నైజీరియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 610:
నైజీరియాలో కొన్ని ప్రధాన పైరసీలు ఉన్నాయి. అన్ని రకాల ఓడల మీద దాడులు జరిగాయి. ఓడలమీద దాడులకు నైజీరియా ప్రమాదకరమైన హాటు స్పాటుగా మారింది. 2013 జనవరి-జూన్ లో కిడ్నాప్ చేసిన 30 మంది సీఫేరర్లలో 28 మంది నైజీరియాలో కిడ్నాపు చేయబడ్డారు. 2013 నాటికి నైజీరియాలో ఒకే ఒక్క మరణం సంభవించింది.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maritime Security: Current Threats and Implications |url=http://www.pacmar.com/story/2013/10/01/features/maritime-security-current-threats-and-implications/184.html}}</ref>నైజీరియాలో రాజకీయ అవినీతి విస్తరించింది. ఇది ట్రాంసఫరెంసీ ఇంటర్నేషనలు 2011 కరప్షను పర్సెప్షను ఇండెక్సులో 182 దేశాల్లో 143 స్థానంలో ఉంది; అయినప్పటికీ ఇది 2014 నాటికి కొంత మెరుగుపడి 136 వ స్థానానికి చేరింది.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-records-improvement-ranked-39th-on-corruption-index/195767/ |title=Nigeria Records Improvement, Ranked 39th on Corruption Index |publisher=This Day Live |date=4 December 2014 |accessdate=8 February 2015 |author=Chima, Obinna |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208144949/https://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-records-improvement-ranked-39th-on-corruption-index/195767/ |archivedate=8 February 2015 }}</ref>
1960 మరియు 1999 మధ్య కాలంలో నైజీరియా నాయకులు ట్రెజరీ నుండి $ 400 బిలియన్ల వరకు దొంగిలించారు.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Failure of Democracy in Nigeria |publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' |date= 23 April 2007|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1613615,00.html}}</ref> 2013 చివరలో నైజీరియా అప్పటి కేంద్ర బ్యాంకు గవర్నరు లామిడో సానుసి, అధ్యక్షుడు గుడ్లకు జోనాథనుకు " స్టేటు ఆయిలు కంపెనీ ", ఎన్ఎన్‌పిసి చమురు ఆదాయంలో 20 బిలియన్ల డాలర్ల మేరకు విరాళంగా చెల్లించడంలో విఫలమైందని తెలియజేసింది. జోనాథను అయితే దావా తోసిపుచ్చారు. కేంద్ర బ్యాంకు బడ్జెటు లోపాల ఆరోపణలతో శానుసి పదవి నుండి తొలగించబడ్డాడు.<ref name=reu>{{cite news|author1=Tim Cocks and Joe Brock|title=Special Report: Anatomy of Nigeria's $20 billion "leak"|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/06/us-nigeria-election-banker-specialreport-idUSKBN0LA0X820150206|accessdate=6 February 2015|work=Reuters|date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
ఎన్.ఎన్.పి.సి. ఖాతా ఆడిటు ముగిసిన తరువాత 2015 జనవరిలో [ఎవరు?] ప్రకటించారు. ఎన్.ఎన్.పి.సి. చెల్లని ఆదాయం వాస్తవానికి $ 1.48 బిలియన్ల అమెరికా డాలర్లు ఇది ప్రభుత్వం తిరిగి చెల్లించాల్సిన అవసరం ఉంది.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/nnpc-audit-no-missing-20-billion-%E2%80%93-bloomberg.107644/ |title=NNPC Audit: No Missing $20 Billion |publisher=Nigerian Bulletin |accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
2015 లో నైజీరియా అధ్యక్షుడు ముహమ్మదు బుహారీ గత పదిసంవత్సరాలలో నైజీరియా నుండి 150 బిలియన్ల డాలర్లను దొంగిలించారని పేర్కొన్నారు.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33689115 Nigerian former minister 'stole $6bn of public money']". BBC News. 28 July 2015.</ref>
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Nigeria}}
===Literature===
{{Main|Nigerian literature}}
[[File:Things Fall Apart books 02.jpg|thumb|''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' by [[Chinua Achebe]] is Africa's most popular and best selling literary piece ever, translated into over 40 languages across Africa and around the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Bob |title=An enduring classic |work=The Standard |date=14 March 2008 |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&art_id=63036&sid=18059567&con_type=3&d_str=&fc=10 |accessdate=7 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604133635/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&art_id=63036&sid=18059567&con_type=3&d_str=&fc=10 |archivedate=4 June 2011}}</ref>]]
Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of [[post-colonial theory|post-colonial]] literature in the English language. Nigeria's best-known writers are [[Wole Soyinka]], the first African [[Nobel Laureate in Literature]], and [[Chinua Achebe]], best known for the novel ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' (1958) and his controversial critique of [[Joseph Conrad]].
Other Nigerian [[List of Nigerian writers|writers]] and [[List of Nigerian poets|poets]] who are well known internationally include [[John Pepper Clark]], [[Ben Okri]], [[Cyprian Ekwensi]], [[Buchi Emecheta]], [[Helon Habila]], [[T. M. Aluko]], [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]], [[Daniel O. Fagunwa]], [[Femi Osofisan]] and [[Ken Saro Wiwa]], who was executed in 1995 by the military regime. Nigeria has the second largest [[Nigerian newspapers|newspaper]] market in Africa (after [[Egypt]]) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003.
Critically acclaimed writers of a younger generation include [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]], [[Chris Abani]], [[Sefi Atta]], [[Helon Habila]], [[Helen Oyeyemi]], [[Nnedi Okorafor]], [[Kachi A. Ozumba]], [[Sarah Ladipo Manyika]], and [[Chika Unigwe]].
===Media===
{{main|Media in Nigeria}}
===Music and film===
{{Main|Music of Nigeria|Cinema of Nigeria|Festivals in Nigeria}}
[[File:Wizkid at Iyanya's album launch concert, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] is a popular [[List of Nigerian musicians|musician]] in Nigeria, Africa and Worldwide]]
Nigeria has had a huge role in the development of various genres of [[African music]], including West African [[highlife]], [[Afrobeat]], and [[palm-wine music]], which fuses native rhythms with techniques that have been linked to the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Brazil]], [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]] and worldwide.
Many late 20th-century musicians such as [[Fela Kuti]] have famously fused cultural elements of various [[indigenous music]] with American [[jazz]] and [[Soul music|soul]] to form [[Afrobeat]] which has in turn influenced [[hip hop music]].<ref>Adams, S. ''Black President: The Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti'': New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York; ''This Is Lagos: Yabis Night, Music and Fela'', Skoto Gallery, New York. ''African Arts'' v. 37, no. 1 (Spring 2004).</ref> [[Jùjú music|JuJu]] music, which is percussion music fused with traditional music from the [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] nation and made famous by [[King Sunny Adé]], is from Nigeria. [[Fuji music]], a [[Yoruba Culture|Yoruba]] percussion style, was created and popularised by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru [[Ayinde Barrister]].
Afan Music was invented and popularised by the [[Ewu]]-born poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese. There is a budding [[Nigerian hip hop|hip-hop]] movement in Nigeria. [[Kennis Music]], the self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by hip-hop artists.
[[File:Eyo Iga Jump.jpg|thumb|An [[Eyo festival|Eyo]] Iga Olowe Salaye masquerade jumping]]
Notable musicians from Nigeria include: [[Sade Adu]], [[King Sunny Adé]], [[Onyeka Onwenu]], [[Dele Sosimi]], [[Adewale Ayuba]], [[Ezebuiro Obinna]], Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, Bennie King, [[Ebenezer Obey]], Umobuarie Igberaese, [[Femi Kuti]], [[Lagbaja]], [[Dr. Alban]], Wasiu Alabi, Bola Abimbola, Zaki Adze, [[Tuface|Tuface Idibia]], [[Aṣa]], [[Nneka (singer)|Nneka]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], [[P Square]] and [[D'Banj]].
In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when MTV hosted the continent's first African music awards show in [[Abuja]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209102925/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html |archivedate=9 December 2008 |title=AP/CNN: MTV launches first-ever African music award show |publisher=CNN |date= 22 November 2008 |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Additionally, the very first music video played on MTV Base Africa (the 100th station in the MTV network) was [[Tuface|Tuface Idibia]]'s pan-African hit "African Queen".
The Nigerian film industry is known as [[Nollywood]] (a [[Blend word|blend]] of ''Nigeria'' and [[Hollywood]]<ref>"[http://www.economist.com/node/17723124?story_id=17723124&CFID=153287426&CFTOKEN=59754693 Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa]", ''[[The Economist]]'', 18 December 2010, pp. 85–88.</ref>) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian [[film studio]]s are based in [[Lagos]], Kano and [[Enugu]], forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable [[digital cinema|digital filming and editing]] technologies.
The 2009 thriller film ''[[The Figurine]]'' is generally considered the game changer, which heightened the media attention towards [[New Nigerian Cinema]] revolution. The film was a critical and commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals.<ref name="Thorburn, Jane">{{cite web | url=http://www.janethorburn.co.uk/nollywood2DoingItRight.html#pixsmall48adfc | title=NOLLYWOOD 2 Doing It Right | accessdate=18 February 2015 | author=Thorburn, Jane}}</ref> The 2010 film ''[[Ijé]]'' by Chineze Anyaene, overtook ''The Figurine'' to become the [[List of highest-grossing films in Nigeria|highest grossing Nigerian film]]; a record it held for four years, until it was overtaken in 2014 by ''[[Half of a Yellow Sun (film)|Half of a Yellow Sun]]'' (2013).<ref name="The Economist">{{cite web | url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket | title=Nigerian films try to move upmarket: Nollywood's new scoreboard | publisher=The Economist | work=The Economist | date=17 July 2014 | accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/ | title=Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood | publisher=The Nation Online | work=The Nation Newspaper | date=14 September 2014 | accessdate=24 March 2015 | author=Akande, Victor}}</ref> By 2016, this record was held by ''[[The Wedding Party (2016 film)|The Wedding Party]]'', a film by [[Kemi Adetiba]].
By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$11 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion ([[United States dollar|US$]]5.1 billion) making it the third most valuable film industry in the world, behind the [[United States]] and [[India]]. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/10/nigeria-africa-biggest-economy-nollywood | title=Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight | publisher=The Guardian | work=The Guardian Newspaper | date=10 April 2014 | accessdate=12 April 2014 | author=Liston, Enjoli}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/world/2014/04/07/nollywood-helps-nigeria-kick-south-africa-s-economic-butt | title=Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt | publisher=Sowetan Live | date=7 April 2014 | accessdate=12 April 2014 | author=Hazlewood, Phil}}</ref>
[[T.B. Joshua]]'s [[Emmanuel TV]], originating from Nigeria, is one of the most viewed television stations across Africa.<ref>{{cite news|first = Makweembo|last = Manasa|title = TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet in Our Midst?|url = http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/|work = Zambian Watchdog|date = 11 February 2010|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100710080804/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/|archivedate = 10 July 2010|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
There are many [[festivals in Nigeria]], some of which date to the period before the arrival of the major religions in this ethnically and culturally diverse society. The main Muslim and Christian festivals are often celebrated in ways that are unique to Nigeria or unique to the people of a locality.<ref name=OnlineNigeria>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/festivals/|work=Online Nigeria|title=Festivals in Nigeria|accessdate=26 April 2011}}</ref> The Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation has been working with the states to upgrade the traditional festivals, which may become important sources of tourism revenue.<ref name=Oxford2010>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFONkYzHco8C&pg=PA243|page=243|title=The Report: Nigeria 2010|chapter=Patchwork of Celebration|author=Oxford Business Group|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-907065-14-9}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cuisine of Nigeria}}
[[File:A Plate of Pounded Yam (Iyan) served in Birmingham UK.JPG|thumb|left|A plate of pounded yam (iyan) and [[egusi]] soup with tomato stew.]]
Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used in conjunction with [[palm oil]] or [[peanut|groundnut]] oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with [[chili pepper]]s. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.<ref>Anthonio, H.O. and Isoun, M. (1982), ''Nigerian Cookbook'', Macmillan, Lagos, {{ISBN|0-333-32698-9}}.</ref>
===Sport===
[[File:NIG-ARG (2).jpg|thumb|[[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]] at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]]]]
Football is largely considered Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own [[Nigerian Premier League|Premier League]] of football. [[Nigerian national football team|Nigeria's national football team]], known as the "Super Eagles", has made the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] on Six occasions [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994]], [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998]], [[2002 FIFA World Cup|2002]], [[2010 FIFA World Cup|2010]], [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]], and most recently in [[2018 FIFA World Cup|2018]]. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the [[FIFA World Rankings]], the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the [[African Cup of Nations]] in [[1980 African Cup of Nations|1980]], [[1994 African Cup of Nations|1994]], and [[2013 African Cup of Nations|2013]], and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football.
The nation's [[Nigeria national under-17 football team|cadet team]] from [[1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship|Japan '93]] produced some international players notably [[Nwankwo Kanu]], a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with [[F.C. Internazionale Milano|Inter Milan]], [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] and [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]. Other players that graduated from the junior teams are [[Nduka Ugbade]], [[Jonathan Akpoborie]], [[Victor Ikpeba]], [[Celestine Babayaro]], [[Wilson Oruma]] and [[Taye Taiwo]]. Some other famous Nigerian footballers include [[John Obi Mikel]], [[Obafemi Martins]], [[Vincent Enyeama]], [[Yakubu (footballer)|Yakubu]], [[Rashidi Yekini]], [[Peter Odemwingie]] and [[Jay-Jay Okocha]].
[[File:NIG-ARG (9).jpg|thumb|Nigerian football supporters at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia]]
According to the official May 2010 [[FIFA World Rankings]], Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, [[cricket (sport)|cricket]] and track and field.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Nigerian Basketball
|publisher = Africabasket.com
|year = 2011
|url = http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp
|accessdate =7 June 2011}}</ref> Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; [[Dick Tiger]] and [[Samuel Peter]] are both former World Champions.
[[Nigeria's national basketball team]] made the headlines internationally when it qualified for the [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]] as it beat heavily favoured world elite teams such as [[Greece national basketball team|Greece]] and [[Lithuania men's national basketball team|Lithuania]].<ref>[http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/lateNews/p/newsid/52642/arti.html OQTM – Nigeria celebrates 'greatest' victory], fiba.com, accessed 16 December 2012.</ref> Nigeria has been home to numerous internationally recognised basketball players in the world's top leagues in [[Americas|America]], Europe and Asia. These players include [[Basketball Hall of Fame]]r [[Hakeem Olajuwon]], and later [[NBA]] draft picks [[Solomon Alabi]], [[Yinka Dare]], [[Obinna Ekezie]], [[Festus Ezeli]], [[Al-Farouq Aminu]] and [[Olumide Oyedeji]].
Nigeria made history by qualifying the first [[Bobsleigh|bobsled]] team for the [[Winter Olympics]] from Africa when their Women's 2-man team qualified for [[Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics|the bobsled competition]] at the [[2018 Winter Olympics|XXIII Olympic Winter Games]] in [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Udoh|first1=Colin|title=Nigeria bobsled women qualify for Winter Olympics|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/21430137/nigeria-bobsled-women-qualify-winter-olympics|accessdate=29 January 2018|work=ESPN|date=17 November 2017}}</ref>
In the early 1990s, [[Scrabble]] was made an official sport in Nigeria. By the end of 2017, there were around 4,000 players in more than 100 clubs in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/11/30/why-nigeria-produces-scrabble-champions?zid=319&ah=17af09b0281b01505c226b1e574f5cc1|title=Why Nigeria produces Scrabble champions|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref> In 2015, [[Wellington Jighere]] became the first African player to win [[World Scrabble Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/27/491470531/and-the-no-1-scrabble-nation-in-the-world-is|title=And The No. 1 Scrabble Nation In The World Is ...|accessdate=27 August 2016}}</ref>
== సాహితీవేత్తలు ==
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