మడగాస్కర్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
Content deleted Content added
ట్యాగు: విశేషణాలున్న పాఠ్యం |
|||
పంక్తి 319:
19 వ శతాబ్దం చివరలో భారతదేశంలోని సౌరాష్ట్ర ప్రాంతం నుండి వలసవచ్చిన గుజరాతీ ప్రజల ద్వారా హిందూమతం మడగాస్కరుకు పరిచయం చేయబడింది. మడగాస్కరులో హిందువులు అధికంగా గుజరాతీ లేదా హిందీలో ఇంట్లో మాట్లాడతారు.<ref name="id">{{cite web |title = Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora |publisher = Ministry of External Affairs, India |year = 2004 |url = http://indiandiaspora.nic.in/diasporapdf/chapter8.pdf |accessdate =22 January 2012 |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6AJxU0geu |archivedate = 31 August 2012}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Madagascar}}
Each of the many ethnic subgroups in Madagascar adhere to their own set of beliefs, practices and ways of life that have historically contributed to their unique identities. However, there are a number of core cultural features that are common throughout the island, creating a strongly unified Malagasy cultural identity. In addition to a common language and shared traditional religious beliefs around a creator god and veneration of the ancestors, the traditional Malagasy worldview is shaped by values that emphasize ''fihavanana'' (solidarity), ''vintana'' (destiny), ''tody'' (karma), and ''[[Hasina (Madagascar)|hasina]]'', a sacred life force that traditional communities believe imbues and thereby legitimates authority figures within the community or family. Other cultural elements commonly found throughout the island include the practice of male circumcision; strong kinship ties; a widespread belief in the power of magic, diviners, astrology and witch doctors; and a traditional division of social classes into nobles, commoners, and slaves.<ref name="LOC"/><ref name=Bradtbeliefs/>
Although social castes are no longer legally recognized, ancestral caste affiliation often continues to affect social status, economic opportunity, and roles within the community.<ref>Middleton (1999), pp. 259–262, 272, 309</ref> Malagasy people traditionally consult ''Mpanandro'' ("Makers of the Days") to identify the most auspicious days for important events such as weddings or ''famadihana'', according to a traditional astrological system introduced by Arabs. Similarly, the nobles of many Malagasy communities in the pre-colonial period would commonly employ advisers known as the ''ombiasy'' (from ''olona-be-hasina'', "man of much virtue") of the southeastern [[Antemoro people|Antemoro]] ethnic group, who trace their ancestry back to early Arab settlers.<ref>Ames (2003), p. 101</ref>
The diverse origins of Malagasy culture are evident in its tangible expressions. The most emblematic instrument of Madagascar, the ''[[valiha]]'', is a [[bamboo]] tube [[zither]] carried to Madagascar by early settlers from [[South Kalimantan|southern Borneo]], and is very similar in form to those found in [[Music of Indonesia|Indonesia]] and the [[Music of the Philippines|Philippines]] today.<ref name="Blench, R. 1982 pp. 81-93">{{cite journal |last = Blench |first = Roger |title = Evidence for the Indonesian origins of certain elements of African culture |journal = African Music |volume = 6 |issue = 2 |pages = 81–93 |year = 1982 |subscription=yes |jstor = 30249759}}</ref> Traditional [[Architecture of Madagascar|houses in Madagascar]] are likewise similar to those of southern Borneo in terms of symbolism and construction, featuring a rectangular layout with a peaked roof and central support pillar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Kus |first1 = Susan |last2 = Raharijaona |first2 = Victor |title = House to Palace, Village to State: Scaling up Architecture and Ideology |journal = American Anthropologist |series=New Series |issue = 102 |volume = 1 |pages = 98–113 |year = 2000 |doi = 10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.98}}</ref> Reflecting a widespread veneration of the ancestors, tombs are culturally significant in many regions and tend to be built of more durable material, typically stone, and display more elaborate decoration than the houses of the living.<ref name="Acquier, Jean-Louis.">Acquier (1997), pp. 143–175</ref> The production and weaving of silk can be traced back to the island's earliest settlers, and Madagascar's national dress, the woven ''[[lamba (garment)|lamba]]'', has evolved into a varied and refined art.<ref>Kusimba, Odland & Bronson (2004), p. 12</ref>
The Southeast Asian cultural influence is also evident in [[Malagasy cuisine]], in which rice is consumed at every meal, typically accompanied by one of a variety of flavorful vegetable or meat dishes.<ref name="Antal"/> African influence is reflected in the sacred importance of zebu cattle and their embodiment of their owner's wealth, traditions originating on the African mainland. [[Cattle raiding|Cattle rustling]], originally a rite of passage for young men in the plains areas of Madagascar where the largest herds of cattle are kept, has become a dangerous and sometimes deadly criminal enterprise as herdsmen in the southwest attempt to defend their cattle with traditional spears against increasingly armed professional rustlers.<ref name=Camp93/>
==నైసర్గిక స్వరూపము==
| |||