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కెన్యా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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Despite its impressive commercial approach and interests in the country, Kenya's [[academia]] and higher education system is notoriously rigid and disconnected from the needs of the local labour market and is widely blamed for the high number of unemployable and "half-baked" university graduates who struggle to fit in the modern workplace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/news/Varsity-expansion-blamed-for-half-baked-graduates/539546-3354256-108r90o/index.html|title=Varsity expansion blamed for half-baked graduates|publisher=}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Kenya}}
[[File:Kenyan dancers.jpg|thumb|Kenyan boys and girls performing a traditional dance]]
[[File:Nation media house.jpg|thumb|Nation Media House which hosts the [[Nation Media Group]]]]
 
The [[culture of Kenya]] consists of multiple traditions. Kenya has no single prominent culture that identifies it. It instead consists of the various cultures of the country's different communities.
 
Notable populations include the [[Swahili people|Swahili]] on the coast, several other [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] communities in the central and western regions, and Nilotic communities in the northwest. The [[Maasai people|Maasai]] culture is well known to tourism, despite constituting a relatively small part of Kenya's population. They are renowned for their elaborate upper body adornment and jewellery.
 
Additionally, Kenya has an extensive music, television and theater scene.
 
===Media===
{{Further|Media of Kenya}}
Kenya has a number of media outlets that broadcast domestically and globally. They cover news, business, sports and entertainment.
Popular Kenyan newspapers include:
 
* ''[[Daily Nation|The Daily Nation]]''; part of the [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media Group (NMG)]] (largest market share)
* ''[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]]''
* ''The Star''
* ''The People''
* ''East Africa Weekly''
* ''[[Taifa Leo]]''
 
Television stations based in Kenya include:
* [[Kenya Broadcasting Corporation]] (KBC)
* [[Citizen TV]]
* [[Kenya Television Network]] (KTN)
* [[NTV (Kenya)|NTV]] (part of the [[Nation Media Group]] (NMG))
* Kiss Television
* [[K24 (Kenya)|K24 Television]]
* Kass-TV
 
All of these terrestrial channels are transmitted via a DVB T2 digital TV signal.
 
===Literature===
{{Main|Kenyan literature}}
[[File:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (signing autographs in London).jpg|thumb|Kenyan author [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]].]]
 
[[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] is one of the best known writers of Kenya. His novel, ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'', is an illustration of life in Kenya during the British occupation. The story details the effects of the Mau Mau on the lives of Kenyans. Its combination of themes—[[colonialism]], education, and love—helped to make it one of the best-known novels in Africa.
 
[[M.G. Vassanji]]'s 2003 novel ''The In-Between World of Vikram Lall'' won the [[Scotiabank Giller Prize|Giller Prize]] in 2003. It is the fictional memoir of a Kenyan of Indian heritage and his family as they adjust to the changing political climates in colonial and post-colonial Kenya.
 
Since 2003, the literary journal ''[[Kwani?]]'' has been publishing Kenyan contemporary literature. Additionally, Kenya has also been nurturing emerging versatile authors such as Paul Kipchumba (Kipwendui, Kibiwott) who demonstrate pan-African outlook (see ''Africa in China's 21st Century: In Search of a Strategy'' (2017).<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa in China's 21st Century: In Search of a Strategy|publisher= Independently published |date=December 3, 2017|isbn = 978-1973456803}}</ref>
 
===Music===
{{Main|Music of Kenya}}
[[File:Juacali 2.jpg|thumb|Popular Kenyan musician [[Jua Cali]].]]
 
Kenya has a diverse assortment of popular music forms, in addition to multiple types of [[folk music]] based on the variety over 40 regional languages.<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2007/04/article_0001.html On the Beat – Tapping the Potential of Kenya's Music Industry], [[WIPO]] Magazine (July 2007).</ref>
 
The drums are the most dominant [[musical instrument|instrument]] in popular Kenyan music. Drum beats are very complex and include both native rhythm and imported ones, especially the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] [[cavacha]] rhythm. Popular Kenyan music usually involves the interplay of multiple parts, and more recently, showy guitar solos as well. There are also a number of local hip-hop artists, including [[Jua Cali]] afro-pop bands such as [[Sauti Sol]], and musicians who do local genres like benga, such as [[Akothee]].
 
Lyrics are most often in Kiswahili or English. There is also some emerging aspect of [[Lingala language|Lingala]] borrowed from [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese]] musicians. Lyrics are also written in local languages. Urban radio generally only plays English music, though there also exist a number of vernacular radio stations.
 
Zilizopendwa is a genre of local urban music that was recorded in the 1960s, 70s and 80s by musicians such as [[Daudi Kabaka]], [[Fadhili William]] and Sukuma Bin Ongaro, and is particularly revered and enjoyed by older people—having been popularised by the Kenya Broadcasting Corporation's Kiswahili service (formerly called Voice of Kenya or VOK).
 
The isukuti is a vigorous dance performed by the [[Luhya people|Luhya]] sub-tribes to the beat of a traditional drum called the Isukuti during many occasions such as the birth of a child, marriage and funerals. Other traditional dances include the [[Ohangla]] among the [[Luo peoples|Luo]], [[Nzele]] among the [[Mijikenda peoples|Mijikenda]], [[Mugithi]] among the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] and [[Taarab]] among the [[Swahili people|Swahili]].
 
Additionally, Kenya has a growing Christian gospel music scene. Prominent local gospel musicians include the [[Kenyan Boys Choir]].
 
[[Benga music]] has been popular since the late 1960s, especially in the area around [[Lake Victoria]]. The word ''benga'' is occasionally used to refer to any kind of pop music. Bass, guitar and percussion are the usual instruments.
 
===Sports===
{{Main|Sport in Kenya}}
[[File:2012 Olympics - Womens 5000m start 4.jpg|thumb|Jepkosgei Kipyego and Jepkemoi Cheruiyot at London 2012 Olympics 5,000 meters]]
 
Kenya is active in several sports, among them [[cricket]], [[rallying]], [[Association football|football]], [[rugby union]], [[field hockey]] and [[boxing]]. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in [[middle-distance running|middle-distance]] and [[long-distance running|long-distance]] athletics, having consistently produced [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] and [[Commonwealth Games]] champions in various distance events, especially in 800&nbsp;m, 1,500&nbsp;m, 3,000&nbsp;m steeplechase, 5,000&nbsp;m, 10,000&nbsp;m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from [[Morocco]] and [[Ethiopia]] has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's [[Boston Marathon]] winner and two-time world champion [[Catherine Ndereba]], 800m world record holder [[David Rudisha]], former [[Marathon (sport)|Marathon]] world record-holder [[Paul Tergat]], and [[John Ngugi]].
 
Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as [[Pamela Jelimo]], the women's 800m gold medalist who went on to win the [[IAAF Golden League]] jackpot, and [[Samuel Wanjiru]] who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion [[Kipchoge Keino]] helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion [[Henry Rono]]'s spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly [[Bahrain]] and [[Qatar]].<ref name="IAAF">IAAF: [http://www.iaaf.net/mm/Document/imported/42196.pdf Changes of Allegiance 1998 to 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509091352/http://www.iaaf.net/mm/Document/imported/42196.pdf |date=9 May 2013 }}.</ref> The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with [[Bernard Lagat]] the latest, choosing to represent the United States.<ref name="IAAF"/> Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4566821.stm|title=Kenya examines track star defections|last=Mynott|first=Adam|date=20 May 2005|work=BBC News|access-date=10 June 2016|via=}}</ref> Decisions by the Kenyan government to tax athletes' earnings may also be a reason for defection.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-athletics-kenya-taxes-idUSBREA0L1OM20140122|title=Furious Kenyans threaten to defect over taxes|last=|first=|date=22 January 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=10 June 2016|via=}}</ref> Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/Sports/Why+the+defections/-/1951244/1957996/-/format/xhtml/-/hpgsnf/-/index.html|title=Why the defections?|website=mobile.nation.co.ke|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:David Rudisha Daegu 2011.jpg|thumb|Kenyan Olympic and world record holder in the 800 meters, [[David Rudisha]].]]
Kenya has been a dominant force in women's volleyball within Africa, with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenyapage.net/commentary/kenya-sports-commentary/kenya-womens-volleyball-caps-four-decades-of-excellence/|title=Kenya women's volleyball caps three decades of excellence {{!}} Kenya Page Blog|website=kenyapage.net|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chimpreports.com/volleyball-kenya-crowned-african-nations-champions/|title=Volleyball: Champions Kenya Scoop Major Continental Awards {{!}}|website=www.chimpreports.com|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> The women's team has competed at the Olympics and [[FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship|World Championships]] though without any notable success. Cricket is another popular sport, also ranking as the most successful team sport. [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]] has competed in the [[Cricket World Cup]] since [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]. They upset some of the world's best teams and reached the semi-finals of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 tournament]]. They won the inaugural World Cricket League Division 1 hosted in Nairobi and participated in the World T20. They also participated in the [[ICC Cricket World Cup 2011]]. Their current captain is [[Rakep Patel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketkenya.co.ke/senior_men.php#&panel1-1|title=:: Cricket Kenya |website=www.cricketkenya.co.ke|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
 
Kenya is represented by [[Lucas Onyango]] as a professional rugby league player who plays with the English club [[Oldham R.L.F.C.|Oldham]]. Besides the former [[Super League]] team, he has played for the [[Widnes Vikings]] and rugby union with the [[Sale Sharks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/sports/rugby/-/1106/629940/-/xq30p7z/-/index.html |title=Nakuru upset KCB in Kenya Cup |work=Daily Nation |date=25 July 2009 |accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Rugby union is increasing in popularity, especially with the annual [[Safaricom Sevens|Safari Sevens]] tournament. The [[Kenya national rugby sevens team|Kenya Sevens team]] ranked 9th in IRB Sevens World Series for the 2006 season. In 2016, the team beat Fiji at the Singapore Sevens finals, making Kenya the second African nation after South Africa to win a World Series championship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.supersport.com/rugby/sevens/news/160417/Kenya_win_Singapore_Sevens_title|title=Kenya win Singapore Sevens title|last=|first=|date=17 April 2016|work=SuperSport|access-date=10 June 2016|via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/36067269|title=Kenya beat Fiji to win their first Sevens World Series title|website=BBC Sport|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-sevens/2016/04/17/hsbc-world-rugby-sevens-series-kenya-shock-fiji-and-win-maiden-t/|title=HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series: Kenya shock Fiji and win maiden title in Singapore|website=The Telegraph|access-date=10 June 2016}}</ref> [[Kenya national football team|Kenya]] was also a regional powerhouse in football. However, its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct [[Kenya Football Federation]],<ref>New Vision, 3 June 2004: [http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 Wrangles land Kenya indefinite FIFA ban] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110015009/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/30/364022 |date=10 January 2008 }}</ref> leading to a suspension by [[FIFA]] which was lifted in March 2007.
 
In the motor rallying arena, Kenya is home to the world-famous [[Safari Rally]], commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world.<ref>The Auto Channel, 21 July 2001: [http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2001/07/22/025841.html FIA RALLY: Delecour takes points finish on Safari Rally debut]</ref> It was a part of the [[World Rally Championship]] for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties. Some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally, such as [[Björn Waldegård]], [[Hannu Mikkola]], [[Tommi Mäkinen]], [[Shekhar Mehta]], [[Carlos Sainz]] and [[Colin McRae]]. Although the rally still runs annually as part of the Africa rally championship, the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the World Rally championship in the next couple of years.
 
Nairobi has hosted several major continental sports events, including the [[FIBA Africa Championship 1993]] where [[Kenya national basketball team|Kenya's national basketball team]] finished in the top four, its best performance to date.<ref>[http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/sid/2405/tid/312/_/1993_African_Championship_for_Men_/index.html 1993 FIBA Africa Championship for Men], ARCHIVE.FIBA.COM. Retrieved 24 January 2016.</ref>
 
===Cuisine===
[[File:Ugali & Sukuma Wiki.jpg|thumb|[[Ugali]] and [[sukuma wiki]], staples of Kenyan cuisine]]
 
Kenyans generally have three meals in a day—breakfast in the morning (''kiamsha kinywa''), lunch in the afternoon (''chakula cha mchana'') and supper in the evening (''chakula cha jioni'' or known simply as "chajio"). In between, they have the 10 o'clock tea (''chai ya saa nne'') and 4&nbsp;p.m. tea (''chai ya saa kumi''). Breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread, [[chapati]], [[mahamri]], boiled sweet potatoes or [[Sweet potato|yams]]. [[Githeri]] is a common lunch time dish in many households while [[Ugali]] with vegetables, sour milk ([[Mursik]]), meat, fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper. Regional variations and dishes also exist.
 
In western Kenya: among the [[Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)|Luo]], fish is a common dish; among the [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] who dominate much of the Rift Valley Region, [[mursik]]—sour milk—is a major drink.
 
In cities such as [[Nairobi]], there are fast food restaurants, including [[Steers]], [[KFC]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/10/13223149-fast-food-finds-fans-in-sub-sahara-africa-where-obesity-problem-is-growing |title=Fast food finds fans in sub-Sahara Africa, where obesity problem is growing |publisher=NBC News |date=24 October 2012 |accessdate=26 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210535/http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/10/13223149-fast-food-finds-fans-in-sub-sahara-africa-where-obesity-problem-is-growing |archivedate=16 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]].<ref>[http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Subway-to-open-first-Kenya-outlet-in-August/-/539552/1691534/-/bax3pa/-/index.html US fast food chain to open first Kenya outlet in August – Money Markets]. businessdailyafrica.com. Retrieved 9 August 2013.</ref> There are also many fish and chip shops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yellowpageskenya.com/search.php?business=Sonford%2520Fish%2520And%2520Chips|title=Sonford Fish And Chips – Sonford Fish And Chips in Kenya Info Provided by Postel Yellowpages|website=www.yellowpageskenya.com|access-date=10 June 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805213430/http://www.yellowpageskenya.com/search.php?business=Sonford%2520Fish%2520And%2520Chips|archivedate=5 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
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