దక్షిణాఫ్రికా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 427:
దక్షిణాఫ్రికాలో ఇతర ఐరోపాలో స్థిరపడినవారిలో అల్పసంఖ్యాకులుగా వచ్చిన ఐరోపా యూదులు కూడా గణనీయమైన సంఖ్యలో ఉన్నారు. ఈ జనాభా 1970 నాటికి 120,000 ఉండగా ప్రస్తుతం 67,000 మంది మాత్రమే మిగిలి ఉన్నారు. మిగిలిన వారు ఇజ్రాయెలుకు వలసవెళ్లారు. అయినప్పటికీ దక్షిణాఫ్రికాలో యూదు సమూహం సంఖ్యాపరంగా ప్రపంచంలో 12 వ స్థానంలో ఉన్నారు.<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Rebecca Weiner | editor-first = Rebecca Weiner |year=2010 | publisher = [[Jewish Virtual Library]] | title = South African Jewish History and Information | format = PDF | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/South_Africa.html | accessdate = 13 August 2010 }}</ref>
== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of South Africa}}
The South African black majority still has a substantial number of rural inhabitants who lead largely impoverished lives. It is among these people that cultural traditions survive most strongly; as blacks have become increasingly urbanised and [[Western world|Westernised]], aspects of traditional culture have declined. Members of the middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of black, coloured and Indian people,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822120841/http://www.fin24.co.za/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=ns&ArticleID=1518-25_2117122 |archivedate=22 August 2007 |title=Black middle class explodes |date=22 May 2007 |publisher=FIN24 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and [[Australasia]].
=== Arts ===
[[File:San Painting, Ukalamba Drakensberge 1.JPG|thumb|[[Rock painting]] of an [[Common eland|eland]], [[Drakensberg]]]]
[[South African art]] includes the oldest art objects in the world, which were discovered in a South African cave, and dated from 75,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/16/artsandhumanities.arts |title=World's Oldest Jewellery Found in Cave |publisher=Buzzle.com |accessdate=16 April 2011 |location=London |first=Tim |last=Radford |date=16 April 2004}}</ref>
The scattered tribes of [[Khoisan]] peoples moving into South Africa from around 10000 BC had their own fluent art styles seen today in a multitude of cave paintings. They were superseded by [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]]/[[Nguni people]]s with their own vocabularies of art forms. New forms of art evolved in the mines and townships: a dynamic art using everything from plastic strips to bicycle spokes. The Dutch-influenced folk art of the Afrikaner [[Trekboer|''trekboers'']] and the urban white artists, earnestly following changing European traditions from the 1850s onwards, also contributed to this eclectic mix which continues to evolve today.
[[File:Olive Schreiner.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Olive Schreiner]]]]
[[South African literature]] emerged from a unique social and political history. One of the first well known novels written by a black author in an African language was [[Sol Plaatje|Solomon Thekiso Plaatje]]'s ''[[Mhudi]]'', written in 1930. During the 1950s, ''[[Drum (South African magazine)|Drum]]'' magazine became a hotbed of political satire, fiction, and essays, giving a voice to urban black culture.
Notable white South African authors include [[Alan Paton]], who published the novel ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'' in 1948. [[Nadine Gordimer]] became the first South African to be awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]], in 1991. [[J. M. Coetzee|JM Coetzee]] won the Nobel Prize for Literature, in 2003. When awarding the prize, the [[Swedish Academy]] stated that Coetzee "in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."<ref name="Swedish Academy">{{cite news|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature: John Maxwell Coetzee|date=2 October 2003|publisher=Swedish Academy|accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref>
The plays of [[Athol Fugard]] have been regularly premiered in [[fringe theatre]]s in South Africa, London ([[Royal Court Theatre]]) and New York. [[Olive Schreiner]]'s ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' (1883) was a revelation in [[Victorian literature]]: it is heralded by many as introducing feminism into the novel form.
[[Breyten Breytenbach]] was jailed for his involvement with the guerrilla movement against apartheid. [[André Brink]] was the first Afrikaner writer to be [[banned book|banned]] by the government after he released the novel ''[[A Dry White Season]]''.
=== Popular culture ===
The [[Media of South Africa|South African media]] sector is large, and South Africa is one of Africa's major media centres. While South Africa's many broadcasters and publications reflect the diversity of the population as a whole, the most commonly used language is English. However, all ten other official languages are represented to some extent or another.
There is great diversity in [[Music of South Africa|South African music]]. Black musicians have developed a unique style called [[Kwaito]], that is said to have taken over radio, television, and magazines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5 |title=South African music after Apartheid: kwaito, the "party politic," and the appropriation of gold as a sign of success |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613074154/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_3_28/ai_n15648564/pg_5 |archivedate=13 June 2013 |df= }}</ref> Of note is [[Brenda Fassie]], who launched to fame with her song "[[Weekend Special]]", which was sung in English. More famous traditional musicians include [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]], while the [[Soweto String Quartet]] performs classic music with an African flavour. South Africa has produced world-famous jazz musicians, notably [[Hugh Masekela]], [[Jonas Gwangwa]], [[Abdullah Ibrahim]], [[Miriam Makeba]], [[Jonathan Butler]], [[Chris McGregor]], and [[Sathima Bea Benjamin]]. Afrikaans music covers multiple genres, such as the [[contemporary music|contemporary]] [[Steve Hofmeyr]], the [[punk rock]] band [[Fokofpolisiekar]] and the [[singer-songwriter]] [[Jeremy Loops]]. South African popular musicians that have found international success include [[Johnny Clegg]], as well as [[Seether]].
Although few [[Cinema of South Africa|South African film]] productions are known outside South Africa itself, many foreign films have been produced about South Africa. Arguably, the most high-profile film portraying South Africa in recent years was ''[[District 9]]''. Other notable exceptions are the film ''[[Tsotsi]]'', which won the [[Academy Award for Foreign Language Film]] at the [[78th Academy Awards]] in 2006, as well as ''[[U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha]]'', which won the [[Golden Bear]] at the 2005 [[Berlin International Film Festival]]. In 2015, the [[Oliver Hermanus]] film [[The Endless River (film)|''The Endless River'']] became the first South African film selected for the [[Venice Film Festival]].
=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|South African cuisine}}
[[Image:Quarter Mutton Bunny Chow.jpg|thumb|right|An example of [[bunny chow]] served in [[Durban]], originated in the [[Indian South Africans|Indian South African]] community<ref name=FromCurries>{{cite book |title=From Curries to Kebabs: Recipes from the Indian Spice Trail |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAgfQ6uxhRgC&pg=184#v=onepage&q&f=false |author=Jaffrey, Madhur |date=2003 |accessdate=28 September 2015|isbn=978-0609607046 }}</ref>]]
South African cuisine is diverse; foods from many cultures are enjoyed by all and especially marketed to tourists who wish to sample the large variety.
[[South African cuisine]] is heavily meat-based and has spawned the distinctively South African social gathering known as the ''[[braai]]'', a variation of the [[barbecue]]. South Africa has also developed into a major wine producer, with some of the best [[vineyard]]s lying in valleys around [[Stellenbosch]], [[Franschhoek]], [[Paarl]] and [[Barrydale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewinedoctor.com/regionalguides/southafrica.shtml |title=South African Wine Guide: Stellenbosch, Constantia, Walker Bay and more |publisher=Thewinedoctor.com |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>
=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in South Africa}}
<!--- Note to editors: per [[WP:ENGVAR]], do not change "soccer" to "football", at least not without prior discussion on the talk page. --->South Africa's most popular sports are [[Association football|soccer]], [[rugby union|rugby]] and [[cricket]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|title=Sport in South Africa|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|accessdate=28 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629152527/http://www.southafrica.info/about/sport/sportsa.htm|archivedate=29 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Image:KAGISO RABADA (15520328880).jpg|thumb|alt=Kagiso Rabada, South African cricketer|[[Kagiso Rabada]], South African cricketer]] Other sports with significant support are swimming, athletics, golf, boxing, tennis, [[ringball]], and [[netball]]. Although soccer commands the greatest following among the youth, other sports like basketball, surfing and skateboarding are increasingly popular.
Soccer players who have played for major foreign clubs include [[Steven Pienaar]], [[Lucas Radebe]] and [[Philemon Masinga]], [[Benni McCarthy]], [[Aaron Mokoena]], and [[Delron Buckley]]. South Africa hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], and FIFA president [[Sepp Blatter]] awarded South Africa a grade 9 out of 10 for successfully hosting the event.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cooper |first=Billy |title=South Africa gets 9/10 for World Cup |url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup |website=[[Mail & Guardian]] |date=12 July 2010 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715063001/http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-07-12-sa-gest-910-for-world-cup |archivedate=15 July 2010 }}</ref>
[[File:Springbok parade.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Springboks]] in a bus parade after winning the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]]]
Famous boxing personalities include Baby Jake [[Jacob Matlala]], [[Vuyani Bungu]], [[Welcome Ncita]], [[Dingaan Thobela]], [[Gerrie Coetzee]] and [[Brian Mitchell (boxer)|Brian Mitchell]]. Durban surfer [[Jordy Smith]] won the 2010 Billabong J-Bay Open making him the highest ranked surfer in the world. South Africa produced [[Formula One]] motor racing's 1979 world champion [[Jody Scheckter]]. Famous current cricket players include [[Kagiso Rabada]], [[AB de Villiers]], [[Hashim Amla]], [[Dale Steyn]], [[Vernon Philander]], and [[Faf du Plessis]]; most also participate in the [[Indian Premier League]].
South Africa has also produced numerous world class rugby players, including [[Francois Pienaar]], [[Joost van der Westhuizen]], [[Danie Craven]], [[Frik du Preez]], [[Naas Botha]], and [[Bryan Habana]]. South Africa hosted and won the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]], and won the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] in [[France national rugby union team|France]]. It followed the 1995 Rugby World Cup by hosting the [[1996 African Cup of Nations]], with the national team, the [[Springboks]], going on to win the tournament. It also hosted the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], the [[ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20 Championship]]. South Africa's national cricket team, the [[South Africa national cricket team|Proteas]], has also won the inaugural edition of the [[1998 ICC KnockOut Trophy]] by defeating [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]] in the final. [[South Africa national blind cricket team|South Africa's national blind cricket team]] also went on to win the inaugural edition of the Blind Cricket World Cup in 1998.
In 2004, the swimming team of [[Roland Schoeman]], [[Lyndon Ferns]], [[Darian Townsend]] and [[Ryk Neethling]] won the gold medal at the Olympic Games in Athens, simultaneously breaking the world record in the 4×100 [[Freestyle Relay|freestyle relay]]. [[Penny Heyns]] won Olympic Gold in the 1996 [[Atlanta Olympic Games]]. In 2012, [[Oscar Pistorius]] became the first double amputee sprinter to compete at the Olympic Games in London. In golf, [[Gary Player]] is generally regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time, having won the [[Grand Slam (golf)|Career Grand Slam]], one of five golfers to have done so. Other South African golfers to have won major tournaments include [[Bobby Locke]], [[Ernie Els]], [[Retief Goosen]], [[Tim Clark (golfer)|Tim Clark]], [[Trevor Immelman]], [[Louis Oosthuizen]] and [[Charl Schwartzel]].
== అధ్యక్షులు ==
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