నైజర్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8 per cent of the population) [[Slavery in Niger|in Niger are enslaved]].<ref>"[http://abcnews.go.com/International/Story?id=813618&page=1 The Shackles of Slavery in Niger]". ABC News. 3 June 2005.</ref><ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm Born to be a slave in Niger]". BBC News. 11 February 2005.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml |title=BBC World Service &#124; Slavery Today |publisher=BBC |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref>
 
=== సంప్రదాయ సమూహాలు ===
=== Ethnic groups ===
 
{{Main|Hausa people|Zarma people|Tuareg people|Fula people|Kanuri people|Tubu people|Diffa Arabs|Gurma people}}
Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups as in most West African countries. The ethnic makeup of Niger is as follows: [[Hausa people|Hausa]] (53.0%), [[Zarma people|Zarma-Songhai]] (21.2%), [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] (10.4%), [[Fula people|Fula]] ({{lang-fr|Peuls}}; {{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}) (9.9%), [[Kanuri people|Kanuri Manga]] (4.4%), [[Tubu people|Tubu]] (0.4%), [[Diffa Arabs|Arab]] (0.3%), [[Gurma people|Gourmantche]] (0.3%), other (0.2%).<ref name="ins-demographics"/>
 
=== Languagesభాషలు ===
 
{{Main| Languages of Niger}}
French, inherited from the colonial period, is the [[official language]]. It is spoken mainly as a second language by people who have received a formal western education and serves as the administrative language. Niger has been a member of the [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]] since 1970.
 
Niger has ten official [[national language]]s, namely [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Buduma language|Buduma]], [[Fula language|Fulfulde]], [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]], [[Songhay languages|Zarma & Songhai]], [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]], [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]], [[Tebu languages|Tebu]].<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca"/> Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated.<ref>Ethologue. [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NE/languages Niger languages]</ref><ref>Présidence de la République du Niger. [https://www.presidence.ne/gographie/ Le Niger]</ref> Hausa and Zarma-Sonrai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages.
 
=== పెద్ద నగరాలు===
=== Largest cities ===
{{Further|List of cities in Niger}}
 
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===Religionమతం===
{{Main|Religion in Niger}}
[[File:Niamey Mosque.jpg|thumb|A mosque in [[Niamey]]]]
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The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the [[Bori (religion)|Bori religion]]) are practiced by [[syncretic]] Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some [[Toubou]] and [[Wodaabe]] pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa-speaking [[Maouri people|Maouri]] (or ''Azna'', the Hausa word for "pagan") community in [[Dogondoutci]] in the south-southwest and the [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] speaking Manga near [[Zinder]], both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa [[Maguzawa]] religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest.<ref name=Decalo79/>
 
====Islamఇస్లాం ====
{{Main|Islam in Niger}}
The majority of Muslims in Niger are [[Sunni]], 7% are [[Shi'a]], 5% are [[Ahmadiyya]] and 20% [[non-denominational]].<ref name="pew">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Muslim/the-worlds-muslims-full-report.pdf |title=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |accessdate=2 June 2014 |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life}}</ref><ref name=report>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90113.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (14 September 2007). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the [[Songhai Empire]] in the west, and the influence of the [[Trans-Saharan trade]] traveling from the [[Maghreb]] and [[Egypt]]. [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the [[Bornu Empire|Kanem-Bornu Empire]] in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively [[Berber mythology|Berber]] practices.
 
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Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a [[secular state]], protected by law.<ref>[https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5684.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger]. United States [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]], 26 October 2001.</ref> Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom.<ref>t'Sas, Vincent. [http://www.iol.ie/~afifi/BICNews/Islam/islam19.htm "Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger"], Reuters, 6 December 1997.</ref> Divorce and [[polygyny]] are unremarkable, women are not secluded, and head coverings are not mandatory—they are often a rarity in urban areas.<ref>Imam, Ayesha M. [http://www.wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd%5B87%5D=i-87-2639 Dossier 17: The Muslim Religious Right ('Fundamentalists') and Sexuality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316091055/http://wluml.org/english/pubsfulltxt.shtml?cmd%5B87%5D=i-87-2639 |date=16 March 2009 }}. WLUML, November 1997.</ref> Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country.
 
===Educationవిద్య===
{{Main|Education in Niger}}
[[File:Niger primary school MCC3500.jpg|thumb|A primary classroom in Niger.]]
The [[literacy rate]] of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years.<ref name=ilab>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Niger.htm "Niger"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205044526/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/niger.htm |date=5 December 2008 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].''</ref> The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls.<ref name=ilab/> In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent.<ref name=ilab/>
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About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years.<ref name=ilab/> Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or [[harvest]] periods.<ref name=ilab/> [[Nomad]]ic children in the north of the country often do not have access to schools.<ref name=ilab/>
 
===ఆరోగ్యం==
===Health===
{{Main|Health in Niger}}
 
The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. According to the organization [[Save the Children]], Niger has the world's highest [[infant mortality rate]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Jeff |last=Green |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html |title=U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says | publisher=CNN |date=10 May 2006 |accessdate=3 May 2010}}</ref>
 
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