మడగాస్కర్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 189:
===పర్యావరణం===
[[File:Ravenala madagascariensis Maui.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=tall, fan-like palm tree |The island's iconic [[Ravenala madagascariensis|traveller's palm]] (''ravinala'') features in the national emblem.]]
Asపొరుగునున్న aఖండాల resultనుండి ofద్వీపం theదీర్ఘకాల island'sఒంటరితనం long isolation from neighboring continentsఫలితంగా, Madagascarమడగాస్కర్ isభూమిమీద homeఎక్కడా toకనిపించని variousవివిధ plants and animals found nowhereమొక్కలు, elseజంతువులకు onనిలయంగా Earthఉంది.<ref name=CIHotSpot/><ref name=tattersall>{{cite book|last=Tattersall|first=Ian|title=Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-34585-7|pages=1–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsBtrhsMU5EC&pg=PA3}}</ref> మడగాస్కరులో Approximatelyకనిపించే 90%వృక్ష, ofజంతు allజాతులన్నింటిలో plant90% andస్థానికంగా animal species found in Madagascar are [[endemism|endemic]]ఉన్నాయి.<ref>Hobbes & Dolan (2008), p. 517</ref> This distinctiveవిలక్షణమైన ecologyపర్యావరణం hasమడగాస్కరును led"ఎనిమిదవ someఖండం" ecologistsగా toసూచించడానికి refer to Madagascar as the "eighth continent",దారితీసింది.<ref>Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), p. 50</ref> and the island has been classifiedకన్సర్వేషను byఇంటర్నేషనలు [[Conservation International]]ద్వీపాన్ని asఒక aజీవవైవిధ్యం biodiversityహాటుస్పాటుగా hotspotవర్గీకరించింది.<ref name=CIHotSpot>{{cite web |last = Conservation International |title = Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands |work = Biodiversity Hotspots |publisher = Conservation International |year = 2007 |url = http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/madagascar/pages/biodiversity.aspx |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/61BgLGwzk |archivedate = 24 August 2011 |accessdate =24 August 2011}}</ref>
 
మడగాస్కర్ (14,883) వృక్ష జాతులలో 80% కంటే అధికంగా ప్రపంచంలో మరెక్కడా కనిపించవు. వీటిలో ఐదు వృక్షజాతులు కుటుంబాలు ఉన్నాయి.<ref name=endemism>{{cite journal |last1 = Callmander |first1 = Martin |display-authors=etal |title = The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated |journal = Plant Ecology and Evolution |volume = 144 |issue = 2 |pages = 121–125|year = 2011 |doi = 10.5091/plecevo.2011.513 |url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/pdf/PLECEVO_2011.pdf |accessdate=11 February 2012 |archivedate = 11 February 2012 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65NBBr5AX}}</ref>డిడియేరియాసియే వృక్షజాతి కుంటుంబానికి చెందిన 11 జాతులౌ నైరుతి మడగాస్కరు లోని స్పైను అడవులకు మాత్రమే పరిమితం.<ref name=endemicstats/> ప్రపంచంలోని పచోపొడియమ్ ఐదు జాతులలో నాలుగుజాతులకు ఈ ద్వీపం స్థావరంగా ఉంది. <ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Lavranos |first1 = John |year = 2004 |title = Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar |journal = Cactus and Succulent Journal |volume = 76 |issue = 2|pages = 85–88}}</ref> ఆర్కిడ్ నాలుగింట మూడు వంతుల,<ref name=B2011plant/> మడగాస్కర్ 860 జాతులు <ref name=endemism/> ఒంటరిగా ఇక్కడ కనిపిస్తాయి. ప్రపంచంలోని తొమ్మిది బాబోబ్ జాతులలో ఆరు ఉన్నాయి.<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1080/106351598260879 |vauthors=Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF |year = 1998 |title = Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets |journal = Systematic Biology |volume = 47 |issue = 2|pages = 181–207 |pmid = 12064226}}</ref> ఈ ద్వీపంలో సుమారు 170 పామ్(ఏకదళ బీజ వృక్షాలు) జాతులు ఉన్నాయి. ఇది ఆఫ్రికా ప్రధాన భూభాగం మొత్తంలో ఉన్న జాతుల కంటే మూడు రెట్లు అధికంగా ఉన్నాయి. వాటిలో 165 అంతరించిపోయే స్థితిలో ఉన్నాయి.<ref name=B2011plant>Bradt (2011), p. 38</ref> పలు స్థానిక వృక్ష జాతులు అనేక రకాల బాధలకు మూలికా ఔషధాలుగా ఉపయోగిస్తారు. వింబ్లాస్టైను,
As a result of the island's long isolation from neighboring continents, Madagascar is home to various plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth.<ref name=CIHotSpot/><ref name=tattersall>{{cite book|last=Tattersall|first=Ian|title=Origin of the Malagasy Strepshirhine Primates|year=2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-34585-7|pages=1–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsBtrhsMU5EC&pg=PA3}}</ref> Approximately 90% of all plant and animal species found in Madagascar are [[endemism|endemic]].<ref>Hobbes & Dolan (2008), p. 517</ref> This distinctive ecology has led some ecologists to refer to Madagascar as the "eighth continent",<ref>Hillstrom & Collier Hillstrom (2003), p. 50</ref> and the island has been classified by [[Conservation International]] as a biodiversity hotspot.<ref name=CIHotSpot>{{cite web |last = Conservation International |title = Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands |work = Biodiversity Hotspots |publisher = Conservation International |year = 2007 |url = http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/madagascar/pages/biodiversity.aspx |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/61BgLGwzk |archivedate = 24 August 2011 |accessdate =24 August 2011}}</ref>
More than 80&nbsp;percent of Madagascar's 14,883 [[flora of Madagascar|plant species]] are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families.<ref name=endemism>{{cite journal |last1 = Callmander |first1 = Martin |display-authors=etal |title = The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated |journal = Plant Ecology and Evolution |volume = 144 |issue = 2 |pages = 121–125|year = 2011 |doi = 10.5091/plecevo.2011.513 |url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/pdf/PLECEVO_2011.pdf |accessdate=11 February 2012 |archivedate = 11 February 2012 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65NBBr5AX}}</ref> The family ''[[Didiereaceae]]'', composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the [[Madagascar spiny thickets|spiny forests]] of southwestern Madagascar.<ref name=endemicstats/> Four-fifths of the world's ''[[Pachypodium]]'' species are endemic to the island.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Lavranos |first1 = John |year = 2004 |title = Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar |journal = Cactus and Succulent Journal |volume = 76 |issue = 2|pages = 85–88}}</ref> Three-fourths<ref name=B2011plant/> of Madagascar's 860<ref name=endemism/> [[orchid]] species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine [[Adansonia|baobab]] species.<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1080/106351598260879 |vauthors=Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF |year = 1998 |title = Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets |journal = Systematic Biology |volume = 47 |issue = 2|pages = 181–207 |pmid = 12064226}}</ref> The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic.<ref name=B2011plant>Bradt (2011), p. 38</ref> Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs [[vinblastine]]<ref name = MoleculesReview>{{cite journal|journal = [[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]]|year = 2012|volume = 17|issue = 5|pages = 5893–5914|doi = 10.3390/molecules17055893|title = Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine|first1 = Péter|last1 = Keglevich|first2 = Laszlo|last2 = Hazai|first3 = György|last3 = Kalaus|first4 = Csaba|last4 = Szántay|pmid = 22609781|pmc = 6268133|url = http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/5/5893/pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1 = Justin E.|last1 = Sears|first2 = Dale L.|last2 = Boger|authorlink2 = Dale L. Boger|title = Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties|journal = [[Accounts of Chemical Research]]|year = 2015|volume = 48|issue = 3|pages = 653–662|doi = 10.1021/ar500400w|pmid = 25586069|pmc = 4363169}}</ref>చికిత్సకు andవినియోగించే [[vincristine]]మందులలో వింక్రిస్టైను,<ref name = MoleculesReview /><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kuboyama|first1 = Takeshi|last2 = Yokoshima|first2 = Satoshi|last3 = Tokuyama|first3 = Hidetoshi|last4 = Fukuyama|first4 = Tohru|title = Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine|journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|year = 2004|volume = 101|issue = 33|pages = 11966–11970|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401323101|pmid = 15141084|bibcode = 2004PNAS..10111966K|pmc = 514417}}</ref> areవింకా [[vinca alkaloid|''vinca'' alkaloids]]అల్కలాయిడు,<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = van der Heijden|first1 = Robert|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Denise I.|last3 = Snoeijer|first3 = Wim|last4 = Hallard|first4 = Didier|last5 = Verpoorte|first5 = Robert|year = 2004|title = The ''Catharanthus'' alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology|journal = [[Current Medicinal Chemistry]]|volume = 11|issue = 5|pages = 607–628|pmid = 15032608|doi = 10.2174/0929867043455846}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Raviña|first = Enrique|title = The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs|year = 2011|publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn = 9783527326693|pages = 157–159|chapter = ''Vinca'' alkaloids|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA157}}</ref> usedహడ్జ్కిను toవ్యాధి treatనివారణకు [[Hodgkin's disease]],వాడుతుంటారు.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 29 March 2017|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 31 May 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> [[leukemia]]లుకేమియా,<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 18 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-myeloid-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 22 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|title = Chemotherapy for Childhood Leukemia|date = 3 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-in-children/treating/chemotherapy.html|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> and otherఇతర cancersకేన్సరు,<ref>{{cite web|title = Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 22 January 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 21 January 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 16 May 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 12 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Testicular Cancer|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> wereమడగాస్కర్ derivedపెరివింక్లె fromమందును the [[Catharanthus|Madagascar periwinkle]]ఉపయోగిస్తారు.<ref name=periw>{{cite journal |last = Foster |first = Steven |title = From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment |journal = Alternative and Complementary Therapies |volume = 16 |issue = 6 |pages = 347–350 |year = 2010 |doi = 10.1089/act.2010.16609|pmid = 20423206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter = Africa's gift to the world|pages = 46–51|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title = Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World|first1 = Raymond|last1 = Cooper|first2 = Jeffrey John|last2 = Deakin|publisher = [[CRC Press]]|year = 2016|isbn = 9781498704304}}</ref> Theట్రావలరు [[Ravenalaపాం madagascariensis|traveler'sస్థానికంగా palm]]," knownరవినలా locally" as ''ravinala''అంటారు.<ref>Ellis (1859), p. 302</ref> andతూర్పు endemicవర్షారణ్యంలో toఅంతరించిపోతున్న theదశలో eastern rain forests,ఉంది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rave_mad.cfm|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5xJNG5WcZ |archivedate = 20 March 2011|title= Ravenala madagascariensis |publisher=Floridata.com |accessdate=14 September 2009 |date=16 May 2000|last = McLendon |first = Chuck}}</ref> isఇది highlyమడగాస్కర్ iconicచిహ్నంగా ofఉంది. Madagascarఇది andజాతీయ isచిహ్నంగానూ featuredఅలాగే inఎయిరు theమడగాస్కరు national emblem as well as the [[Air Madagascar]]లోగోగా logoఉంది.<ref>{{cite web |last = Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre |title = Nature of Madagascar |publisher = Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre |date = 24 August 2011 |url = http://www.lambahoany.org/madagascar/nature-of-madagascar/ |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/61Bemker1 |archivedate = 24 August 2011 |accessdate =24 August 2011}}</ref>
 
More than 80&nbsp;percent of Madagascar's 14,883 [[flora of Madagascar|plant species]] are found nowhere else in the world, including five plant families.<ref name=endemism>{{cite journal |last1 = Callmander |first1 = Martin |display-authors=etal |title = The endemic and non-endemic vascular flora of Madagascar updated |journal = Plant Ecology and Evolution |volume = 144 |issue = 2 |pages = 121–125|year = 2011 |doi = 10.5091/plecevo.2011.513 |url = http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/curators/pdf/PLECEVO_2011.pdf |accessdate=11 February 2012 |archivedate = 11 February 2012 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/65NBBr5AX}}</ref> The family ''[[Didiereaceae]]'', composed of four genera and 11 species, is limited to the [[Madagascar spiny thickets|spiny forests]] of southwestern Madagascar.<ref name=endemicstats/> Four-fifths of the world's ''[[Pachypodium]]'' species are endemic to the island.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Lavranos |first1 = John |year = 2004 |title = Pachypodium makayense: A New Species From Madagascar |journal = Cactus and Succulent Journal |volume = 76 |issue = 2|pages = 85–88}}</ref> Three-fourths<ref name=B2011plant/> of Madagascar's 860<ref name=endemism/> [[orchid]] species are found here alone, as are six of the world's nine [[Adansonia|baobab]] species.<ref>{{cite journal |doi = 10.1080/106351598260879 |vauthors=Baum DA, Small RL, Wendel JF |year = 1998 |title = Biogeography and floral evolution of baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacaceae) as inferred from multiple data sets |journal = Systematic Biology |volume = 47 |issue = 2|pages = 181–207 |pmid = 12064226}}</ref> The island is home to around 170 palm species, three times as many as on all of mainland Africa; 165 of them are endemic.<ref name=B2011plant>Bradt (2011), p. 38</ref> Many native plant species are used as herbal remedies for a variety of afflictions. The drugs [[vinblastine]]<ref name = MoleculesReview>{{cite journal|journal = [[Molecules (journal)|Molecules]]|year = 2012|volume = 17|issue = 5|pages = 5893–5914|doi = 10.3390/molecules17055893|title = Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine|first1 = Péter|last1 = Keglevich|first2 = Laszlo|last2 = Hazai|first3 = György|last3 = Kalaus|first4 = Csaba|last4 = Szántay|pmid = 22609781|pmc = 6268133|url = http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/5/5893/pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1 = Justin E.|last1 = Sears|first2 = Dale L.|last2 = Boger|authorlink2 = Dale L. Boger|title = Total Synthesis of Vinblastine, Related Natural Products, and Key Analogues and Development of Inspired Methodology Suitable for the Systematic Study of Their Structure-Function Properties|journal = [[Accounts of Chemical Research]]|year = 2015|volume = 48|issue = 3|pages = 653–662|doi = 10.1021/ar500400w|pmid = 25586069|pmc = 4363169}}</ref> and [[vincristine]]<ref name = MoleculesReview /><ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Kuboyama|first1 = Takeshi|last2 = Yokoshima|first2 = Satoshi|last3 = Tokuyama|first3 = Hidetoshi|last4 = Fukuyama|first4 = Tohru|title = Stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-vincristine|journal = [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]|year = 2004|volume = 101|issue = 33|pages = 11966–11970|doi = 10.1073/pnas.0401323101|pmid = 15141084|bibcode = 2004PNAS..10111966K|pmc = 514417}}</ref> are [[vinca alkaloid|''vinca'' alkaloids]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = van der Heijden|first1 = Robert|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Denise I.|last3 = Snoeijer|first3 = Wim|last4 = Hallard|first4 = Didier|last5 = Verpoorte|first5 = Robert|year = 2004|title = The ''Catharanthus'' alkaloids: Pharmacognosy and biotechnology|journal = [[Current Medicinal Chemistry]]|volume = 11|issue = 5|pages = 607–628|pmid = 15032608|doi = 10.2174/0929867043455846}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Raviña|first = Enrique|title = The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs|year = 2011|publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn = 9783527326693|pages = 157–159|chapter = ''Vinca'' alkaloids|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA157}}</ref> used to treat [[Hodgkin's disease]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 29 March 2017|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Hodgkin Lymphoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 31 May 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> [[leukemia]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 18 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/chronic-myeloid-leukemia/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 22 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|title = Chemotherapy for Childhood Leukemia|date = 3 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/leukemia-in-children/treating/chemotherapy.html|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> and other cancers,<ref>{{cite web|title = Chemotherapy for Neuroblastoma|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 22 January 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-children/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 21 January 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-small-cell-lung-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 16 May 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}<br />{{cite web|url = https://www.cancer.org/cancer/testicular-cancer/treating/chemotherapy.html|date = 12 February 2016|accessdate = 22 June 2017|title = Chemotherapy for Testicular Cancer|publisher = [[American Cancer Society]]|website = [[cancer.org]]}}</ref> were derived from the [[Catharanthus|Madagascar periwinkle]].<ref name=periw>{{cite journal |last = Foster |first = Steven |title = From Herbs to Medicines: The Madagascar Periwinkle's Impact on Childhood Leukemia: A Serendipitous Discovery for Treatment |journal = Alternative and Complementary Therapies |volume = 16 |issue = 6 |pages = 347–350 |year = 2010 |doi = 10.1089/act.2010.16609|pmid = 20423206 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter = Africa's gift to the world|pages = 46–51|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aXGmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title = Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World|first1 = Raymond|last1 = Cooper|first2 = Jeffrey John|last2 = Deakin|publisher = [[CRC Press]]|year = 2016|isbn = 9781498704304}}</ref> The [[Ravenala madagascariensis|traveler's palm]], known locally as ''ravinala''<ref>Ellis (1859), p. 302</ref> and endemic to the eastern rain forests,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rave_mad.cfm|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5xJNG5WcZ |archivedate = 20 March 2011|title= Ravenala madagascariensis |publisher=Floridata.com |accessdate=14 September 2009 |date=16 May 2000|last = McLendon |first = Chuck}}</ref> is highly iconic of Madagascar and is featured in the national emblem as well as the [[Air Madagascar]] logo.<ref>{{cite web |last = Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre |title = Nature of Madagascar |publisher = Lambahoany Ecotourism Centre |date = 24 August 2011 |url = http://www.lambahoany.org/madagascar/nature-of-madagascar/ |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/61Bemker1 |archivedate = 24 August 2011 |accessdate =24 August 2011}}</ref>
 
[[File:OaklandZooLemurs.jpg|thumb|alt=Two ring-tailed lemurs curled up together|The [[ring-tailed lemur]] is one of over 100 known species and subspecies of lemur found only in Madagascar.<ref name="2009Mittermeier">{{cite journal |editor1-last = Mittermeier |editor1-first = R.A. |editor2-last = Wallis |editor2-first = J. |editor3-last = Rylands |editor3-first = A.B. |editor4-last = Ganzhorn |editor4-first = J.U. |editor5-last = Oates |editor5-first = J.F. |editor6-last = Williamson |editor6-first = E.A. |editor7-last = Palacios |editor7-first = E. |editor8-last = Heymann |editor8-first = E.W. |editor9-last = Kierulff |editor9-first = M.C.M. |editor11-first = J. |editor12-last = Roos |editor12-first = C. |editor13-last = Walker |editor13-first = S. |editor14-last = Cortés-Ortiz |editor14-first = L. |editor15-last = Schwitzer |editor15-first = C. |others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash |year = 2009 |title = Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 |publisher = [[Primate Specialist Group|IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group]], [[International Primatological Society]], and [[Conservation International]] |pages = 1–92 |url = http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf|format = PDF |editor10-first = Long|editor10-last= Yongcheng |editor11-last = Supriatna}}</ref>]]
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A number of other mammals, including the cat-like [[Fossa (animal)|fossa]], are endemic to Madagascar. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded on the island, of which over 60&nbsp;percent (including four families and 42 genera) are endemic.<ref name=CIHotSpot/> The few families and genera of [[reptile]] that have reached Madagascar have diversified into more than 260 species, with over 90&nbsp;percent of these being endemic<ref name="Okajima"/> (including one endemic family).<ref name=CIHotSpot/> The island is home to two-thirds of the world's [[chameleon]] species,<ref name="Okajima">{{cite journal |vauthors=Okajima Y, Kumazawa Y|lastauthoramp=yes |title = Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines |journal = [[Gene (journal)|Gene]] |volume = 441 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 28–35 |year = 2009 |pmid = 18598742|doi = 10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011}}</ref> including the [[Brookesia micra|smallest known]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1 = Glaw |first1 = F. |last2 = Köhler |first2 = J. R. |last3 = Townsend |first3 = T. M. |last4 = Vences |first4 = M. |editor1-last = Salamin |editor1-first = Nicolas |title = Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0031314 |journal = PLoS ONE |volume = 7 |issue = 2 |pages = e31314 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22348069|pmc =3279364|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731314G }}</ref> and researchers have proposed that Madagascar may be the origin of all chameleons.
 
 
 
 
Endemic fish of Madagascar include two families, 15 genera and over 100 species, primarily inhabiting the island's freshwater lakes and rivers. Although invertebrates remain poorly studied on Madagascar, researchers have found high rates of endemism among the known species. All 651 species of terrestrial snail are endemic, as are a majority of the island's butterflies, [[Scarabaeidae|scarab beetles]], [[lacewing]]s, spiders and dragonflies.<ref name=CIHotSpot/>
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