టాంజానియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

ట్యాగు: విశేషణాలున్న పాఠ్యం
పంక్తి 277:
 
2006 లో ప్రారంభమయ్యే బడ్జెటు గణనీయమైన పెరుగుదలతో ఈ సంస్కరణలు వెనుకబడ్డాయి. ఈ సమయంలో నీటి రంగం అభివృద్ధి, పేదరికం జాతీయ వ్యూహం ప్రాధాన్యతా రంగాలలో చేర్చబడింది. బాహ్య దాత సంస్థలు అందించిన నిధులు 88% లతో టాంజానియా జలశక్తి బాహ్య దాతలపై ఎక్కువగా ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది. <ref name="NWSDS">[http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 to 2015], retrieved 23 February 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130419000151/http://www.maji.go.tz/modules/documents/index.php?&direction=0&order=&directory=Strategies |date=19 April 2013 }}</ref> ఇది మిశ్రమ ఫలితాలు ఇచ్చింది. ఉదాహరణగా వరల్డు బ్యాంకు నుండి భారీగా పెట్టుబడులు తీసుకురాబడ్డాయని " డ్యూట్స్చే ఫర్ ఇంటర్నేషనలె జ్యూసమ్మెనర్దియటు గమనించింది. ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య (డార్ ఎస్ సలాం) అత్యంత పేలవంగా పనిచేస్తున్న నీటిసరఫరా సంస్థగా నిలిచింది.<ref name="GIZ">[[Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]]:[http://www2.GIZ.de/dokumente/bib/GIZ2008-0361en-water-supply-sanitation.pdf Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Reforms in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia:Challenges and Lessons]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 2008, pp. 8–9</ref>
== Food and nutrition ==
[[File:Pilua_for_many.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilua_for_many.jpg|thumb|253x253px|A Tanzanian woman cooks Pilau rice dish wearing traditional [[Kanga (African garment)|Kanga]].]]
Poor nutrition remains a persistent problem within Tanzania and varies hugely throughout the country's regions. [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] reports that 16% of children are underweight and 34% experience stunted growth as a result of malnutrition.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/tanzania-nutrition-profile|title=Tanzania: Nutrition Profile|website=www.usaid.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref> 10 regions house 58% of children suffering from stunted growth while 50% of acutely malnourished children can be found in 5 regions.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/nutrition.html|title=UNICEF Tanzania—Nutrition—The situation|website=www.unicef.org|access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Over a 5-year period, the [[Mara Region|Mara]] district of Tanzania saw a 15% reduction in stunting in children under 5 years old, falling from 46% to 31% in 2005 and 2010 respectively. [[Dodoma]], on the other hand saw a 7% increase in the prevalence of stunting in this age group, rising from 50% in 2005 to 57% in 2010.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2012|title=Tanzania Assessment for Scaling Up Nutrition|url=http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape_analysis/TanzaniaLandscapeAnalysisFinalReport.pdf?ua=1|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre}}</ref> Overall availability of food does not necessarily contribute to overall stunting figures. [[Iringa Region|Iringa]], [[Mbeya Region|Mbeya]] and [[Rukwa Region|Rukwa]] regions, where overall availability of food is considered acceptable still experience stunting incidences in excess of 50%. In some areas where food shortages are common such as in the [[Tabora Region|Tabora]] and [[Singida Region|Singida]] regions, stunting incidences remain comparatively less than those seen in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa.<ref name=":6" /> The Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre attributes these discrepancies to variance in maternal malnutrition, poor infant feeding practices, hygiene practices and poor healthcare services.<ref name=":6" /> Periods of drought can have significant impacts on the production of crops in Tanzania. Drought in East Africa has resulted in massive increases in the prices of food staples such as [[maize]] and [[Commercial sorghum|sorghum]], crops crucial to the nutrition of the majority of Tanzania's population. From 2015 to 2017, the price of maize when bought wholesale has more than doubled from 400 [[Tanzanian shilling|Shillings]] per kilogram to 1253 Shillings per kilogram respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tanzania-hunger-idUSL5N1GJ5CP|title=Survey finds most Tanzanians go hungry, despite government denials|last=Makoye|first=Kizito|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Farmers in Igunga, Tanzania.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farmers_in_Igunga,_Tanzania.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Farmers in Igunga District, Tanzania]]
Tanzania remains heavily agricultural, with 80% of the total population engaging in subsistence farming.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tanzania-hunger-idUSL5N1GJ5CP|title=Survey finds most Tanzanians go hungry, despite government denials|last=Makoye|first=Kizito|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Rural areas are subjected to increased food shortages in comparison to urbanized areas, with a survey carried out within the country in 2017 finding 84% of people in rural areas suffering food shortages over a 3-month period compared to 64% of residents in cities.<ref name=":12" /> This disparity between rural and city nutrition can be attributed to various factors; increased nutritional needs due to manual labor, more limited access to food as a result of poor infrastructure, high-susceptibility to the damaging effects of nature and the "Agricultural Productivity Gap".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alphonce|first=Roselyne|date=2017|title=Addressing the mismatch between food and nutrition policies and needs in Tanzania|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/erh-tanzania-policy-brief.pdf|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> The Agricultural Productivity Gap postulates that "value added per worker" is often much lower within the agricultural sector than that found within non-agricultural sectors. Furthermore, allocation of labor within the agricultural sector is largely allocated ineffectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Douglas Gollin, David Lagakos, and Michael E. Waugh|date=November 2013|title=The Agricultural Productivity Gap|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w19628.pdf|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref>
 
=== Programs targeting hunger ===
USAID programs focusing on nutrition operate within the [[Morogoro]], [[Dodoma]], [[Iringa]], [[Mbeya]], [[Manyara Region|Manyara]], [[Songwe Region|Songwe]] and [[Zanzibar]] regions of Tanzania. These "[[Feed the Future Initiative|Feed the Future]]" programs heavily invest in nutrition, infrastructure, policy, capacity of institutions and agriculture which is identified by the organization as a key area of economic growth in the country.<ref name=":02" /> A Tanzanian government led initiative "Kilimo Kwanza" or "Agriculture First" aims to encourage investment into agriculture within the private sector and hopes to improve agricultural processes and development within the country by seeking the knowledge of young people and the innovation that they can potentially provide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2012|title=African Human Development Report 2012|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/malawi/docs/general/Africa_HDR_EN_2012.pdf|journal=|volume=|pages=80, 93|via=United Nations Development Program}}</ref> During the 1990s, around 25% of Tanzania's population were provided access to iodized oil aimed to target iodine deficiency within expecting mothers, as result of studies showing the negative effects of in-utero iodine deficiency on cognitive development in children. Research showed that children of mothers with access to the supplement achieved on average greater than a third of a year more education than those who did not.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Food Items in World Food Programme Food Parcels.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Food_Items_in_World_Food_Programme_Food_Parcels.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Example of a World Food Programme parcel]]
Programmes led by the [[World Food Programme]] operate within Tanzania. The Supplementary Feeding Program (SFP) aims to target acute malnutrition by supplying blended food fortified with vitamins to pregnant women and mothers to children under 5 on a monthly basis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wfp.org/stories/10-facts-about-hunger-tanzania|title=UN World Food Programme|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> Pregnant women and mothers to children under 2 have access to the Mother and Child Health and Nutrition Programme's "Super Cereal" which is supplied with the intent of reducing stunting in children.<ref name=":4" /> World Food Programme supplementation remains the main food source for Tanzania's refugees. Super Cereal, Vegetable Oil, Pulses and Salt are supplied as part of the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation in order to meet the average persons minimum daily calorific requirement of 2,100 kcal.<ref name=":4" /> [[UNICEF]] state that continued investment in nutrition within Tanzania is of the utmost importance: Estimates predict that Tanzania stands to lose $20 billion by 2025 if nutrition within the country remains at its current level, however improvements in nutrition could produce a gain of around $4.7 billion<ref name=":3" />
 
Save the Children, with the help of UNICEF and [[Irish Aid]] funding created the Partnership for Nutrition in Tanzania (PANITA), in 2011. PANITA aims to utilize civil society organizations to specifically target nutrition within the country. Alongside this, various sectors associated with nutrition are targeted such as agriculture, water, sanitation, education, economic development and social progress. PANITA is responsible for ensuring significant attention is given to nutrition in development plans and budgets created on national and regional levels within Tanzania. Since its conception, PANITA has grown from 94 to 306 participating civil society organizations nationwide.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://tanzania.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/nutrition|title=Nutrition {{!}} Tanzania {{!}} Save the Children|website=tanzania.savethechildren.net|language=en|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref> Agriculture within Tanzania is specifically targeted by the Irish Aid led initiative Harnessing Agriculture for Nutrition Outcomes (HANO), which aims to merge nutrition initiatives with agriculture in the Lindi District of the country. The project aims to reduce stunting by 10% in children aged 0 to 23 months.<ref name=":5" />
 
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