ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధి: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

చిదిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు
చి Public domain లో ఆంగ్ల పాఠ్యాన్ని చేర్చు తరువాత అనువాదానికై
పంక్తి 1:
[[చట్టము|భారత చట్టాల]] ప్రకారం గ్రంథాలు, రచయిత జీవితకాలం మరియు 60 సంవత్సరాలు నకలుహక్కులు అమలులో వుంటాయి.ఆ తరువాత ప్రజోపయోగపరిధిలోకి చేరతాయి. అంటే వాటినే ఏ అనుమతి అవసరంలేకుండా ఏ అవసరానికైనా వాడుకోవచ్చు.
అంటే 2012 సంవత్సరంలో పరిశీలించినట్లయితే 1950లో లేక అంతకుముందు మరణించిన రచయితల కృతులు ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధిలోకి చేరతాయి
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{{selfref|{{two other uses||how the public domain applies to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Public domain|help with tagging Wikimedia Commons files as public domain|Commons:Help:Public domain}}}}
{{About|public ownership of creative works|use in relationship to public lands|Public domain (land)|the 2003 Canadian film|Public Domain (film)}}
 
{{Intellectual property}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
Works in the '''public domain''' are those whose intellectual property rights have expired,<ref name="Boyle 2008 38">{{Cite book|last=Boyle|first=James|title=The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind|publisher=CSPD|year=2008|page=38|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&dq=public+domain&source=gbs_navlinks_s|isbn=978-0-300-13740-8}}</ref> have been forfeited,<ref name="Graber 2008 173">{{Cite book|last=Graber|first=Christoph B.|last2=Nenova|first2=Mira B.|title=Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|year=2008| page=173|url=http://www.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&dq=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s|isbn=978-1-84720-921-4}}</ref> or are inapplicable. Examples include the works of [[Shakespeare]] and [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]], The [[King James Bible]], most of the early [[silent film]]s, the formulae of [[Newtonian physics]], and the patents on [[powered flight]].<ref name="Boyle 2008 38"/> The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
 
In informal usage, the public domain consists of works that are publicly available; while according to the formal definition, it consists of works that are unavailable for [[private ownership]] or are available for public use.<ref name="Graber 2008 173"/> As rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and not in another. Some rights depend on registrations with a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, implies public domain status in that country.
 
Public Domain is one of the [[traditional safety valves]] in [[copyright law]].
 
==చరిత్ర==
The term ''public domain'' did not come into use until the mid-17th century, although as a concept "it can be traced back to the ancient Roman Law, as a preset system included in the property right system."<ref name="Haung">{{cite journal|last=Huang|first=H.|title=On public domain in copyright law|journal=Frontiers of Law in China|year=2009|volume=4|issue=2|pages=178–195|doi=10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6}}</ref> The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned"<ref name="Haung"/> as ''res communes'', ''res publicae'' and ''res universitatis''. The term ''res commune'' was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean."<ref name="Haung"/> The term ''res publicae'' referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term ''res universitatis'' meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome.<ref name="Haung"/> When looking at the public domain from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of ''res commune'', ''res publicae'', and ''res universitatis'' in early Roman Law.<ref name="Haung"/>
 
When the first early [[copyright law]] was first established in Britain with the [[Statute of Anne]] in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century. Instead of "public domain" they used terms such as ''publici juris'' or ''propriété publique'' to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Torremans| first = Paul| title = Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2007| pages = 134–135| url = http://books.google.com/?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&dq=%22perpetual+copyright%22| isbn = 978-1-84542-487-9}}</ref>
The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of [[copyright term]]. The French poet [[Alfred de Vigny]] equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of the public domain"<ref>{{Cite book| last = Torremans| first = Paul| title = Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2007| page = 154| url = http://books.google.com/?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&dq=%22perpetual+copyright%22| isbn = 978-1-84542-487-9}}</ref> and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as [[copyright]], [[patents]], and [[trademarks]], expire or are abandoned.<ref name="Ronan 2006 103">{{Cite book| last = Ronan | first = Deazley| title = Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2006| page = 103| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 978-1-84542-282-0 }}</ref> In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Torremans| first = Paul| title = Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2007| page = 137| url = http://books.google.com/?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&dq=%22perpetual+copyright%22| isbn = 978-1-84542-487-9}}</ref> Because copyright law is different from country to country, [[Pamela Samuelson]] has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".<ref>{{Cite book| last = Ronan | first = Deazley| title = Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2006| page = 102| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 978-1-84542-282-0 }}</ref>
 
==Definition==
[[File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg|thumb|[[Isaac Newton|Newton's]] own copy of his ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]'', with hand-written corrections for the second edition]]
 
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space, that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law.<ref name="Ronan 2006 104">{{Cite book| last = Ronan | first = Deazley| title = Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2006| page = 104| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 978-1-84542-282-0 }}</ref> According to [[James Boyle (academic)|James Boyle]] this definition underlines common usage of the term ''public domain'' and equates the public domain to [[public property]] and works in copyright to [[private property]]. However, the usage of the term ''public domain'' can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by [[copyright exceptions]]. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to [[fair use]] rights and limitation on ownership.<ref name="Boyle 2008 38"/> A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression".<ref name="Ronan 2006 104"/> Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "There are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival."<ref>{{Cite book| last = Ronan | first = Deazley| title = Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language| publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing| year = 2006| page = 105| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute+of+anne+copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 978-1-84542-282-0 }}</ref> The term public domain may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise and/or undefined terms such as the "[[public sphere]]" or "[[commons]]", including concepts such as "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".<ref name="Ronan 2006 103"/>
 
==Value==
[[Pamela Samuelson]] has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.<ref name="Guibault 2006 xx">{{Cite book| last = Guibault| first = Lucy| coauthors = & Bernt Hugenholtz| title = The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law| publisher = Kluwer Law International| year = 2006| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=KJmNGglq0nwC&dq=public+domain&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 90-411-2435-7 | isbn = 9789041124357}}</ref>{{rp|22}}
 
Possible values include:
# Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
# Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart’s symphonies.
# Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.
# Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
# Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data compilation.<ref>{{cite web| title=From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works? | author=Perry&Margoni |year=2010 |url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=1647584|publisher = Computer Law and Security Review |accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>
# Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
# Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
# Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.<ref name="Guibault 2006 xx"/>{{rp|22}}
 
==Relationship with derivative works==
[[File:Marcel Duchamp Mona Lisa LHOOQ.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[L.H.O.O.Q.]]'' (1919). Derivative work by the [[Dadaist]] [[Marcel Duchamp]] based on the ''[[Mona Lisa]]''.]]
[[Derivative works]] include [[translations]], [[musical arrangements]], and [[dramatizations]] of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation.<ref>{{cite web| last = Stern| first = Prof Richard H.| title = L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works| work = Supplemental material Computer Law 484| publisher = The George Washington University Law School| year = 2001| url = http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/Lhooq0.htm| accessdate = 23 May 2010}}</ref> Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner,<ref>{{cite book | title = Understanding copyright law | series = Legal text series; Contemporary Casebook Series | last = Leaffer | first = Marshall A. | edition = 2nd | publisher = M. Bender | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-256-16448-7 | page = 46}}</ref> while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission.<ref name="google.com">{{Cite book| title = Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice| publisher = Wold Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International| year = 1997| page = 313| url = http://www.google.com/books?id=n7DkfPpwLbEC&dq=adaptation+public+domain+disney&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s| isbn = 978-90-411-0938-5 }}</ref><ref name="Fishman2008">{{cite book|last=Fishman|first=Stephen|title=The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qlsvhw6O7koC&pg=PA178|accessdate=1 June 2010|date=September 2008|publisher=Nolo|isbn=978-1-4133-0893-8|page=178}}</ref> Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Fishman| first = Stephen| title = Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more| publisher = Nolo| year = 2008| pages = 124–125| url = http://books.google.com/?id=fRY4QBpLFGQC&dq=L.H.O.O.Q.+copyright+%22public+domain%22| isbn =978-1-4133-0858-7}}</ref> Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with [[Frances Hodgson Burnett]]'s novel ''[[The Secret Garden]]'', which became public domain in 1987.<ref name="Lundin2004">{{cite book|last=Lundin|first=Anne H.|title=Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers|url=http://books.google.com/?id=72flittye58C&pg=PA138|accessdate=1 June 2010|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-8153-3841-3|page=138}}</ref> As of 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films.<ref>Young, Mark (ed.). ''The Guinness Book of Records 1999'', Bantam Books, 358; Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004), ''Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s'', Gunter Narr Verlag, 92.</ref> In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as [[Tom Stoppard]]'s ''[[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead]]'' and [[Troma Entertainment]]'s ''[[Tromeo and Juliet]]''.<ref name="Homan2004">{{cite book|last=Homan|first=Sidney|title=Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage|url=http://books.google.com/?id=EM0n1ueBa_sC&pg=PT101|accessdate=1 June 2010|year=2004|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1550-4|page=101}}</ref><ref name="Kossak2005">{{cite book|last=Kossak|first=Saskia|title="Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-PNZAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2010|year=2005|publisher=Braumüller|isbn=978-3-7003-1492-9|page=17}}</ref><ref name="CartmellWhelehan2007">{{cite book|last1=Cartmell|first1=Deborah|author2=Imelda Whelehan|title=The Cambridge companion to literature on screen|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fhJNFc1f0DAC&pg=PA69|accessdate=1 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-61486-3|page=69}}</ref> [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[L.H.O.O.Q.]]'' is a derivative of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting.<ref name="google.com"/>
 
==Relationship with the Information Society==
According to [[Bernt Hugenholtz]] and [[Lucie Guibault]], the public domain is under pressure from the "commodification of information" as items of information that previously had little or no economic value have acquired independent economic value in the information age, such as factual data, [[personal data]], [[Nucleic acid sequence|genetic information]], and pure [[idea]]s. The commodification of information is taking place through intellectual property law, [[contract law]], as well as broadcasting and telecommunications law.<ref name="Guibault 2006 xx" />{{rp|1}}
 
==Perpetual copyright==
{{Main|Perpetual copyright}}
Some works may never fully lapse into the public domain. A perpetual [[crown copyright]] is held for the [[Authorized King James Version]] of the Bible in the UK.<ref>{{cite book|first=ed. by Bruce M. Metzger|title=The Oxford companion to the Bible|year=2006|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195046458|pages=618}}</ref> While the copyright of the play ''[[Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up]]'' by [[J. M. Barrie]] has expired in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under [http://www.jenkins-ip.com/patlaw/cdpasc6.htm the Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988 (Schedule 6)]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880048_en_28.htm |title=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48) |work=Office of Public Sector Information |year=1988 |page=28 |accessdate=2 September 2008}}</ref> that requires royalties to be paid for performances within the UK, so long as [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] (to whom Barrie gave the rights) continues to exist.
 
==Application to copyrightable works==
 
===Works not covered by copyright law===
The underlying [[idea]] that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see [[idea-expression divide]]). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
 
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, [[the Bible]] and the inventions of [[Archimedes]] are in the public domain, but copyright may exist in translations or new formulations of these works.
 
===Expiration of copyright===
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its "source country".
 
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright can be quite complex, primarily because copyright terms have been extended multiple times and in different ways—shifting over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with a possible renewal term, to a term extending to fifty, then seventy, years after the death of the author.
 
In most other countries that are signatories to the [[Berne Convention]], copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See [[List of countries' copyright length]].)
 
Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the [[Copyright Duration Directive]] was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the U.S. and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away from that tradition with the [[Uruguay Round Agreements Act]], which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based [[copyright formalities|formalities requirements]]. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically-sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.<ref>[[Dennis Karjala]], "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation", 35 N. Ky. L. Rev. 253 (2008).</ref>
 
===Government works===
[[Work of the United States Government|Works of the United States Government]] and various other governments are excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries.<ref>[http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ01.pdf Copyright Office Basics]</ref> In the United States, when copyrighted material is enacted into the law, it enters the public domain. Thus, e.g., the [[building codes]], when enacted, are in the public domain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int'l,_Inc./Opinion_of_the_Court |title=Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l, Inc./Opinion of the Court – Wikisource |publisher=En.wikisource.org |date= |accessdate=15 March 2012}}</ref> They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. "It is axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work."<ref>[[Melville Nimmer|Nimmer, Melville B.]], and David Nimmer (1997). ''Nimmer on Copyright'', section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.</ref>
 
===Dedicating works to the public domain===
 
Few if any legal systems have a process for reliably donating works to the public domain. They may even prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly [[moral rights]]. An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a licence which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public, e.g., the CC0 licence from [[Creative Commons]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://creativecommons.org/about/cc0 | title=About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved" | publisher=[[Creative Commons]] | accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>
 
==Patents==
{{Main|Term of patent}}
In most countries the term for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain.
 
==Trademarks==
A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without regard for its intended use, it could become [[genericized trademark|generic]], and therefore part of the public domain.
 
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug "acetylsalicylic acid" (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as ''[[aspirin]]'' in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, "Aspirin" is still a trademark of the German company [[Bayer]]. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the Treaty of Versailles. So many copy-cat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.<ref>[http://www.worldofmolecules.com/drugs/aspirin.htm Aspirin], World of Molecules</ref>
 
===Generic trademarks===
Although [[Hormel]] resigned itself to [[Genericized trademark|genericide]],<ref>[http://www.spam.com/about/internet.aspx SPAM® Brand and the Internet]</ref> it has fought attempts by other companies to register "spam" as a trademark in relation to computer products.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/01/31/spam_ruling/ |title=Hormel Spam trademark case canned |author=Kieren McCarthy |date=31 January 2005 |accessdate=2 September 2008}}</ref>
 
==Public domain calculators==
Determining whether a given work is in or out of copyright can be a complicated task. Several organisations have created calculators to help users determine if a work is in copyright. [[Europeana]] have produced a calculator for the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://outofcopyright.eu Out of Copyright], Europeana</ref> Public Domain Sherpa is designed for US copyright law.<ref>[http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/calculator.html Public Domain Sherpa]</ref>
 
==See also==
{{columns-list|2|
* [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works]]
* [[Copyfraud]]
* [[Copyleft]]
* [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government]]
* [[Copyright Term Extension Act]]
* [[Creative Commons]]
* [[Center for the Study of the Public Domain|CSPD]], [[Duke University Law School]]'s Center for the Study of the Public Domain
* [[Eldred v. Ashcroft]]
* [[Fair dealing]]
* [[Free software]]
* [[:Commons:Freedom of panorama|Freedom of panorama]]
* [[Limitations and exceptions to copyright]]
* [[List of countries' copyright length]]
* [[List of films in the public domain in the United States]]
* [[Orphan works]]
* [[Public Domain Day]]
* [[Public Domain Enhancement Act]]
* [[Public domain film]]
* [[Public domain image resources]]
* [[Public domain in the United States]]
* [[Public domain music]]
* [[Public domain software]]
* [[Rule of the shorter term]]
}}
{{Unicode|}}
 
==మూలాలు ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==బయటి లింకులు==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.publicdomainmanifesto.org/ Public Domain Manifesto]
* [http://www.publicdomainday.org/ Public Domain Day] with many links to useful tools to find and determine Public Domain works
* [http://www.publicdomainreview.org/ Public Domanin Review]
* [https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ Public Domain Dedication] by [[Creative Commons]]
* [http://group.europeana.eu/web/europeana-project/publications Europeana Public Domain charter]
* [http://www.outofcopyright.eu/ Out Of Copyright] Public Domain Calculation for Europe, by [[Europeana]]
* [http://www.sunsteinlaw.com/media/2012_01%20Copyright_Chart.pdf Flowchart to determine Public Domain status of a work in the U.S.]
** [http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/bin/page?forward=home Stanford Copyright Renewal Database]
** [http://www.digital.library.upenn.edu/books/cce/ Catalog of Copyright Entries Information]
* [http://www.law.duke.edu/cspd/ Center for the study of the Public Domain, Duke Law School, Duke University]
* N. Stephan Kinsella, [http://mises.org/books/against.pdf Against Intellectual Property]
* Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, [http://www.dklevine.com/general/intellectual/againstfinal.htm Against Intellectual Monopoly]
 
{{Intellectual property activism}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Public Domain}}
[[వర్గం:Public domain| ]]
[[వర్గం:Copyright law]]
[[వర్గం:Intellectual property law]]
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[[వర్గం:నకలు హక్కులు]]
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