వికీపీడియా

టాంజానియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

చరిత్రలో దిద్దుబాట్లను ఎంపిక చేసుకుంటూ తేడాలు చూడండి
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విజువల్వికీటెక్స్ట్
పంక్తి 86:
 
జాంజిబారు పేరు "జెంజి" నుండి వచ్చింది. స్థానిక ప్రజల పేరు (జెంజి అంటే "నలుపు" అని అర్ధం), అరబికు పదం "బారు" అనగా తీరం లేదా తీరం అని అర్థం.<ref>{{OEtymD|zanzibar}}</ref>
==History==
{{main|History of Tanzania|History of Zanzibar}}
 
[[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A 1.8-million-year-old stone chopping tool discovered at [[Olduvai Gorge]] and on display at the [[British Museum]]]]
 
===Pre-colonial===
The indigenous populations of eastern Africa are thought to be the [[Hadza language|linguistically isolated]] [[Hadza people|Hadza]] and [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] hunter-gatherers of Tanzania.<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/science.1172257 | title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans | journal=Science | volume=324 | issue=5930 | pages=1035–44 | year=2009 | pmid=19407144 | pmc=2947357 | last1=Tishkoff | first1=S. A. | last2=Reed | first2=F. A. | last3=Friedlaender | first3=F. R.| last4=Ehret | first4=C. | last5=Ranciaro | first5=A. | last6=Froment | first6=A. | last7=Hirbo | first7=J. B. | last8=Awomoyi | first8=A. A. | last9=Bodo | first9=J. M. | last10=Doumbo | first10=O. | last11=Ibrahim | first11 = M. | last12=Juma | first12=A. T. | last13=Kotze | first13=M. J. | last14=Lema | first14=G. | last15=Moore | first15=J. H. | last16=Mortensen | first16=H. | last17=Nyambo | first17=T. B. | last18=Omar | first18= S. A. | last19=Powell | first19=K. | last20=Pretorius | first20=G. S. | last21=Smith | first21=M. W. | last22=Thera | first22=M. A. | last23=Wambebe | first23=C. | last24=Weber | first24=J. L. | last25=Williams | first25=S. M.}}</ref>{{rp|page 17}}
 
The first wave of migration was by [[South Cushitic languages|Southern Cushitic]] speakers who moved south from [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]] into Tanzania. They are ancestral to the [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], [[Gorowa language|Gorowa]], and [[Burunge language|Burunge]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 17}} Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of [[Lake Turkana]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|pages 17–18}}
 
Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that [[Southern Nilotic languages|Southern Nilotes]], including the [[Datooga people|Datoog]], moved south from the present-day [[South Sudan]] / Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 18}}
 
These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the iron-making [[Bantu languages|Mashariki Bantu]] from West Africa in the [[Lake Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]] areas. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of [[yam (vegetable)|yams]]. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="auto"/>
 
[[Eastern Nilotic languages|Eastern Nilotic]] peoples, including the [[Maasai people|Maasai]], represent a more recent migration from present-day South Sudan within the past 500 to 1,500 years.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref>{{cite book | author1=Phyllis Martin | author2=Patrick O'Meara | title=Africa | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAGPMAExRz8C | date=1995 | publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0-253-20984-9}}</ref>
 
The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The [[Pare people]] were the main producers of highly demanded iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of north-eastern Tanzania.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Shoup | first1=John A. | title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia | date=2011 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | location=Santa Barbara, CA | isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 | page=67 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67}}</ref> The [[Haya people]] on the western shores of [[Lake Victoria]] invented a type of high-heat [[blast furnace]], which allowed them to forge [[carbon steel]] at temperatures exceeding {{convert|1820|C}} more than 1,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=17830304 | year=1978 | last1=Schmidt | first1=P. | title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania | journal=Science | volume=201 | issue=4361
| pages=1085–89 | last2=Avery | first2=D.H. | doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085}}</ref>
 
Travelers and merchants from the [[Persian Gulf]] and India have visited the east African coast since early in the first millennium AD.<ref>{{cite book | author=Kevin Shillington | title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1510 | date=2013 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 | page=1510}}</ref> [[Islam]] was practiced by some on the [[Swahili Coast]] as early as the eighth or ninth century A.D.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/7chapter5.shtml "The Story of Africa"]. ''BBC World Service''.</ref>
 
===Colonial===
{{Main|German East Africa|Tanganyika (territory)}}
[[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|A 1572 depiction of the city of [[Kilwa]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
 
Claiming the coastal strip, [[Omani]] Sultan [[Said bin Sultan]] moved his capital to [[Zanzibar City]] in 1840. During this time, Zanzibar became the centre for the [[Arab slave trade]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Slavery | work=Encyclopædia Britannica | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 | archivedate=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Between 65 and 90 percent of the Arab-[[Swahili people|Swahili]] population of [[Zanzibar]] was enslaved.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies | title=Slave societies | work=Encyclopædia Britannica | date=22 January 2014 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was [[Tippu Tip]], who was the grandson of an enslaved African. The [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]] slave traders operated under the leadership of [[Msiri]] and [[Mirambo]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa | BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> According to [[Timothy Insoll]], "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."<ref>{{cite book | author=Junius P. Rodriguez | title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C | date=1997 | publisher=ABC-CLIO | isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}</ref> In the 1890s, slavery was abolished.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history | title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History | date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
 
[[File:Wilhelm Kuhnert Schlacht bei Mahenge.jpg|thumb|The [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] against [[German East Africa|German]] colonial rule in 1905]]
 
In the late 19th century, Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into [[German East Africa]] (GEA).{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The Supreme Council of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]] awarded all of GEA to Britain on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium.<ref name="Ends"/>{{rp|240}} The British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|colonial secretary]], [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Alfred Milner]], and Belgium's minister [[plenipotentiary]] to the conference, {{ill|Pierre Orts|fr}}, then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919<ref name="Belgium"/>{{rp|618–9}} where Britain ceded the north-western GEA provinces of [[Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda and Urundi]] to Belgium.<ref name="Ends">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 | title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization | author=William Roger Louis | publisher=I.B. Tauris | year=2006 | accessdate=19 September 2017 | isbn=978-1-84511-347-6}}</ref>{{rp|246}} The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919.<ref name="Ends"/>{{rp|246–7}} The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919.<ref name="Belgium">{{cite web | url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 | title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 | publisher=United States Department of State | volume=7 | accessdate=19 September 2017}}</ref>{{rp|612–3}} On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small [[Kionga Triangle]] south of the [[Rovuma River]] would be given to [[Portuguese Mozambique]],<ref name="Ends"/>{{rp|243}} with it eventually becoming part of independent [[Mozambique]]. The commission reasoned that Germany had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894.<ref name="Ends"/>{{rp|243}} The [[Treaty of Versailles]] was signed on 28 July 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on that date, "Tanganyika" became the name of the British territory.
 
During [[World War II]], about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]]<ref name="Heale">{{cite book | author1=Jay Heale | author2=Winnie Wong | title=Tanzania | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC | year=2010 | publisher=Marshall Cavendish | isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> and were among the 375,000 Africans who fought with those forces.<ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Tanganyikans fought in units of the [[King's African Rifles]] during the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] in [[Somalia]] and [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] against the Italians, in [[Madagascar]] against the [[Vichy French]] during the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]], and in [[Burma]] against the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] during the [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]].<ref name="MGT"/> Tanganyika was an important source of food during this war, and its export income increased greatly compared to the pre-war years of the [[Great Depression]]<ref name="Heale"/> Wartime demand, however, caused increased commodity prices and massive [[inflation]] within the colony.<ref>[http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 |date=4 February 2015 }}</ref>
 
In 1954, [[Julius Nyerere]] transformed an organisation into the politically oriented [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve national [[sovereignty]] for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year, TANU had become the leading political organisation in the country. Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as prime minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
 
===Post-colonial===
British rule came to an end on 9 December 1961, but for the first year of independence, Tanganyika had a [[governor general]] who represented the British monarch.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 6}} On 9 December 1962, Tanganyika became a democratic republic under an executive president.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 6}}
 
After the [[Zanzibar Revolution]] overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring [[Zanzibar]],<ref name="Zanzibar">{{cite news | title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm | publisher=BBC News | date=25 July 2009}}</ref> which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf | title=Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar | format=PDF | publisher=Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania | accessdate=25 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125124815/http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf | archive-date=25 January 2013 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" comes from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar).<ref name="factbook"/> The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the [[Nyerere]] government and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar owing to shared political values and goals.
 
Following Tanganyika's independence and unification with Zanzibar leading to the state of Tanzania, President Nyerere emphasized a need to construct a national identity for the citizens of the new country. To achieve this, Nyerere provided what is regarded as one of the most successful cases of ethnic repression and identity transformation in Africa.<ref>Pierre Englebert and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81</ref> With over 130 languages spoken within its territory, Tanzania is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa. Despite this obstacle, ethnic divisions remained rare in Tanzania when compared to the rest of the continent, notably its immediate neighbor, Kenya. Furthermore, since its independence, Tanzania has displayed more political stability than most African countries, particularly due to Nyerere's ethnic repression methods.<ref>Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100</ref>
 
[[File:Arusha Declaration Monument.jpg|thumb|The [[Arusha Declaration Monument]]]]
In 1967, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to the [[left politics|left]] after the [[Arusha Declaration]], which codified a commitment to socialism as well-as [[Pan-Africanism]]. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalised.
 
Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the {{convert|1860|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[TAZARA Railway]] from Dar es Salaam to [[Zambia]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Jamie Monson | title=Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeeDwcT51BcC&pg=PA23 | year=2009 | publisher=Indiana University Press | isbn=978-0-253-35271-2 | page=199}}</ref> Nonetheless, from the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse, in the context of an international economic crisis affecting both developed and developing economies.
 
From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the [[International Monetary Fund]] and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania's gross domestic product per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced, according to a report by the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/Tanzania_Country_Study_Full_Case.pdf | title=Tanzania's Economic Reforms&nbsp;– and Lessons Learned |format=PDF | author=Anna Muganda | year=2004 | accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref>
 
In 1992, the [[Constitution of Tanzania]] was amended to allow multiple political parties.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html "Tanzania 1992"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018235838/http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html |date=18 October 2014 }}. ''princeton.edu''.</ref> In Tanzania's first multi-party elections, held in 1995, the ruling [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] won 186 of the 232 elected seats in the National Assembly, and [[Benjamin Mkapa]] was elected as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results|title="Tanzania: 1995 National Assembly election results".|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222841/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results|archivedate=18 March 2015}}</ref>
 
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