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కొత్త పేజీ: Personal computer has a lot of case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts: Internals of typical personal computer Internals of typical personal ...
 
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పంక్తి 1:
{{అనువాదం}}
Personal computer has a lot of case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
'''Computer hardware''' is the physical part of a [[computer]], including the [[digital circuit]]ry, as distinguished from the [[computer software]] that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the sense that they are readily created, modified or erased on the computer. [[Firmware]] is a special type of software that rarely, if ever, needs to be changed and so is stored on hardware devices such as [[read-only memory]] (ROM) where it is not readily changed (and is, therefore, "firm" rather than just "soft").
Internals of typical personal computer
Internals of typical personal computer
Typical Motherboard found in a computer
Typical Motherboard found in a computer
Inside a Custom Computer
Inside a Custom Computer
 
Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in [[embedded systems]] in automobiles, microwave ovens, [[electrocardiograph]] machines, [[compact disc]] players, and other devices. [[Personal computer]]s, the computer hardware familiar to most people, form only a small minority of computers (about 0.2% of all new computers produced in 2003). See [[Microprocessor#Market statistics|Market statistics]].
[edit] Motherboard
 
==Typical PC hardware==
Main article: Motherboard
 
A typical [[Personal computer]] has a lot of [[Computer case|case]] or chassis in a tower shape (desktop) and the following parts:
The motherboard is the "heart" of the computer, through which all other components interface.
[[Image:Quick overview of pc hardware.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Internals of typical personal computer]]
[[Image:ASRock K7VT4A Pro Mainboard-eng-labels.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Typical Motherboard found in a computer]]
[[Image:De5c 12.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Inside a Custom Computer]]
 
===Motherboard===
* Central processing unit (CPU) - Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
{{main|Motherboard}}
o Computer fan - Used to lower the temperature of the computer; a fan is almost always attached to the CPU, and the computer case will generally have several fans to maintain a constant airflow. Liquid cooling can also be used to cool a computer, though it focuses more on individual parts rather than the overall temperature inside the chassis.
* Random Access Memory (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running.
* Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory ROM run from the Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or in newer systems Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) compliant
* Internal Buses - Connections to various internal components.
o PCI
o PCI-E
o USB
o HyperTransport
o CSI (expected in 2008)
o AGP (being phased out)
o VLB (outdated)
o ISA (outdated)
o EISA (outdated)
o MCA (outdated)
* External Bus Controllers - used to connect to external peripherals, such as printers and input devices. These ports may also be based upon expansion cards, attached to the internal buses.
o parallel port
o serial port
o USB
o firewire
o SCSI (On Servers and older machines)
o PS/2 (For mice and keyboards, being phased out and replaced by USB.)
 
The motherboard is the "heart" of the computer, through which all other components interface.
[edit] Power supply
 
* [[Central processing unit]] ('''CPU''') - Performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
Main article: Computer power supply
** [[Computer fan]] - Used to lower the temperature of the computer; a fan is almost always attached to the CPU, and the computer case will generally have several fans to maintain a constant airflow. Liquid cooling can also be used to cool a computer, though it focuses more on individual parts rather than the overall temperature inside the chassis.
* [[Random Access Memory]] (RAM) - Fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is powered-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running.
* [[Firmware]] is loaded from the Read only memory [[ROM]] run from the [[Basic Input-Output System]] (BIOS) or in newer systems [[Extensible Firmware Interface]] (EFI) compliant
* Internal [[Computer bus|Buses]] - Connections to various internal components.
** [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]]
** [[PCI Express|PCI-E]]
** [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]]
** [[HyperTransport]]
** [[Common System Interface|CSI]] (expected in [[2008]])
** [[Accelerated Graphics Port|AGP]] (being phased out)
** [[VESA Local Bus|VLB]] (outdated)
** [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] (outdated)
** [[Extended Industry Standard Architecture|EISA]] (outdated)
** [[Micro Channel Architecture|MCA]] (outdated)
* External Bus Controllers - used to connect to external peripherals, such as printers and input devices. These ports may also be based upon expansion cards, attached to the internal buses.
**[[parallel port]]
**[[serial port]]
**[[USB]]
**[[firewire]]
**[[SCSI]] (On Servers and older machines)
**[[PS/2]] (For mice and keyboards, being phased out and replaced by USB.)
 
===Power supply===
{{main|Computer power supply}}
 
A case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan, and supplies power to run the rest of the computer.
 
[edit] ===Storage controllers ===
 
Controllers for [[hard disk]], [[CD-ROM]] and other drives like internal [[Zip]] and [[Jaz]] conventionally for a PC are [[Integrated Drive Electronics|IDE]]/ATA; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards, such as a [[Disk array controller]]. [[IDE]] is usually integrated, unlike [[SCSI]] which is found in most [[servers]]. The floppy drive interface is a legacy [[MFM]] interface which is now slowly disappearing. All these interfaces are gradually being phased out to be replaced by [[SATA]] and [[Serial Attached SCSI|SAS]].
 
[edit] ===Video display controller===
{{main|Graphics card}}
 
Produces the output for the [[computer display]]. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E or AGP), in the form of a [[Graphics Card]].
Main article: Graphics card
 
===Removable media devices===
Produces the output for the computer display. This will either be built into the motherboard or attached in its own separate slot (PCI, PCI-E or AGP), in the form of a Graphics Card.
{{main|Computer storage}}
 
* [[CD]] - the most common type of removable media, inexpensive but has a short life-span.
[edit] Removable media devices
** [[CD-ROM|CD-ROM Drive]] - a device used for reading data from a CD.
** [[CD recorder|CD Writer]] - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
* [[DVD]] - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 6 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video.
** [[DVD-ROM|DVD-ROM Drive]] - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
** [[DVD|DVD Writer]] - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
** [[DVD-RAM|DVD-RAM Drive]] - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
* [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] - a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital information, including high-definition video. Currently a rival of HD DVD.
** [[BD-ROM|BD-ROM Drive]] - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
** [[BD-RE|BD Writer]] - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
* [[HD DVD]] - a high-density optical disc format and successor to the standard DVD. Currently a rival of Blu-ray
* [[Floppy disk]] - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium.
* [[Zip drive]] - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
* [[USB flash drive]] - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable.
* [[Tape drive]] - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, usually used for long term storage.
 
Main article: Computer===Internal storage===
 
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
* CD - the most common type of removable media, inexpensive but has a short life-span.
o CD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a CD.
o CD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
* DVD - a popular type of removable media that is the same dimensions as a CD but stores up to 6 times as much information. It is the most common way of transferring digital video.
o DVD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a DVD.
o DVD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD.
o DVD-RAM Drive - a device used for rapid writing and reading of data from a special type of DVD.
* Blu-ray - a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital information, including high-definition video. Currently a rival of HD DVD.
o BD-ROM Drive - a device used for reading data from a Blu-ray disc.
o BD Writer - a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc.
* HD DVD - a high-density optical disc format and successor to the standard DVD. Currently a rival of Blu-ray
* Floppy disk - an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage medium.
* Zip drive - an outdated medium-capacity removable disk storage system, first introduced by Iomega in 1994.
* USB flash drive - a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface, typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable.
* Tape drive - a device that reads and writes data on a magnetic tape, usually used for long term storage.
 
* [edit[Hard disk]] Internal- for medium-term storage of data.
* [[Solid-state drive]] - a device emulating a hard disk, but containing no moving parts.
* [[Disk array controller]] - a device to manage several hard disks, to achieve performance or reliability improvement.
 
===Sound card===
Hardware that keeps data inside the computer for later use and remains persistent even when the computer has no power.
{{main|Sound card}}
 
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a [[microphone]]. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade.
* Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data.
* Solid-state drive - a device emulating a hard disk, but containing no moving parts.
* Disk array controller - a device to manage several hard disks, to achieve performance or reliability improvement.
 
===Networking===
[edit] Sound card
{{main|Computer networks}}
 
Connects the computer to the [[Internet]] and/or other computers.
Main article: Sound card
 
* [[Modem]] - for dial-up connections
Enables the computer to output sound to audio devices, as well as accept input from a microphone. Most modern computers have sound cards built-in to the motherboard, though it is common for a user to install a separate sound card as an upgrade.
* [[Network card]] - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers.
* [[Direct Cable Connection]] - Use of a [[null modem]], connecting two computers together using their serial ports or a [[laplink|Laplink Cable]], connecting two computers together with their parallel ports.
 
===Other peripherals===
[edit] Networking
{{main|Peripheral}}
 
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Main article: Computer networks
[[Image:3-Tastenmaus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|Wheel mouse]]
 
Includes various [[Input device|input]] and [[Output device|output]] devices, usually external to the computer system
Connects the computer to the Internet and/or other computers.
 
* Modem - for dial-up connections
* Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers.
* Direct Cable Connection - Use of a null modem, connecting two computers together using their serial ports or a Laplink Cable, connecting two computers together with their parallel ports.
 
[edit] Other peripherals
 
Main article: Peripheral
 
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The following are either standard or very common.
Wheel mouse
Wheel mouse
 
====Input====
Includes various input and output devices, usually external to the computer system
{{main|Input}}
 
* [[Character (computing)|Text]] input devices
[edit] Input
** [[Keyboard (computing)|Keyboard]] - a device, to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the [[QWERTY]] layout.
* [[Pointing device]]s
** [[Mouse (computing)|Mouse]] - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
** [[Trackball]] - a pointing device consisting of an exposed portruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
* [[Computer and Video Games|Gaming]] devices
** [[Joystick]] - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
** [[Gamepad]] - a general game controller held in the hand that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
** [[Game controller]] - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
* [[Image]], [[Video]] input devices
** [[Image scanner]] - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
** [[Webcam]] - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
* [[Sound reproduction|Audio]] input devices
** [[Microphone]] - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into an electrical signal
 
====Output====
Main article: Input
{{main|Output}}
 
* [[Image]], [[Video]] * Text inputoutput devices
** [[Computer printer|Printer]] - a peripheral device that produces a hard (usually paper) copy of a document.
o Keyboard - a device, to input text and characters by depressing buttons (referred to as keys), similar to a typewriter. The most common English-language key layout is the QWERTY layout.
** [[Computer display|Monitor]] - device that displays a video signal, similar to a television, to provide the user with information and an interface with which to interact.
* Pointing devices
* [[Sound reproduction|Audio]] output devices
o Mouse - a pointing device that detects two dimensional motion relative to its supporting surface.
** [[Computer speaker|Speakers]] - a device that converts analog audio signals into the equivalent air vibrations in order to make audible sound.
o Trackball - a pointing device consisting of an exposed portruding ball housed in a socket that detects rotation about two axes.
** [[Headphones|Headset]] - a device similar in functionality to computer speakers used mainly to not disturb others nearby.
* Gaming devices
o Joystick - a general control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end, to detect angles in two or three dimensions.
o Gamepad - a general game controller held in the hand that relies on the digits (especially thumbs) to provide input.
o Game controller - a specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes.
* Image, Video input devices
o Image scanner - a device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text, handwriting, or an object.
o Webcam - a low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily transferred over the internet.
* Audio input devices
o Microphone - an acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into an electrical signal
 
== See also ==
[edit] Output
{{Portal|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}}
*[[Computer architecture]]
*[[Digital circuit]]
*[[Green computing]]
*[[History of computing hardware]]
*[[List of computer term etymologies|Origins of computer terms]]
*[[Open hardware]]
*[[Optical computer]]
*[[DNA computing]]
*[[Legacy system]]
*[[Electronic waste|E-waste]]
{{IT giants}}
 
[[Category:Computer hardware| ]]
Main article: Output
[[Category:Computer systems]]
 
[[af:Rekenaarhardeware]]
* Image, Video output devices
[[ar:عتاد الحاسوب]]
o Printer - a peripheral device that produces a hard (usually paper) copy of a document.
[[an:Tarabidau fesico]]
o Monitor - device that displays a video signal, similar to a television, to provide the user with information and an interface with which to interact.
[[ast:Soporte físicu]]
* Audio output devices
[[bs:Hardver]]
o Speakers - a device that converts analog audio signals into the equivalent air vibrations in order to make audible sound.
[[br:Periant]]
o Headset - a device similar in functionality to computer speakers used mainly to not disturb others nearby.
[[bg:Компютърен хардуер]]
[[ca:Maquinari]]
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[[fr:Matériel informatique]]
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[[ko:컴퓨터 하드웨어]]
[[hi:हार्डवेयर]]
[[hr:Računalna sklopovska podrška]]
[[id:Perangkat keras]]
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[[he:חומרה]]
[[csb:Kòmpùtrowô hard-wôra]]
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[[ln:Mabendé ma esálela]]
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[[so:Computer Hardware]]
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[[sh:Hardver]]
[[fi:Tietokonelaitteisto]]
[[sv:Hårdvara]]
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[[vi:Phần cứng]]
[[tr:Bilgisayar donanımı]]
[[uk:Апаратне забезпечення]]
[[zh:计算机硬件]]
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