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లిబియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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===2011 అంతర్యుద్ధం ===
Afterఅరబు theతిరుగుబాటు కదలికలను [[Arab Springట్యునీషియా]] movements overturned the rulers of, [[Tunisiaఈజిప్టు]] andపాలకులను [[Egypt]],పడగొట్టిన Libyaతరువాత experiencedలిబియాలో a2011 full-scaleఫిబ్రవరి revolt17 beginningన onపూర్తి [[Revolutionస్థాయి Day|17తిరుగుబాటు February 2011]]ప్రారంభమైంది.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title=Live Blog – Libya |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |archivedate=23 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Libya'sఈజిప్టు, authoritarianట్యునీషియా regimeదేశాలతో ledపోలిస్తే, byముయామ్మరు Muammarగడ్డాఫీ Gaddafiనేతృత్వంలోని putలిబియా upఅధికార muchపాలన moreమరింత ofనిరోధకశక్తిని aకలిగి resistanceఉంది. comparedఈజిప్టు, toట్యునీషియా theదేశాలలో regimesఅధికారాన్ని inపడగొట్టడం Egyptచాలా andత్వరగా Tunisiaజరుగుతుంది. Whileఅయితే overthrowingలిబియాలో theజరిగిన regimesతిరుగుబాటులపై inగడాఫీ Egyptపోరాటం andగణనీయమైన Tunisiaఆటంకాలకు was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprisings in Libyaదారితీసింది.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b18588098~S1|title=The Arab awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=9780815722267|editor-last=Pollack|editor-first=Kenneth M.|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> Theఒక firstపోటీ announcementరాజకీయ ofఅధికార aతొలి competingప్రకటన politicalఆన్ authorityలైనులో appearedకనిపించింది. onlineమధ్యంతర andనేషనలు declaredకౌన్సిలు the [[Interim Transitional National Council]] as anప్రత్యామ్నాయ alternativeప్రభుత్వాన్ని governmentప్రకటించింది. Oneగడాఫీ ofసీనియర్ Gaddafi'sసలహాదారులలో seniorఒకరు advisorsఒక respondedట్వీటును byపోస్టు postingద్వారా aస్పందించారు. tweet,అయన whereinరాజీనామా heచేసి resigned, defected, andతొలగించబడ్డాడు. advisedపారిపొమ్మని Gaddafiగడాఫీకి toసలహా fleeఇచ్చాడు.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Democracy's Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring|last=Hussain1 Howard2|first=Muzammil M.1Philip N.2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-993697-7|location=New York|pages=23|quote=|via=}}</ref> Byఫిబ్రవరి 20 February,నాటికి theఅశాంతి unrestట్రిపోలి hadవరకు spread to Tripoliవ్యాపించింది. On 27 February 2011, theఫిబ్రవరి [[National27 Transitionalన Council]]లిబియా wasప్రాంతం establishedతిరుగుబాటుదారుల toనియంత్రణలో administerనేషనలు the areas of Libya underట్రాంసిషనలు rebelకౌంసిలు controlస్థాపించబడింది. On 10 March 2011, Franceమార్చి became10 theన firstలైబీరియా stateప్రజల toచట్టబద్ధమైన officiallyప్రతినిధిగా recogniseమండలిని the council as the legitimate representative of theఫ్రాంసు Libyanఅధికారికంగా peopleగుర్తించింది.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | title =The Council"International Recognition | publisher =National Transitional Council (Libya) | date =1 March 2011 | accessdate =23 October 2011 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110926043358/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | archivedate =26 September 2011 | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |archivedate=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>▼
 
▲After the [[Arab Spring]] movements overturned the rulers of [[Tunisia]] and [[Egypt]], Libya experienced a full-scale revolt beginning on [[Revolution Day|17 February 2011]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title=Live Blog – Libya |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |archivedate=23 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia. While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprisings in Libya.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b18588098~S1|title=The Arab awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=9780815722267|editor-last=Pollack|editor-first=Kenneth M.|location=Washington, DC}}</ref> The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the [[Interim Transitional National Council]] as an alternative government. One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Democracy's Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring|last=Hussain1 Howard2|first=Muzammil M.1Philip N.2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-993697-7|location=New York|pages=23|quote=|via=}}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. On 27 February 2011, the [[National Transitional Council]] was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. On 10 March 2011, France became the first state to officially recognise the council as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | title =The Council"International Recognition | publisher =National Transitional Council (Libya) | date =1 March 2011 | accessdate =23 October 2011 | deadurl =yes | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20110926043358/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | archivedate =26 September 2011 | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |archivedate=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
Pro-Gaddaffiపశ్చిమ forcesలిబియాలో wereతిరుగుబాటుకు ableవ్యతిరేకంగా toప్రో-గడ్డాఫీ respondబలగాలు militarilyస్పందించగలిగాయి. toతీరం rebel pushes in [[Tripolitania|Western Libya]] and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi,వెంట the ''deతిరుగుబాటు facto''కేంద్రం centreబెంఘజి ofవైపు theఎదురుదాడిని uprisingప్రారంభించారు.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/world/africa/10libya.html |title=Qaddafi Forces Batter Rebels in Strategic Refinery Town |work=The New York Times |date=9 March 2011 |accessdate=9 March 2011 |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506221756/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/world/africa/10libya.html |archivedate=6 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Theట్రిపోలి townనుండి of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]], {{convert|48|km}} fromకిలోమీటర్ల Tripoli,(30 was bombarded by [[Libyan Air Force (1951–2011మైళ్ళు)|air forceజవియా planes]]పట్టణాన్ని andవైమానిక armyదళ tanksవిమానాలు, andసైన్యం seizedట్యాంకులు byపేల్చివేసి [[Armedజామహిరియా Forcesదళాలు ofస్వాధీనం the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Jamahiriya troops]],చేసుకున్నాయి. "exercising aయుద్ధంలో levelకనిపించని ofక్రూరత్వం brutalityఉన్నత notస్థాయిలో yet seen in the conflictఉంది." <ref>The Independent, 9 March 2011 P.4</ref>
 
[[File:Coalition action against Libya-en.svg|thumb|210px|లిబియాపై నో ఫ్లై జోను, అలాగే సైనిక దళంలో పాల్గొన్న స్థావరాలు, యుద్ధనౌకలు ఉన్నాయి]]
[[File:Coalition action against Libya-en.svg|thumb|210px|The [[no-fly zone]] over Libya as well as bases and warships which were involved in the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|2011 military intervention]]]]
Organizations of the [[United Nations]], including [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ban-Ki-moon-blasts-Gaddafi-calls-situation-dangerous/Article1-666108.aspx |title=Ban Ki-moon blasts Gaddafi; calls situation dangerous |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=26 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227021434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ban-Ki-moon-blasts-Gaddafi-calls-situation-dangerous/Article1-666108.aspx |archivedate=27 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action urged by Libya's own delegation to the UN.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.story |title=Some backbone at the U.N. |work=The Los Angeles Times |date=26 February 2011 |accessdate=26 February 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303053657/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.story |archivedate=3 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800 |agency=Sofia News Agency |title=Libya Expelled from UN Human Rights Council |date=2 March 2011 |accessdate=2 March 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093052/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800 |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
Onఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి 17కార్యదర్శి Marchజనరల్ 2011బాన్ theకీ-మూను, UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimeshindustantimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillaryBan-clintonKi-undercutmoon-onblasts-libyaGaddafi-warcalls-by-pentagonsituation-dangerous/print/Article1-666108.aspx |title=Exclusive:Ban Secret tapes undermineKi-moon Hillaryblasts ClintonGaddafi; oncalls Libyansituation wardangerous |authorwork=JeffreyHindustan Scott ShapiroTimes |author2location=KellyNew RiddellDelhi |workdate=The24 WashingtonFebruary Times2011 |dateaccessdate=2826 JanuaryFebruary 20152011 |deadurl=noyes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/2015021701020320110227021434/http://www.washingtontimeshindustantimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillaryBan-clintonKi-undercutmoon-onblasts-libyaGaddafi-warcalls-by-pentagonsituation-dangerous/print/Article1-666108.aspx |archivedate=1727 February 20152011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> withఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి aమానవ 10–0హక్కుల voteమండలితో andసహా fiveఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి abstentions including Russiaసంస్థలు, China,అణిచివేత India,చర్యలు Brazilఅంతర్జాతీయ andచట్టాన్ని Germany.ఉల్లంఘించినట్లు The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a [[no-fly zone]] and the use of "all means necessary" to protect civilians within Libyaఖండించింది.<ref>{{cite press releasenews |url= httpshttp://www.unlatimes.org/appscom/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.story.asp?NewsID=37808 |title=Some Securitybackbone Councilat authorizesthe 'all necessary measures' to protect civilians in LibyaU.N. |publisherwork=The UnitedLos NationsAngeles Times |date=26 17 MarchFebruary 2011 |accessdate=26 30 MarchFebruary 2011 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/2011050318492120110303053657/http://www.unlatimes.org/appscom/news/storyopinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.asp?NewsID=37808story |archivedate= 3 MayMarch 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> On 19 March, the first act of NATO allies to secure the no-fly zone began by destroying Libyan air defenses when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a [[reconnaissance]] mission heralding attacks on enemy targets.<ref name="libyrate1">{{cite news |author=Marcus, Jonathan |url=httpshttp://www.bbcnovinite.cocom/view_news.uk/news/world-africa-12795971php?id=125800 |titleagency=FrenchSofia militaryNews jetsAgency open|title=Libya fireExpelled infrom LibyaUN |work=BBCHuman NewsRights Council |date=192 March 2011 |accessdate=202 AugustMarch 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/2011032012520920110511093052/http://www.bbcnovinite.co.ukcom/news/world-africa-12795971view_news.php?id=125800 |archivedate=2011 MarchMay 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
2011 మార్చి 17 న ఐఖ్యరాజ్యసమితి భద్రతా మండలి 1973 <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillary-clinton-undercut-on-libya-war-by-pentagon-/print/ |title=Exclusive: Secret tapes undermine Hillary Clinton on Libyan war |author=Jeffrey Scott Shapiro |author2=Kelly Riddell |work=The Washington Times |date=28 January 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217010203/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillary-clinton-undercut-on-libya-war-by-pentagon-/print/ |archivedate=17 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ను 10-0 ఓట్లు, [[రష్యా]], [[చైనా]], [[భారతదేశం]], [[బ్రెజిల్]], [[జర్మనీ]]తో సహా ఐదు వ్యతిరేకతలతో ఆమోదించబడింది. ఈ తీర్మానం నో ఫ్లై జోను స్థాపనకు అనుమతించింది. లిబియాలో పౌరులను కాపాడటానికి "అవసరమైన అన్ని మార్గాల" ఉపయోగించబడింది.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808 |title= Security Council authorizes 'all necessary measures' to protect civilians in Libya |publisher= United Nations |date= 17 March 2011 |accessdate= 30 March 2011 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184921/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808 |archivedate= 3 May 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> మార్చి 19 న ఫ్లై జోనును రక్షించటానికి మిత్రపక్షాలు మొట్టమొదటగా లిబియా ఎయిరు డెఫెంసు నాశనం చేసాయి. దీనితో ప్రత్యర్థి లక్ష్యాల మీద దాడులకు గురిచేసే నిఘా మిషను ఫ్రెంచి ఎయిరు జెటు విమానాలు లిబియా గగనతలం ప్రవేశించింది.<ref name="libyrate1">{{cite news |author=Marcus, Jonathan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 |title=French military jets open fire in Libya |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=20 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320125209/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 |archivedate=20 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
In the weeks that followed, American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya. More than 8,000 American personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area. At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties, 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in [[Brega]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/22/nato-libya-data-journalism-operations-country/ |title=NATO operations in Libya |publisher=The Guardian, London, 22 May 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624233946/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/22/nato-libya-data-journalism-operations-country |archivedate=24 June 2014 |df=dmy-all |date=2011-05-22 }}</ref> The American air offensive included flights of B-2 Stealth bombers, each bomber armed with sixteen 2000-pound bombs, flying out of and returning to their base in Missouri in the continental United States.<ref>Tirpak, John {{cite web |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/magazinearchive/pages/2011/july%202011/0711libya.aspx |title=Bombers Over Libya |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608065130/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/July%202011/0711libya.aspx |archivedate=8 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }} Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, Vol. 94, No. 7, July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref> The support provided by the NATO air forces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/11/the-hidden-story-of-airpower-in-libya-and-what-it-means-for-syria/ |title=The hidden story of airpower in Libya (and what it means for Syria) |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=11 February 2013 |accessdate=1 April 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065752/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/11/the-hidden-story-of-airpower-in-libya-and-what-it-means-for-syria/ |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
 
By 22 August 2011, [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|rebel fighters]] had entered Tripoli and occupied [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli|Green Square]],<ref name="Richburg">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-rebels-converging-on-tripoli/2011/08/21/gIQAbF3RUJ_story.html |title=Gaddafi's rule crumbling as rebels enter heart of Tripoli |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Keith B. |last=Richburg |date=22 August 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123234819/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-rebels-converging-on-tripoli/2011/08/21/gIQAbF3RUJ_story.html |archivedate=23 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011. On 20 October 2011 the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of [[Sirte]], where Gaddafi was captured and killed. The defeat of [[loyalist]] forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011, three days after the fall of Sirte.
[75] [76]
 
తరువాత వారాల్లో, అమెరికన్ దళాలు లిబియాకు వ్యతిరేకంగా NATO కార్యకలాపాలకు ముందంజలో ఉన్నాయి. ఈ ప్రాంతంలో యుద్ధనౌకలు మరియు విమానాలలో 8,000 కన్నా ఎక్కువ మంది అమెరికన్ సిబ్బంది ఉన్నారు. కనీసం 3,000 లక్ష్యాలు 14,202 సమ్మె దాడుల్లో పడ్డాయి, వాటిలో 716 ట్రిపోలీలో మరియు బ్రెగాలో 492 మంది ఉన్నారు. [85] అమెరికా వైమానిక దాడిలో B-2 స్టీల్త్ బాంబర్స్ విమానాలు, ప్రతి బాంబర్ పదహారు 2000 పౌండ్ల బాంబులతో సాయుధమయ్యాయి, ఖండాంతర యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్లోని మిస్సౌరీలో వారి స్థావరానికి తిరిగి వెళ్లిపోయాయి. [86] NATO వైమానిక దళాలు అందించిన మద్దతు విప్లవం యొక్క అంతిమ విజయానికి దారితీసింది. [87]
 
22 ఆగష్టు 2011 నాటికి, తిరుగుబాటు యోధులు ట్రిపోలిని మరియు ఆక్రమిత గ్రీన్ స్క్వేర్లో ప్రవేశించారు, [88] వారు 17 ఫిబ్రవరి 2011 నుండి మృతి చెందినవారికి గౌరవసూచకంగా మార్టిర్స్ స్క్వేర్ అని పేరు పెట్టారు. 2011 అక్టోబరు 20 న, తిరుగుబాటు యొక్క చివరి భారీ పోరాటం ముగిసింది సర్దా నగరం, అక్కడ గడ్డాఫీ బంధించి చంపబడ్డాడు. సిర్టే పతనం తర్వాత మూడు రోజులు, 23 అక్టోబర్ 2011 న విధేయుల దళాల ఓటమి జరుపుకుంది.
 
పౌర యుద్ధంలో కనీసం 30,000 లిబియన్లు మరణించారు. [89] అదనంగా, జాతీయ పరివర్తన కౌన్సిల్ 50,000 మంది గాయపడ్డారని అంచనా. [90]
At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |title=Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war |author=Laub, Karin |agency=Associated Press |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=8 September 2011 |accessdate=25 November 2011 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104210601/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |archivedate=4 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition, the [[National Transitional Council]] estimated 50,000 wounded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|title=If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure {{!}} Seumas Milne|last=Milne|first=Seumas|date=2011-10-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-11-24|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132158/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|archivedate=1 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
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