]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff |last=Green |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |title=U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says | publisher=CNN |date=10 May 2006 |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref>
 
Niger also has the highest [[fertility rate]] in the world (6.49 births per woman according to 2017 estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=28 October 2018}}</ref>); this means that nearly half (49%) of the Nigerien population is under age 15. Niger has the 11th highest [[maternal mortality]] rate in the world at 820 deaths/100,000 live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html?countryName=Niger&countryCode=ng&regionCode=afr&rank=11#ng |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|title=Niger|accessdate=20 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123142319/http://www.angellite.org.uk/where-we-work.html|archivedate=23 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
== వెలుపలి లింకులు ==
"https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/నైజర్" నుండి వెలికితీశారు