సొమాలియా: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 516:
 
ఖండంలోని అతి పొడవైన సముద్రతీరప్రాంతం కారణంగా <ref name="FactbookCoastline" /> సోమాలియాలో అనేక ప్రధాన ఓడరేవులు ఉన్నాయి. మొగడిషు, బోసాసా, బెర్బెరా, కిస్మాయొ, మెర్కా వంటి నౌకాశ్రయ నగరాలలో సముద్ర రవాణా సౌకర్యాలు కనుగొనబడ్డాయి. 2008 లో స్థాపించబడిన కార్గో ఆధారంగా వ్యాపారి సముద్రతీరం కూడా ఉంది.<ref name="factbook"/>
==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Somalia}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Somalia had an estimated population of around {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} million inhabitants in {{UN_Population|Year}};{{UN_Population|ref}} the total population according to the 1975 census was 3.3 million.<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/somalia/36.htm Somalia – population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> About 85% of local residents are [[Somali people|ethnic Somalis]],<ref name="factbook"/> who have historically inhabited the northern part of the country.<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 8_11"/> They have traditionally been organized into nomadic pastoral clans, loose empires, sultanates and city-states.<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 138">{{Harvnb|Abdullahi|2001|p=138}}.</ref> [[Somali Civil War|Civil strife]] in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the [[Somali diaspora]], as many of the best educated Somalis left the country.<ref>[http://www.innercitypress.com/UNPOSstrategy.doc Somali Diaspora] – ''[[Inner City Press]]''</ref>
 
Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up the remainder of Somalia's population, and are largely concentrated in the southern regions.<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 8_11"/> They include [[Bravanese people|Bravanese]], [[Benadiri people|Benadiri]], [[Somali Bantu|Bantus]], [[Bajuni people|Bajuni]], [[People of Ethiopia|Ethiopians]] (especially [[Oromo people|Oromos]]), [[Demographics of Yemen|Yemenis]], [[India]]ns, [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Italian Somalis|Italians]] and [[British people|Britons]]. The Bantus, the largest ethnic minority group in Somalia, are the descendants of [[Slavery in Somalia|slaves]] who were brought in from southeastern Africa by Arab and Somali traders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html |title=The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture – People |publisher=Cal.org |accessdate=21 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1940, there were about 50,000 [[Italian Somalis|Italians]] living in Italian Somaliland.<ref>Tripodi, Paolo. ''The Colonial Legacy in Somalia''. p. 66</ref> Most Europeans left after independence, while a small number of Westerners are still present in Somalia mainly working for [[international organization]]s operating in Somalia.
[[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|left|Population per age group]]
 
A sizable Somali diaspora exists in various [[Western world|Western countries]], such as the [[United States]] (in particular in the state of [[Minnesota]]) and in the [[United Kingdom]] (particularly in [[London]]), [[Sweden]], [[Canada]], [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Australia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Austria]], and [[Italy]], as well on the Arabian peninsula, and several African nations, such as [[Uganda]] and [[South Africa]]. The Somali diaspora is deeply involved in the politics and development of Somalia. The current president of Somalia, [[Farmaajo|Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed]], was a former diaspora Somali and still holds [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizenship]].
 
Somalia's population is expanding at a growth rate of 1.75% per annum and a birth rate of 40.87 births per 1,000 people.<ref name="factbook"/> The [[total fertility rate]] of Somalia is 6.08 children born per woman (2014 estimates), the fourth highest in the world, according to the [[CIA World Factbook]].<ref name="factbook"/> Most local residents are young, with a median age of 17.7 years; about 44% of the population is between the ages of 0–14 years, 52.4% is between the ages of 15–64 years, and only 2.3% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="factbook"/> The [[Sex ratio|gender ratio]] is roughly balanced, with proportionally about as many men as women.<ref name="factbook"/>
 
There is little reliable statistical information on [[urbanization]] in Somalia. Rough estimates have been made indicating a rate of urbanization of 4.79% per annum (2005–2010 est.), with many towns quickly growing into cities.<ref name="factbook"/> Many ethnic minorities have also moved from rural areas to urban centres since the onset of the civil war, particularly to [[Mogadishu]] and [[Kismayo]].<ref>[http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051/article_ethio_0066-2127_2003_num_19_1_1051.pdf Bantu ethnic identities in Somalia]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. (PDF). Retrieved 15 December 2011.</ref> {{As of|2008}}, 37.7% of the nation's population live in towns and cities, with the percentage rapidly increasing.<ref name="factbook"/>
 
===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Somalia}}
[[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are the official languages of Somalia.<ref name="Frspc" /> The Somali language is the mother tongue of the [[Somali people]], the nation's most populous ethnic group.<ref name="factbook" /> It is a member of the [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] branch of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] language family, and its nearest relatives are the [[Oromo language|Oromo]], [[Afar language|Afar]] and [[Saho language|Saho]] languages.<ref>I. M. Lewis (1998) ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho'', Red Sea Press, p. 11, {{ISBN|1-56902-104-X}}.</ref> Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lecarme|Maury|1987|p=22}}.</ref> with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
[[File:Ciismaniya.jpg|thumb|The [[Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya]] writing script]]
Somali [[dialect]]s are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benadir and [[Maay language|Maay]]. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the [[Benadir]] coast, from [[Adale]] to south of [[Merca]] including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional [[phoneme]]s that do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle ([[Rahanweyn]]) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.<ref>Andrew Dalby (1998) ''Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages'', Columbia University Press, p. 571, {{ISBN|0-7136-7841-0}}.</ref>
 
A number of [[writing system]]s have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the [[Somali alphabet]] is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the Supreme Revolutionary Council formally introduced it in October 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) ''Middle East annual review'' (1975) p. 229</ref> The script was developed by the Somali [[Linguistics|linguist]] [[Shire Jama Ahmed]] specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except ''p'', ''v'' and ''z''. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] and [[Wadaad writing]]. Indigenous writing systems developed in the 20th century include the [[Osmanya alphabet|Osmanya]], [[Borama alphabet|Borama]] and [[Kaddare alphabet|Kaddare]] scripts, which were invented by [[Osman Yusuf Kenadid]], Sheikh [[Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur]] and [[Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare]], respectively.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|pp=86–7}}.</ref>
 
In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue,<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref> is an official national language in Somalia.<ref name="Frspc"/> Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the [[Arab world]], the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref>
 
[[English language|English]] is widely spoken and taught. It used to be a working language in the British Somaliland protectorate. [[Italian language|Italian]] was an official language in Italian Somaliland and during the trusteeship period, but its use significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations, government officials, and in educated circles.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="ethnologue.com">https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita</ref> Other minority languages include [[Bravanese dialect|Bravanese]], a variant of the [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] [[Swahili language]] that is spoken along the coast by the [[Bravanese people]], as well as [[Bajuni dialect|Kibajuni]], a Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the [[Bajuni people|Bajuni]] minority ethnic group.
 
===Urban areas===
{{Largest cities of Somalia}}
 
===Religion===
{{bar box|float=right
|title=Religion in Somalia 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=27 December 2013}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion|right1=Percent
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]<ref name="Pew"/>|green|99.8}}
{{bar percent|Other<ref name="Pew"/>|red|0.2}}
}}
{{Main|Religion in Somalia}}
[[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque of Islamic Solidarity]] in Mogadishu is the largest mosque in the Horn region]]
According to the [[Pew Research Center]], 99.8% of Somalia's population is [[Muslim]].<ref name="Pew"/> The majority belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] branch of [[Islam]] and the [[Shafi'i]] school of [[Islamic jurisprudence]].<ref name="Abdullahi 2001 1"/> [[Sufism]], the [[mysticism|mystical]] sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local ''jama'a'' (''[[Zaouia|zawiya]]'') or congregations of the various ''[[Tariqah|tariiqa]]'' or Sufi orders.<ref>I. M. Lewis (1998) ''Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society'', The Red Sea Press, pp. 8–9, {{ISBN|1-56902-103-1}}.</ref> The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic [[sharia]] law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted.<ref name="Frspc"/>
 
Islam entered the region very early on, as a group of persecuted Muslims had sought refuge across the [[Red Sea]] in the Horn of Africa at the urging of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref>Rafiq Zakaria (1991) ''Muhammad and The Quran,'' New Delhi: Penguin Books, pp. 403–4. {{ISBN|0-14-014423-4}}</ref> Islam may thus have been introduced into Somalia well before the faith even took root in its place of origin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+so0014) |title=A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref>
 
In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Islamic sheikhs and clerics over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Muslim learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and well beyond. Among these Islamic scholars is the 14th-century Somali [[theologian]] and [[jurist]] [[Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i]] of [[Zeila]], who wrote the single most authoritative text on the [[Hanafi]] school of Islam, consisting of four volumes known as the ''Tabayin al-Haqa'iq li Sharh Kanz al-Daqa'iq''.
 
[[Christianity]] is a minority religion in Somalia, with adherents representing less than 0.1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research Center.<ref name="Pew"/> There is one [[Catholicism|Catholic]] diocese for the whole country, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mogadiscio|Diocese of Mogadishu]], which estimates that there were only about one hundred Catholic practitioners in 2004.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|dmgds|Diocese of Mogadiscio|23 January 2015}}</ref>
 
In 1913, during the early part of the colonial era, there were virtually no Christians in the Somali territories, with only about 100–200 followers coming from the schools and orphanages of the few Catholic missions in the [[British Somaliland]] [[protectorate]].<ref>Charles George Herbermann (1913) ''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church'', Vol. 14, Robert Appleton Co., p. 139.</ref> There were also no known Catholic missions in Italian Somaliland during the same period.<ref>Charles Henry Robinson (2007) [1915], ''History of Christian Missions'', Read Books, p. 356.</ref> In the 1970s, during the reign of Somalia's then [[Marxism|Marxist]] government, church-run schools were closed and [[Missionary|missionaries]] sent home. There has been no [[archbishop]] in the country since 1989, and the [[Mogadishu Cathedral|cathedral]] in Mogadishu was severely damaged during the civil war. In December 2013, the Ministry of Justice and Religious Affairs also released a directive prohibiting the celebration of Christian festivities in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khalif|first=Abdulkadir|title=Somalia bans Christmas celebrations|url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Somalia-bans-Christmas-celebrations/-/1950946/2125192/-/format/xhtml/-/774d8c/-/index.html|accessdate=3 January 2014|newspaper=Daily Nation|date=25 December 2013}}</ref>
 
According to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of [[folk religion]]s.<ref name="Pew"/> These mainly consisted of some non-Somali ethnic minority groups in the southern parts of the country, who practice [[animism]]. In the case of the [[Somali Bantu|Bantu]], these religious traditions were inherited from their ancestors in [[Southeast Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/3d9ac1502.pdf |title=Refugees Vol. 3, No. 128, 2002 UNHCR Publication Refugees about the Somali Bantu |date=1 September 2002 |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref>
 
Additionally, according to the Pew Research Center, less than 0.1% of Somalia's population in 2010 were adherents of [[Judaism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], or [[Irreligion by country|unaffiliated with any religion]].<ref name="Pew"/>
 
===Health===
{{Main|Healthcare in Somalia}}
Until the collapse of the federal government in 1991, the organizational and administrative structure of Somalia's [[healthcare]] sector was overseen by the Ministry of Health. Regional medical officials enjoyed some authority, but healthcare was largely centralized. The [[Socialism|socialist]] government of former President of Somalia [[Siad Barre]] had put an end to private medical practice in 1972.<ref>Maxamed Siyaad Barre (1970) ''My country and my people: the collected speeches of Major-General Mohamed Siad Barre'', President, the Supreme Revolutionary Council, Somali Democratic Republic, Vol. 3, Ministry of Information and National Guidance, p. 141.</ref> Much of the national budget was devoted to military expenditure, leaving few resources for healthcare, among other services.<ref name="Petletbet">{{cite web |url=http://www.peterleeson.com/Better_Off_Stateless.pdf |title=Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse|format=PDF |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref>
 
Somalia's public healthcare system was largely destroyed during the ensuing civil war. As with other previously nationalized sectors, informal providers have filled the vacuum and replaced the former government monopoly over healthcare, with access to facilities witnessing a significant increase.<ref name="ANEITMIS">{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/22522103/Svrger-2008-Vol-4 |title=Entrepreneurship and Statelessness: A Natural Experiment in the Making in Somalia |publisher=Scribd.com |date=1 October 2008 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> Many new healthcare centres, clinics, hospitals and pharmacies have in the process been established through home-grown Somali initiatives.<ref name="ANEITMIS"/> The cost of medical consultations and treatment in these facilities is low, at $5.72 per visit in health centres (with a population coverage of 95%), and $1.89–3.97 per outpatient visit and $7.83–13.95 per bed day in primary through tertiary hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/choice/country/som/cost/en/index.html |title=Estimates of Unit Costs for Patient Services for Somalia |publisher=World Health Organization |date=6 December 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref>
 
Comparing the 2005–2010 period with the half-decade just prior to the outbreak of the conflict (1985–1990), [[life expectancy]] actually increased from an average of 47 years for men and women to 48.2 years for men and 51 years for women.<ref name="Uhdrsom01">UNDP (2001). Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. New York: UNDP.</ref><ref name="Udasom">{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Somalia |title=UNdata – Somalia |publisher=United Nations |date=20 September 1960 |accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref> Similarly, the number of one-year-olds fully immunized against [[measles]] rose from 30% in 1985–1990 to 40% in 2000–2005,<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses">World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-2004. Washington, D.C./NewYork: UNDP and World Bank.</ref> and for [[tuberculosis]], it grew nearly 20% from 31% to 50% over the same period.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/>
 
The number of infants with low birth weight fell from 16 per 1,000 to 0.3, a 15% drop in total over the same time frame.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>World Bank and UNDP (2003). Socio-Economic Survey-Somalia-1999. Washington, D.C./NewYork: UNDP and World Bank.</ref> Between 2005 and 2010 as compared to the 1985–1990 period, [[infant mortality]] per 1,000 births also fell from 152 to 109.6.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Udasom"/> Significantly, maternal mortality per 100,000 births fell from 1,600 in the pre-war 1985–1990 half-decade to 1,100 in the 2000–2005 period.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref>UNDP (2006). Human Development Report 2006. New York: UNDP.</ref> The number of physicians per 100,000 people also rose from 3.4 to 4 over the same time frame,<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/> as did the percentage of the population with access to sanitation services, which increased from 18% to 26%.<ref name="Uhdrsom01"/><ref name="Wbunses"/>
 
According to [[United Nations Population Fund]] data on the midwifery workforce, there is a total of 429 midwives (including nurse-midwives) in Somalia, with a density of one midwife per 1,000 live births. Eight midwifery institutions presently exist in the country, two of which are private. Midwifery education programs on average last from 12 to 18 months, and operate on a sequential basis. The number of student admissions per total available student places is a maximum 100%, with 180 students enrolled {{As of|2009|lc=y}}. Midwifery is regulated by the government, and a license is required to practice professionally. A live registry is also in place to keep track of licensed midwives. In addition, midwives in the country are officially represented by a local midwives association, with 350 registered members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>
 
[[File:Somali boy receives a polio vaccination.jpg|thumb|A Somali boy receiving a [[Polio vaccine|polio]] vaccination.]]
According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent [[Female genital mutilation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |title=Prevalence of FGM |publisher=World Health Organization |date=9 December 2010 |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to the [[horn of Africa]] and parts of the Near East.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rose Oldfield Hayes |year=1975 |title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030}}</ref><ref>Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi (1998) ''Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, p. 41, {{ISBN|1-55587-578-5}}.</ref> Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to protect chastity, deter promiscuity, and offer protection from assault.<ref>Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby (1995) ''Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide'', Libraries Unlimited, p. 257, {{ISBN|1-56308-131-8}}.</ref><ref>Goldenstein, Rachel. "Female Genital Cutting: Nursing Implications". ''Journal of Transcultural Nursing''. 25.1 (2014): 95–101. Web. 19 February 2014.</ref> By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia: Female genital mutilation down|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/04/16/somalia-female-genital-mutilation-down.html|accessdate=17 May 2013|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|date=16 April 2013}}</ref> About 93% of Somalia's male population is also reportedly circumcised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |title=Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis by Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, and Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference|publisher= Center for International Development at Harvard University |format=PDF |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref>
 
Somalia has one of the lowest [[HIV]] infection rates on the continent. This is attributed to the Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals.<ref name="RCTHIV">{{cite journal |url=http://ams.ac.ir/aim/07104/0012.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413173845/http://ams.ac.ir/aim/07104/0012.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2008 |title=Religious and cultural traits in HIV/AIDS epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa|author= Ali-Akbar Velayati |author2=Valerii Bakayev |author3=Moslem Bahadori |author4=Seyed-Javad Tabatabaei |author5=Arash Alaei |author6=Amir Farahbood |author7=Mohammad-Reza Masjedi|pmid=17903054|year=2007|volume=10|issue=4|pages=486–97|journal=Archives of Iranian medicine}}</ref> While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,<ref name="RCTHIV"/> a 2012 report from UNAIDS says that since 2004, estimates from 0.7% to 1% have been assumed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2012/july/20120726mogadishu|title=Mogadishu – HIV in a time of unrest|publisher=}}</ref>
 
Although healthcare is now largely concentrated in the private sector, the country's public healthcare system is in the process of being rebuilt, and is overseen by the Ministry of Health. The current Minister of Health is Qamar Adan Ali.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emro.who.int/EMROInfo/moh/somalia.htm |title=The Regional Office And Its Partners – Somalia |publisher=Emro.who.int |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref> The autonomous Puntland region maintains its own Ministry of Health,<ref>[http://health.puntlandgovt.com/ Ministry of Health – Puntland State of Somalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192409/http://health.puntlandgovt.com/ |date=17 April 2018 }}. Health.puntlandgovt.com. Retrieved 15 December 2011.</ref> as does the Somaliland region in northwestern Somalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://somalilandgov.com/govt-ministries/|title=Somaliland – Government Ministries |publisher=Somalilandgov.com |accessdate=30 December 2010}}</ref>
 
Some of the prominent healthcare facilities in the country are [[East Bardera Mothers and Children's Hospital]], [[Abudwak Maternity and Children's Hospital]], [[Edna Adan Maternity Hospital]] and [[West Bardera Maternity Unit]].
 
===Education===
{{Main|Education in Somalia}}<!-- northwest; northeast and south-central below -->
Following the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the task of running schools in Somalia was initially taken up by community education committees established in 94% of the local schools.<ref>{{cite web| author =Noel Ihebuzor| title =EC and UNICEF join hands to support education in Somalia| publisher =United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)| date = 31 January 2005| url =http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-696HBA?OpenDocument| accessdate = 9 February 2007}}</ref> Numerous problems had arisen with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns, educational policies are being developed that are aimed at guiding the scholastic process. In the autonomous Puntland region, the latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/education.php |title=Education |accessdate=2015-02-01 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929135728/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/education.php |archivedate=29 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}. Puntland State of Somalia – Ministry of Education</ref> Examples of this and other educational measures at work are the regional government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/girlseducation.php |title=Girls' education |accessdate=2015-02-01 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060937/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/girlseducation.php |archivedate=30 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}. Puntland State of Somalia – Ministry of Education</ref> promoting the growth of an [[Early childhood education|Early Childhood Development]] (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0 to 5-year-old children,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/child.php |title=Children's education |accessdate=2015-02-01 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060916/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/child.php |archivedate=30 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}. Puntland State of Somalia – Ministry of Education</ref> and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/nomads.php |title=Education for nomads |accessdate=2015-02-01 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060830/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/nomads.php |archivedate=30 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}. Puntland State of Somalia – Ministry of Education</ref>
 
The Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, and oversees the nation's [[Primary education|primary]], [[Secondary education|secondary]], [[Vocational education|technical and vocational]] schools, as well as primary and technical [[Teacher education|teacher training]] and [[Nonformal learning|non-formal education]]. About 15% of the government's budget is allocated toward scholastic instruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm |title=Somalia – Education Overview |publisher=Wes.org |date=6 May 2004 |accessdate=30 December 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075522/http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland macro-regions maintain their own Ministries of Education.
 
In 2006, Puntland was the second territory in Somalia after Somaliland to introduce free primary schools, with teachers now receiving their salaries from the Puntland administration.<ref>{{cite web| title =Puntland (Somalia) to introduce free primary schools| publisher =Afrol News| url =http://www.afrol.com/articles/16083| date = 6 April 2006| accessdate = 9 February 2007}}</ref> From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services.<ref name="Basic education survey">{{cite web |url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205150949/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf|archivedate=5 February 2009|title=Mid-year Review Education Program |publisher= Puntland Ministry of Education and UNICEF Somalia |year=2007|format=PDF |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] region, and the lowest was observed in the under-populated [[Ayn, Somalia|Ayn]] region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.<ref name="Basic education survey"/>
[[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|[[Mogadishu University]]'s main campus in Mogadishu.]]
Higher education in Somalia is now largely private. Several universities in the country, including [[Mogadishu University]], have been scored among the 100 best universities in Africa in spite of the harsh environment, which has been hailed as a triumph for [[grass-roots]] initiatives.<ref name="Somtroap"/> Other universities also offering higher education in the south include [[Benadir University]], the [[Somalia National University]], [[Kismayo University]] and the [[University of Gedo]]. In Puntland, higher education is provided by the [[Puntland State University]] and [[East Africa University]]. In Somaliland, it is provided by [[Amoud University]], the [[University of Hargeisa]], [[Somaliland University of Technology]] and [[Burao University]].
 
[[Madrasah|Qu'ranic schools]] (also known as ''dugsi quran'' or ''mal'aamad quran'') remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qu'ranic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is often the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that about 40% of pupils in Qur'anic schools were female. To address shortcomings in religious instruction, the Somali government on its own part also subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~ginie/somalia/pdf/koran.pdf |title=Koranic School Project|format=PDF |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref>
 
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