లిబియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

2017 డిసెంబరులో " పర్మనెంటు మిషను ఆఫ్ లిబియా " ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితికి దేశం అధికారిక పేరు ఇకపై "లిబియా రాజ్యం" అని తెలియజేసింది. "లిబియా" అనే పేరు అధికారిక సంక్షిప్త రూపంగా మిగిలిపోయింది.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |accessdate=5 January 2018 |title="State of Libya" in UNTERM (United Nations terminology database) |publisher=United Nations |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233707/https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |archivedate=5 January 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

 

{{main|Ancient Libya|Libu}}

[[File:Temple of Zeus - Cyrene.jpg|thumb|left|The temple of [[Zeus]] in the ancient Greek city of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]]]

On the Eastern side, Cyrenaica's first Christian communities were established by the time of the Emperor [[Claudius]].<ref name="be417">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 417.</ref> It was heavily devastated during the [[Kitos War]]<ref name="ro364">{{cite book |ref=Rostovtzeff|last=Rostovtzeff|first=Michael|title=Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire|location=Oxford|year=1957|edition=2|publisher=Clarendon|page=364}}</ref> and almost depopulated of Greeks and Jews alike.<ref>[[Cassius Dio]], lxviii. 32</ref> Although repopulated by [[Trajan]] with military colonies,<ref name="ro364" /> from then started its decline.<ref name="be417" /> Libya was early to convert to [[Nicene Christianity]] and was the home of [[Pope Victor I]]; however, Libya was a hotbed for early heresies such as [[Arianism]] and [[Donatism]].

 

The decline of the [[Roman Empire]] saw the classical cities fall into ruin, a process hastened by the [[Vandals]]' destructive sweep through North Africa in the 5th century. When the Empire returned (now as [[Byzantine Empire|East Romans]]) as part of [[Justinian]]'s reconquests of the 6th century, efforts were made to strengthen the old cities, but it was only a last gasp before they collapsed into disuse. Cyrenaica, which had remained an outpost of the [[Byzantine Empire]] during the Vandal period, also took on the characteristics of an armed camp. Unpopular Byzantine governors imposed burdensome taxation to meet military costs, while the towns and public services—including the water system—were left to decay. By the beginning of the 7th century, Byzantine control over the region was weak, Berber rebellions were becoming more frequent, and there was little to oppose [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim]] invasion.<ref>Rodd, Francis (1925). "Kahena, Queen of the Berbers: A Sketch of the Arab Invasion of Ifrikiya in the First Century of the Hijra". ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies''. University of London. Vol. 3, No. 4. pp. 731–2.</ref>

 

[[File:Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Atiq Mosque, Awjila|Atiq Mosque]] in [[Awjila]] is the oldest mosque in the [[Sahara]].]]

Under the command of [['Amr ibn al-'As]], the [[Rashidun army]] conquered [[Cyrenaica]].<ref name="be278">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 278.</ref> In 647 an army led by [[Abdullah ibn Saad]] took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively.<ref name="be278" /> The [[Fezzan]] was conquered by [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] in 663. The Berber tribes of the hinterland accepted Islam, however they resisted Arab political rule.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hourani, Albert|year=2002|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-21591-1|page=198}}</ref>

After weakening control of Abbasids, Cyrenaica was under Egypt based states such as [[Tulunids]], [[Ikhshidids]], [[Ayyubids]] and [[Mamluks]] before Ottoman conquest in 1517. Finally [[Fezzan]] acquired independence under Awlad Muhammad dynasty after [[Kanem Empire|Kanem]] rule. Ottomans finally conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577.

 

[[File:Capture of Tripoli by the Ottomans 1551.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Tripoli (1551)|Siege of Tripoli]] in 1551 allowed the Ottomans to capture the city from the Knights of St. John.]]

 

Ottoman Sultan [[Mahmud II]] sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.<ref name="be205"/> Order was not recovered easily, and the revolt of the Libyan under Abd-El-Gelil and Gûma ben Khalifa lasted until the death of the latter in 1858.<ref name="be205" /> The second period of direct Ottoman rule saw administrative changes, and greater order in the governance of the three provinces of Libya. Ottoman rule finally reasserted to Fezzan between 1850 and 1875 for earning income from Saharan commerce.

 

[[File:Omar Mukhtar 13.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Omar Mukhtar]] was the leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against the Italian colonisation.]]

[[File:Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli.jpg|thumb|270px|Propaganda postcard made by [[Italian Army]] depicting the [[Italian invasion of Libya|invasion of Libya]] during the [[Italo-Turkish War]].]]

[[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi at the AU summit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Muammar Gaddafi]] gained power in a 1969 coup and was "leader of the revolution" until his overthrow in 2011.]]

 

After the [[Arab Spring]] movements overturned the rulers of [[Tunisia]] and [[Egypt]], Libya experienced a full-scale revolt beginning on [[Revolution Day|17 February 2011]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title=Live Blog – Libya |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |archivedate=23 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia. While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprisings in Libya.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b18588098~S1|title=The Arab awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=9780815722267|editor-last=Pollack|editor-first=Kenneth M.|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the [[Interim Transitional National Council]] as an alternative government. One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Democracy's Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring|last=Hussain1 Howard2|first=Muzammil M.1Philip N.2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-993697-7|location=New York|pages=23|quote=|via=}}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. On 27 February 2011, the [[National Transitional Council]] was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. On 10 March 2011, France became the first state to officially recognise the council as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | title =The Council"International Recognition | publisher =National Transitional Council (Libya) | date =1 March 2011 | accessdate =23 October 2011 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110926043358/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | archivedate =26 September 2011 | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |archivedate=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

 

At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |title=Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war |author=Laub, Karin |agency=Associated Press |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=25 November 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104210601/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition, the [[National Transitional Council]] estimated 50,000 wounded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|title=If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure {{!}} Seumas Milne|last=Milne|first=Seumas|date=2011-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132158/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

[[File:Libyan Civil War.svg|thumb|Areas of control in the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Civil War]], updated 18 January 2019:<br />[[File:Location dot red.svg|11px]] [[Council of Deputies|Tobruk-led Government]] [[File:Location dot lime.svg|11px]] [[Government of National Accord]] [[File:Location dot blue.svg|11px]] Petroleum Facilities Guard [[File:Location dot yellow.svg|11px]] [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] tribes [[File:Location dot orange.svg|11px]] Local forces ]]