దక్షిణాఫ్రికా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 350:
 
దక్షిణాఫ్రికా తూర్పు ప్రాంతాలలో ఎల్ నీనో పర్యావరణ సంబంధం కలిగి ఉన్న కాలానుగుణ కరువుల వలన బాధపడుతోంది.<ref name="whyCapeTownDroughtConversation">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/why-cape-towns-drought-was-so-hard-to-forecast-84735|title=Why Cape Town's drought was so hard to forecast|first=Bruce|last=Hewitson|publisher=}}</ref> 2018 ప్రారంభంలో కేప్ టౌను దేశంలోని మిగిలిన ప్రాంతాలకంటే వ్యత్యాసమైన వాతావరణ నమూనాలను కలిగి ఉంది.<ref name="whyCapeTownDroughtConversation"/> నగరం నీటి సరఫరా జూన్ చివరిలో పొడిగా ఉంటుందని నగరం నీటి సంక్షోభాన్ని ఎదుర్కొందని ఊహించబడింది. నీటి పొదుపు చర్యలలో ప్రతి పౌరుడు ఒక రోజుకు 50 లీటర్ల కంటే తక్కువ (13 US గ్యాలన్లు) ఉపయోగించవలసిన అవసరం ఏర్పడింది.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-42982959 "The 11 cities most likely to run out of drinking water – like Cape Town"] 11 February 2018. BBC News..</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of South Africa}}
[[File:South Africa population density map.svg|thumb|Map of population density in South Africa{{Clear}}
{{Columns
|col1 =
{{legend|#ffffcc|&lt;1 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#ffeda0|1–3 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#fed976|3–10 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#feb24c|10–30 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#fd8d3c|30–100 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
|col2=
{{legend|#fc4e2a|100–300 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#e31a1c|300–1000 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#bc0026|1000–3000 /km<sup>2</sup>}}
{{legend|#800026|&gt;3000 /km<sup>2</sup>}}}}
]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|13.6
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|45.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|South Africa}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
South Africa is a nation of about 55 million (2016) people of diverse origins, cultures, languages, and religions. The last [[South African National Census of 2011|census]] was held in 2011, with a more recent intercensal national survey conducted in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=6283 |title=Community Survey 2016 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> South Africa is home to an estimated 5&nbsp;million [[illegal immigrant]]s, including some 3&nbsp;million Zimbabweans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php |title=Anti-immigrant violence spreads in South Africa, with attacks reported in Cape Town&nbsp;– The New York Times |website=International Herald Tribune |date=23 May 2008 |accessdate=30 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221002431/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/05/23/africa/23saf.php |archivedate=21 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus |title=Escape From Mugabe: Zimbabwe's Exodus |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124000311/http://news.sky.com/story/573086/escape-from-mugabe-zimbabwes-exodus |archivedate=24 January 2016 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214052122/http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?ArticleId=1518-25_2035097 |archivedate=14 February 2009 |title=More illegals set to flood SA |publisher=Fin24 |accessdate=30 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> A series of [[2008 South Africa riots|anti-immigrant riots]] occurred in South Africa beginning on 11 May 2008.<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7396868.stm|title=South African mob kills migrants|publisher=BBC |accessdate=19 May 2008 | date=12 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Barry Bearak|title=Immigrants Fleeing Fury of South African Mobs|date=23 May 2008|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/world/africa/23safrica.html?_r=1&ref=africa&oref=slogin|accessdate=5 August 2008}}</ref>
 
[[Statistics South Africa]] asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] population groups.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lehohla |first=Pali |title=Debate over race and censuses not peculiar to SA |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp |date=5 May 2005 |newspaper=Business Report |accessdate=25 August 2013 |quote=Others pointed out that the repeal of the Population Registration Act in 1991 removed any legal basis for specifying 'race'. The Identification Act of 1997 makes no mention of race. On the other hand, the Employment Equity Act speaks of 'designated groups' being 'black people, women and people with disabilities'. The Act defines 'black' as referring to 'Africans, coloureds and Indians'. Apartheid and the racial identification which underpinned it explicitly linked race with differential access to resources and power. If the post-apartheid order was committed to remedying this, race would have to be included in surveys and censuses, so that progress in eradicating the consequences of apartheid could be measured and monitored. This was the reasoning that led to a 'self-identifying' question about 'race' or 'population group' in both the 1996 and 2001 population censuses, and in Statistics SA's household survey programme. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814143522/http://www.statssa.gov.za/news_archive/05may2005_1.asp |archivedate=14 August 2007 |df= }}</ref> The 2011 census figures for these groups were: [[Black (people)|Black African]] at 79.2%, [[White South African|White]] at 8.9%, [[Coloured]] at 8.9%, [[Asian South African|Asian]] at 2.5%, and Other/Unspecified at 0.5%.<ref name=cib11/>{{rp|21}} The first census in South Africa in 1911 showed that whites made up 22% of the population; this had declined to 16% by 1980.<ref>{{Cite book | author=Study Commission on U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa (U.S.) | title = South Africa: time running out: the report of the Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sq43lnbklEUC&pg=PA42| publisher=University of California Press | year = 1981 | page = 42 | isbn = 978-0-520-04547-7}}</ref>
 
South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population. According to the ''World Refugee Survey 2008'', published by the [[US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants]], this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008" /> Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe (48,400), the DRC (24,800), and [[Somalia]] (12,900).<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008" /> These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg, Pretoria, [[Durban]], Cape Town, and [[Port Elizabeth]].<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html |archivedate=19 October 2014 |df= }}</ref>
 
=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of South Africa}}
[[File:South Africa dominant language map.svg|right|thumb|Map showing the dominant [[Languages of South Africa|South African languages]] by area
{{legend|#80b1d3|[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (22.7%)}}
{{legend|#fb8072|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (16.0%)}}
{{legend|#8dd3c7|⁠[[Afrikaans]] (13.5%)}}
{{legend|#ffffb3|[[South African English|English]] (9.6%)}}
{{legend|#fdb462|[[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]] (9.1%)}}
{{legend|#fccde5|[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (8.0%)}}
{{legend|#b3de69|[[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]] (7.6%)}}
{{legend|#ffed6f|[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (4.5%)}}
{{legend|#bc80bd|[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (2.5%)}}
{{legend|#ccebc5|[[Venda language|Venda]] (2.4%)}}
{{legend|#bebada|[[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (2.1%)}}
{{legend|#d0d0d0|None dominant}}]]
 
South Africa has 11 official languages:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.gov.za/Departments/SAC/Library/DEPART/lang_legislation1.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113225722/http://www.fs.gov.za/Departments/SAC/Library/DEPART/lang_legislation1.htm |archivedate=13 November 2012 |title=Constitution of South Africa, Chapter 1, Section 6 |publisher=Fs.gov.za |accessdate=30 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Afrikaans]], [[South African English|English]], [[Northern Sotho]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]], [[Sotho language|Southern Sotho]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Swazi language|Swazi]], [[Venda language|Venda]], and [[Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]] (in order of first language speakers). In this regard it is fourth only to [[Bolivia]], [[Official languages of India|India]], and [[Zimbabwe]] in number. While all the languages are formally equal, some languages are spoken more than others. According to the 2011 census, the three most spoken first languages are Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa (16.0%), and Afrikaans (13.5%).<ref name=cib11>{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=978-0621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |dead-url=no |pages=23–25 }}</ref> Despite the fact that English is recognised as the language of commerce and science, it is ranked fourth, and was listed as the first language of only 9.6% of South Africans in 2011; but it remains the [[de facto]] [[lingua franca]] of the nation.<ref name="cib11" />
 
The country also recognises several unofficial languages, including [[Fanagalo language|Fanagalo]], [[Khoe language|Khoe]], [[Lobedu language|Lobedu]], [[Nama language|Nama]], [[Northern Ndebele language|Northern Ndebele]], [[Phuthi language|Phuthi]], and [[South African Sign Language]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm |title=The languages of South Africa |publisher=SouthAfrica.info |date=4 February 1997 |accessdate=7 November 2010 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304001836/http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm |archivedate=4 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> These unofficial languages may be used in certain official uses in limited areas where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent.
 
Many of the unofficial [[Khoisan languages|languages of the San and Khoikhoi]] people contain regional dialects stretching northwards into Namibia and Botswana, and elsewhere. These people, who are a physically distinct population from other Africans, have their own cultural identity based on their [[hunter-gatherer]] societies. They have been marginalised to a great extent, and the remainder of their languages are in danger of becoming [[Extinct language|extinct]].
 
White South Africans may also speak [[European languages]], including [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (also spoken by black [[Angola]]ns and [[Mozambique|Mozambicans]]), [[German language|German]], and [[Greek language|Greek]], while some Indian South Africans speak [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], such as [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. [[French language|French]] is spoken in South Africa by migrants from [[Francophone Africa]].
 
=== Urban centres ===
 
{{Largest cities of South Africa}}
 
=== Religions ===
{{Main|Religion in South Africa}}
[[File:Wolmaransstad-NG Kerk-001.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk]] in [[Wolmaransstad]]]]
{{bar box
|title=Religion in South Africa (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-africa#/?affiliations_religion_id=11&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2015|title=Religions in South Africa – PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref>
|titlebar=
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|#B57EDC|73.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|black|14.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|darkblue|7.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|1.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Other faith|silver|1.7}}
}}
According to the 2001 census, Christians accounted for 79.8% of the population, with a majority of them being members of various [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Christian denomination|denominations]] (broadly defined to include [[Syncretism|syncretic]] [[African initiated churches]]) and a minority of [[Roman Catholics]] and other Christians. Christian category includes [[Zion Christian Church|Zion Christian]] (11.1%), [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] ([[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]]) (8.2%), [[Roman Catholicism in South Africa|Roman Catholic]] (7.1%), [[Methodist Church of Southern Africa|Methodist]] (6.8%), [[Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk|Dutch Reformed]] ({{lang|af|Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerk}}; 6.7%), and [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa|Anglican]] (3.8%). Members of remaining Christian churches accounted for another 36% of the population. [[Islam in South Africa|Muslims]] accounted for 1.5% of the population, [[Hinduism in South Africa|Hindus]] 1.2%,<ref name="state.gov" /> [[traditional African religion]] 0.3% and [[Judaism]] 0.2%. 15.1% had no religious affiliation, 0.6% were "other" and 1.4% were "unspecified."<ref name=factbook /><ref name="state.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51496.htm|title=South Africa&nbsp;– Section I. Religious Demography|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=15 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Wessel Bentley|author2=Dion Angus Forster|title=Methodism in Southern Africa: A Celebration of Wesleyan Mission|year=2008|publisher=AcadSA|isbn=978-1-920212-29-2|pages=97–98|chapter=God's mission in our context, healing and transforming responses}}</ref>
 
African initiated churches formed the largest of the Christian groups. It was believed that many of the persons who claimed no affiliation with any organised religion adhered to [[traditional African religion]]. There are an estimated 200,000 [[Traditional healers of South Africa|indigenous traditional healers]] in South Africa, and up to 60% of South Africans consult these healers,<ref>{{cite book|author=van Wyk, Ben-Erik and van Oudtshoorn, Gericke N|year=1999|title=Medicinal Plants of South Africa|location=Pretoria|publisher=Briza Publications|isbn=978-1-875093-37-3|page=10}}</ref> generally called ''sangomas'' or ''inyangas''. These healers use a combination of [[Veneration of the dead|ancestral spiritual beliefs]] and a belief in the spiritual and medicinal properties of local fauna and flora, commonly known as [[Traditional African medicine|''muti'']], to facilitate healing in clients. Many peoples have syncretic religious practices combining Christian and indigenous influences.<ref name="DoS">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71325.htm |title=South Africa |publisher=State.gov |date=15 September 2006 |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>
 
South African Muslims comprise mainly of those who are described as Coloureds and those who are described as [[Indian South African|Indians]]. They have been joined by black or white South African [[Religious conversion|converts]] as well as others from other parts of Africa.<ref name=csmonitor /> South African Muslims claim that their faith is the fastest-growing religion of conversion in the country, with the number of black Muslims growing sixfold, from 12,000 in 1991 to 74,700 in 2004.<ref name=csmonitor>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0110/p13s1-woaf.html |title=In South Africa, many blacks convert to Islam / The Christian Science Monitor |website=The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religionnewsblog.com/9398/muslims-say-their-faith-growing-fast-in-africa |title=Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa |publisher=Religionnewsblog.com |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref>
 
South Africa is also home to a substantial [[History of the Jews in South Africa|Jewish population]], descended from [[History of the Jews in Europe|European Jews]] who arrived as a minority among other European settlers. This population peaked in the 1970s at 120,000, though only around 67,000 remain today, the rest having emigrated, mostly to [[Israel]]. Even so, these numbers make the Jewish community in South Africa the twelfth largest in the world.<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Rebecca Weiner | editor-first = Rebecca Weiner |year=2010 | publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]] | title = South African Jewish History and Information | format = PDF | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html | accessdate = 13 August 2010 }}</ref>
 
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