నైజీరియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 202:
 
2015 మార్చి ఎన్నికలలో ముహముదు బుహారీ సుమారు 2 మిలియన్ల ఓట్లతో గుడ్లకు జోనాథనును ఓడించాడు. పరిశీలకులు సాధారణంగా ఈ ఎన్నికను ఫెయిర్గా ప్రశంసించారు. జోనాథను ఓటమిని అంగీకరించి, విజేతను ప్రశంసించి అశాంతి ప్రమాదాన్ని పరిమితం చేసాడు.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32139858|newspaper=BBC|accessdate=31 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/obama-praises-nigerias-president-for-conceding-defeat/ |title=Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat |publisher=Vanguard |date=1 April 2015 |accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/apc-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/ |title=APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat |publisher=The Nation |accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/31/anyaoku-praises-jonathan-for-conceding-defeat/ |title=Anyaoku Praises Jonathan For Conceding Defeat |publisher=Channels Television |date=31 March 2015 |accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref>
== Geography and Geology==
{{Main|Geography of Nigeria|Geology of Nigeria}}
[[File:Political map of Nigeria.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Map of Nigeria, showing state boundaries, cities, and waterways.]]
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map NGA present.svg|thumb|Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification.]]
 
Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of {{convert|923768|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order – Area|work= [[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref> making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after [[Tanzania]]). It is comparable in size to [[Venezuela]], and is about twice the size of the [[United States|US]] state of California. Its borders span for {{convert|4,047|km|mi|0|adj=on}}s, and it shares borders with Benin ({{convert|773|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Niger ({{convert|1,497|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Chad ({{convert|87|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}), Cameroon ({{convert|1,690|km|mi|disp=or|abbr=on}}), and has a [[coastline]] of at least {{convert|853|km|abbr=off}}s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Africa :: Nigeria|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=17 May 2011|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html|accessdate=29 May 2011}} *Note that coastlines, and borders based on rivers or natural features, are fractals, the length of which is imprecise and depends on the measurement convention adopted.</ref> Nigeria lies between latitudes [[4th parallel north|4°]] and [[14th parallel north|14°N]], and longitudes [[2nd meridian east|2°]] and [[15th meridian east|15°E]].
 
[[File:Zuma Rock.jpg|thumb|The [[Zuma Rock]] near Suleja]]
The highest point in Nigeria is [[Chappal Waddi]] at {{convert|2419|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The main rivers are the [[Niger River|Niger]] and the [[Benue River|Benue]], which converge and empty into the [[Niger Delta]]. This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African [[mangrove]]s.
 
Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its [[tropical rainforest climate]], where annual rainfall is {{convert|60|to|80|in|mm|-2}} a year.<ref name=gai5>{{cite web|url=http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414075757/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html|archivedate=14 April 2009|title=Regions Used to Interpret the Complexity of Nigeria|accessdate=19 July 2007|work= Geographical Alliance of Iowa|publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]]}}</ref> In the southeast stands the [[Obudu Plateau]]. [[Coastal plain]]s are found in both the southwest and the southeast.<ref name=encarta>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nigeria |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |accessdate=19 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpluZiN?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html |archivedate= 1 November 2009 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> This [[forest zone]]'s most southerly portion is defined as "salt water swamp", also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of [[mangrove]]s in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is [[rainforest]].<ref name=gai4>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html|archivedate= 28 March 2010|title=The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria |accessdate=13 August 2007 |work=Geographical Alliance of Iowa|publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]]}}</ref>
 
Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shape).<ref name="encarta"/> To the southwest of the Niger is "rugged" [[Highland (geography)|highland]]. To the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains, which form the [[Mambilla Plateau]], the highest plateau in Nigeria. This plateau extends through the border with [[Cameroon]], where the [[montane]] land is part of the [[Bamenda Highlands]] of Cameroon.
 
The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]] [[ecoregion]], an important centre for [[biodiversity]]. It is habitat for the [[drill (mammal)|drill monkey]], which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding [[Calabar]], Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of [[butterflies]]. The area of southern Nigeria between the [[River Niger|Niger]] and the [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross Rivers]] has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by [[grassland]] (''see [[Cross-Niger transition forests]]'').
 
Everything in between the far south and the far north is [[savannah]] (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between {{convert|20|and|60|in|mm|-2|order=flip}} per year.<ref name=gai5/> The savannah zone's three categories are [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic]], Sudan savannah, and [[Sahel]] savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.<ref name=gai4/> In the Sahel region, rain is less than {{convert|20|in|mm|sigfig=1|order=flip}} per year and the [[Sahara Desert]] is encroaching.<ref name=gai5/> In the dry northeast corner of the country lies [[Lake Chad]], which Nigeria shares with [[Niger]], Chad and Cameroon.
 
=== Environmental issues ===
{{main|Environmental issues in the Niger Delta|Deforestation in Nigeria}}
[[File:Rainforest range of Obudu Mountains.jpg|thumb|Rainforest range of [[Obudu Mountain Resort|Obudu Mountains]]]]
[[File:Clouds kissing the mountains of Obudu.jpg|thumb|Clouds kissing the mountains of Obudu]]
Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large [[Petroleum in Nigeria|oil industry]], experiences serious [[oil spills]] and other environmental problems, which has caused [[Conflict in the Niger Delta|conflict]].
 
[[File:Eieke, Olumirin Water Falls, Erin Ijesha.jpg|thumb|left|[[Erin-Ijesha Waterfalls|Olumirin Water Falls]], Erin Ijesha]]
 
[[Waste management]] including [[sewage treatment]], the linked processes of [[deforestation]] and [[soil degradation]], and [[climate change]] or [[global warming]] are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a [[mega city]] like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with [[economic development]], [[population growth]] and the inability of [[municipal council]]s to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of [[Kubwa, Abuja|Kubwa]] Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the [[canal]]s, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, and the like.
 
Haphazard industrial planning, increased [[urbanisation]], [[poverty]] and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste pollution in major cities of the country. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute [[waterway]]s and [[groundwater]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=D.N. |last=Ogbonna |first2=I.K.E. |last2=Ekweozor |first3=F.U. |last3=Igwe |title=Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria |journal=AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment |volume=31 |issue=1 |year=2002 |pages=55–57 |jstor=4315211 |doi=10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0055:wmatfe]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
 
In 2005 Nigeria had the highest rate of [[deforestation]] in the world, according to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]] (FAO).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mongabay.com/2005/1117-forests.html |title=News.mongabay.com |publisher=News.mongabay.com |date= |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref> That year, 12.2%, the equivalent of 11,089,000 hectares had been forested in the country. Between 1990 and 2000, Nigeria lost an average of 409,700 hectares of forest every year equal to an average annual deforestation rate of 2.4%. Between 1990 and 2005, in total Nigeria lost 35.7% of its [[forest cover]], or around 6,145,000 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/2000/Nigeria.htm |title=Rainforest analysis at Mongabay.com |publisher=Rainforests.mongabay.com |date=1 January 2010 |accessdate=28 July 2014}}</ref>
 
In 2010, thousands of people were inadvertently exposed to [[lead]]-containing soil / ore from informal [[gold mining]] within the northern state of [[Zamfara State lead poisoning epidemic|Zamfara]]. While estimates vary, it is thought that upwards of 400 children died of acute [[lead poisoning]], making this perhaps the largest lead poisoning fatality epidemic ever encountered.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashir|first=Muhammed|last2=Umar-Tsafe|first2=Nasir|last3=Getso|first3=Kabiru|last4=Kaita|first4=Ibrahim M.|last5=Nasidi|first5=Abdulsalami|last6=Sani-Gwarzo|first6=Nasir|last7=Nguku|first7=Patrick|last8=Davis|first8=Lora|last9=Brown|first9=Mary Jean|date=18 April 2014|title=Assessment of blood lead levels among children aged ≤ 5 years—Zamfara State, Nigeria, June–July 2012|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=63|issue=15|pages=325–327|issn=1545-861X|pmid=24739340|pmc=5779393}}</ref> As of 2016, efforts to manage the exposure are ongoing.
 
=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Nigeria}}
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 20%; float: right; font-size: 0.85em;"
|colspan=2 style="font-weight: bold;"|Major cities
|-
!City!!Population
|-
|[[Lagos]] ||8,048,430
|-
|[[Kano]] ||3,931,300
|-
|[[Ibadan]] ||2,559,853
|-
|[[Benin City]] ||1,147,188
|-
|[[Port Harcourt]] ||1,005,904
|}
 
Nigeria is divided into [[States of Nigeria|thirty-six states]] and one [[Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria|Federal Capital Territory]], which are further sub-divided into 774 [[Local Government Areas in Nigeria|Local Government Areas]] (LGAs). In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/constitution-amendment-what-the-people-want/ |title=Constitution amendment: What the people want |accessdate=14 December 2012 |date=4 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778:constitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203:youth-speak&Itemid=730 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511123924/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106778%3Aconstitutional-review-nigeria-needs-broader-representation-&catid=203%3Ayouth-speak&Itemid=730 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=11 May 2013 |title=Constitutional review: Nigeria needs broader representation |accessdate=14 December 2012 |date=6 December 2012 |df= }}</ref>
 
{{As of|2006||alt=As of the 2006 census}}, Nigeria has eight cities with a population of over 1&nbsp;million people (from largest to smallest): [[Lagos]], [[Kano]], [[Ibadan]], [[Benin City]] and [[Port Harcourt]]. Lagos is the [[List of most populous cities in Africa|largest city in Africa]], with a population of over [[List of metropolitan areas by population|12 million]] in its [[urban area]].<ref name="felix">{{cite news |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm |agency=Reuters |title=Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details |first=Felix |last=Onuah |date=29 December 2006|accessdate=23 November 2008}}</ref>
 
{{Nigeria states map}}
{{clear}}
 
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