గాంబియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 183:
Green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) juvenile head.jpg|The Gambia's wildlife, like this [[green monkey]], attracts tourists
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==Society==
[[File:Bevölkerungspyramide Gambia 2016.png|thumb|Population pyramid]]
{{Main|Demographics of the Gambia}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population<br />in The Gambia{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.27
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Gambia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
The urbanisation rate in 2011 was 57.3%.<ref name="ciageography"/> Provisional figures from the 2003 census show that the gap between the urban and rural populations is narrowing as more areas are declared urban. While urban migration, development projects, and modernisation are bringing more Gambians into contact with Western habits and values, indigenous forms of dress and celebration and the traditional emphasis on the extended family remain integral parts of everyday life.<ref name="bn"/>
The UNDP's Human Development Report for 2010 ranks the Gambia 151st out of 169 countries on its Human Development Index, putting it in the 'Low Human Development' category. This index compares life expectancy, years of schooling, gross national income (GNI) per capita and some other factors.
The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated at 3.98 children/woman in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=TOTAL FERTILITY RATE|publisher=CIA World Factbook}}</ref>
===Ethnic groups===
A variety of [[ethnic group]]s live in the Gambia, each preserving its own language and traditions. The [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ethnicity is the largest, followed by the [[Fula people|Fula]], [[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Jola people|Jola]]/[[Karoninka people|Karoninka]], [[Soninke people|Serahule / Jahanka]], [[Serer people|Serers]], [[Manjago people|Manjago]], [[Bambara people|Bambara]], [[Oku people (Sierra Leone)|Aku Marabou]], Bainunka and others.<ref name="2013Census" /> The Krio people, locally known as [[Aku people|Akus]], constitute one of the smallest ethnic minorities in the Gambia. They are descendants of the [[Sierra Leone Creole people]] and have been traditionally concentrated in the capital.
The roughly 3,500 non-African residents include Europeans and families of [[Lebanese diaspora|Lebanese]] origin (0.23% of the total population).<ref name="bn"/> Most of the European minority is<!-- most is singular --> [[British people|British]], although many of the British left after independence.
===Languages===
{{Main| Languages of the Gambia}}
English is the official language of the Gambia. Other languages are [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Fula language|Fula]], [[Serer language|Serer]], [[Krio language|Krio]], Jola and other indigenous vernaculars.<ref name="ciageography"/> Owing to the country's geographical setting, knowledge of [[French language|French]] (an official language in much of West Africa) is relatively widespread.
===Education===
[[File:Gambian classroom.jpg|thumb|Classroom at [[Armitage High School]]]]
{{Main|Education in the Gambia}}
The constitution mandates free and compulsory primary education in the Gambia. Lack of resources and educational infrastructure has made implementation of this difficult.<ref name=ilab>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007165653/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/gambia.htm "The Gambia"]. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref> In 1995, the gross primary enrolment rate was 77.1% and the net primary enrolment rate was 64.7%<ref name=ilab/> School fees long prevented many children from attending school, but in February 1998, President Jammeh ordered the termination of fees for the first six years of schooling.<ref name=ilab/> Girls make up about 52% of primary school pupils. The figure may be lower for girls in rural areas, where cultural factors and poverty prevent parents from sending girls to school.<ref name=ilab/> Approximately 20% of school-age children attend Quranic schools.<ref name=ilab/>
===Health===
{{Main|Health in the Gambia}}
===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in the Gambia}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in the Gambia<ref name="Gambia DHS">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR289/FR289.pdf|title=The Gambia: Demographic and Health Survey, 2013|publisher=Gambia Bureau of Statistics|page=32|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1='''Religions'''
|right1='''Percent'''
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|95.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|4.1}}
{{bar percent|Other|red|0.1}}
}}
[[File:BundungMosque.jpg|thumb|Bundung mosque is one of the largest mosques in [[Serekunda]].]]
Article 25 of the [[Constitution of the Gambia|constitution]] protects the rights of citizens to practice any religion that they choose.<ref name="chap4con">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/gm/legis/const/1997/5.html |title=CHAPTER IV – PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS |accessdate=14 January 2009 |year=1997 |work=Constitution of the Republic of The Gambia }}</ref> In December 2015, Reuters reported that the Gambia was declared to be an Islamic state by the country's president, Yahya Jammeh. Islam is practised by 95% of the country's population.<ref name="Gambia DHS"/> The majority of the Muslims in the Gambia adhere to [[Sunni]] laws and traditions,<ref name="irfr07">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90099.htm |title=Gambia, The |accessdate=14 January 2009 |date=14 September 2007 |work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor }}</ref> while large concentrations follow the [[Ahmadiyya]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|last1=|first1=|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8 | date=June 2005}}</ref>
Virtually all commercial life in the Gambia comes to a standstill during major Muslim holidays, including [[Eid al-Adha]] and [[Eid ul-Fitr]].<ref>Burke, Andrew and Else, David (2002) ''The Gambia & Senegal''. Lonely Planet. p. 35. {{ISBN|1740591372}}.</ref> Most Muslims in the Gambia follow the [[Maliki]] school of [[jurisprudence]].<ref>Sait, Siraj and Lim, Hilary (2011) [http://www.gltn.net/jdownloads/GLTN%20Documents/land_law_and_islam.pdf ''Land, Law and Islam'']. Zed Books. p. 42. {{ISBN|1842778137}}.</ref> Also, a Shiite Muslim community exists in the Gambia, mainly from [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] and other [[Arab people|Arab]] [[immigrants]] to the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wow.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/6/23/shia-presence-in-gambia |title=Shia Presence in Gambia |publisher=Wow.gm |accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref>
The Christian community represents about 4% of the population.<ref name="Gambia DHS"/> Residing in the western and the southern parts of the Gambia, most of the Christian community identifies themselves as [[Roman Catholic]]. However, smaller Christian groups are present, such as [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]], [[Methodism|Methodists]], [[Baptists]], [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], and small evangelical denominations.<ref name="irfr07"/>
It is unclear to what extent [[Traditional African religion|indigenous]] beliefs, such as the [[Serer religion]], continue to be practiced. Serer religion encompasses cosmology and a belief in a supreme deity called [[Roog]]. Some of its religious festivals include the ''Xoy'', ''Mbosseh'', and ''Randou Rande''. Each year, adherents to Serer religion make the annual pilgrimage to [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]] in Senegal for the ''Xoy'' divination ceremony.<ref>Kalis, Simone (1997). ''Medecine Traditionnele Religion et Divination Chez Les Seereer Siin Du Senegal''. L'Harmattan. {{ISBN|2-7384-5196-9}}</ref> Serer religion also has a rather significant imprint on Senegambian Muslim society in that all [[Senegambian]] Muslim festivals such as "Tobaski", "Gamo", "Koriteh" and "Weri Kor" are [[loanword]]s from the Serer religion as they were ancient Serer festivals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Diouf, Niokhobaye|year=1972|title=Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)|journal=Bulletin de l'IFAN|volume= 34B|issue= 4|pages= 706–7, 713–14}}</ref>
Like the Serers, the [[Jola people]] also have their own religious customs. One of the major religious ceremonies of the Jolas is the [[Boukout]].
Owing to a small number of immigrants from South Asia, [[Hindus]] and followers of the [[Bahá'í Faith]] are also present.<ref name="irfr07"/> However, the vast majority of South Asian immigrants are Muslim.<ref name="irfr07"/>
== బయటి లింకులు ==
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