శాతవాహనులు: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

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కొంతమంది పరిశోధకులు ఈ రాజవంశం ప్రస్తుత కర్ణాటకలో ఉద్భవించిందని ప్రారంభంలో కొంతమంది ఆంధ్ర పాలకులకు విధేయత చూపారని సూచిస్తున్నారు.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=172}} ప్రస్తుత బళ్లారి జిల్లాలోని ప్రాదేశిక విభాగం శాతవాహని-శాతహని (శాతవాహనిహర లేదా శాతహని-రత్తా) శాతవాహన కుటుంబానికి మాతృభూమి అని వి.ఎస్. సుక్తంకరు సిద్ధాంతీకరించారు. {{sfn|Hemchandra Raychaudhuri|2006|pp=342, 360, 363–364}} ప్రారంభ శాతవాహనుల ఒక శాసనం కూడా బళ్లారి జిల్లాలో కనుగొనబడలేదని, బళ్లారి జిల్లాలో ఉన్న ఏకైక శాతవాహన శాసనం పుటమావి, శాతవాహన చరిత్ర తరువాతి దశకు చెందినదని సూచిస్తూ డాక్టరు గోపాలాచారి సుక్తంకరు సిద్ధాంతాన్ని సవాలు చేశారు.<ref>Ranade, P. V. “THE ORIGIN OF THE SATAVAHANAS—A NEW INTERPRETATION.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 26, 1964, p. 62</ref>కర్ణాటకలోని కనగనహళ్లి గ్రామంలో క్రీ.పూ. మొదటి శతాబ్దం, మొదటి శతాబ్దం మధ్య నాటి ఒక స్థూపం, చిముకా (సిముకా), శాతకణి (శాతకర్ణి), ఇతర శాతవాహన పాలకుల చిత్రాలను వర్ణించే సున్నపురాయి ప్యానెల్లను కలిగి ఉంది.{{sfn|Akira Shimada|2012|p=43}}
== Historyచరిత్ర ==
 
Information about the Satavahanas comes from the [[Puranas]], some Buddhist and Jain texts, the dynasty's inscriptions and coins, and foreign (Greek and Roman) accounts that focus on trade.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|pp=162-163}} The information provided by these sources is not sufficient to reconstruct the dynasty's history with absolute certainty. As a result, there are multiple theories about the Satavahana chronology.{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|1996|p=133}}
 
=== Foundationస్థాపన ===
[[File:Coin of Satkarni.jpg|thumb|Early coin of [[Satakarni I]] (70-60 BCE). Obverse legend:<br><b>{{script|Brah|(𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺) 𑀲𑀸}}</b>[[File:Gupta_ashoka_t.svg|9px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|9px]]<b>{{script|Brah|𑀡𑀺(𑀲)}}</b>, ''(Siri) Sātakaṇi(sa)''.<ref>[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=356387 CNG Coins]</ref>]]
[[Simuka]] is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at [[Naneghat]]. The various [[Puranas]] state that the first king of the dynasty ruled for 23 years, and mention his name variously as Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, etc. These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.{{sfn|Ajay Mitra Shastri|1998|p=42}} Simuka cannot be dated with certainty based on available evidence. Based on the following theories, the beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|pp=381–384}} According to the Puranas, the first Andhra king overthrew the [[Kanva dynasty|Kanva]] rule. He is named as Balipuccha in some texts.{{sfn|Thapar|2013|p=296}} D. C. Sircar dated this event to c. 30 BCE, a theory supported by many other scholars.{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|1996|p=133}}
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Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana ruler began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE. This theory is based on Puranic records as well as archaeological and numismatic evidence. The theory that dates their rule to an earlier period is now largely discredited because the various Puranas contradict each other, and are not fully supported by epigraphic or numismatic evidence.{{sfn|Carla M. Sinopoli|2001|p=166}}
 
=== ఆరంభకాల విస్తరణ ===
=== Early expansion ===
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Satakarni's successor [[Satakarni II]] ruled for 56 years, during which he captured eastern [[Malwa]] from the [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian History |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |isbn=9781259063237 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA251 |language=en}}</ref> This allowed him access to the Buddhist site of [[Sanchi]], in which he is credited with the building of the decorated gateways around the original [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Sunga]] [[stupa]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120808249 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA154 |language=en}}</ref> Satakarni II is known from a dedicatory inscription at [[Sanchi]].<ref name="EP169"/> He was succeeded by Lambodara. The coins of Lambodara's son and successor Apilaka have been found in eastern Madhya Pradesh.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
 
==== Artసాంచి of Sanchiకళ ====
The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of [[Sanchi]]. It was heavily repaired under King Satakarni II. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by the Satavahanas. An inscription on the Southern Gateway records that it was the work of Satakarni II's royal architect Ananda.<ref>Satavahana Art by M.K. Dhavalikar, p.19</ref> An inscription records the gift of one of the top [[architrave]]s of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor [[Satakarni]]:
 
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===నహాపనా నాయకత్వంలో మొదటి పశ్చిమ సాత్రపాల దండయాత్ర ===
=== First Western Satraps invasion under Nahapana===
 
{{main|Western Satraps}}
Little is known about Apilaka's successors, except cryptic references to one Kuntala Satakarni. The next well-known ruler of the dynasty was [[Hāla]], who composed ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' in Maharashtri Prakrit. Like Hala, his four successors also ruled for very short periods (a total of 12 years), indicating troubled times for the Satavahanas.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
 
Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the Satavahanas earlier controlled the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plateau, the northern [[Konkan]] coastal plains, and the mountain passes connecting these two regions. During 15-40 CE, their northern neighbours - the [[Western Kshatrapa]]s - extended their influence into these regions.{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=43}} The Western Kshatrapa ruler [[Nahapana]] is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory, as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son-in-law, [[Rishabhadatta]].{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=44}}
 
=== మొదటి పునరుద్ధరణ ===
=== First revival ===
[[File:Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni overstruck on a coin of Nahapana.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Nahapana]] restruck by the [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. Nahapana's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible.]]
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: <b>{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯)}}</b> mentioned in the [[Nasik Caves|Nasik cave 3]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
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Gautamiputra was succeeded by his son [[Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi]] (or Pulumayi). According to Sailendra Nath Sen, Pulumavi ruled from 96–119 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} According to Charles Higham, he ascended the throne around 110 CE.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} Pulumavi features in a large number of Satavahana inscriptions and his coins have been found distributed over a wide area. This indicates that he maintained Gautamiputra's territory, and ruled a prosperous kingdom. He is believed to have added the Bellary region to Satakarni's kingdom. His coins featuring ships with double mast have been found on the [[Coromandel Coast]], indicating involvement in maritime trade and naval power. The old stupa at Amaravati was renovated during his reign.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
 
=== మొదటి రుద్రదామను నాయకత్వంలో రెండవ సాత్రపాల దండయాత్ర ===
=== Second Western Satraps invasion under Rudradaman I===
[[File:Vashishtiputra Sri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]].]]
Pulumavi's successor was his brother [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]]. According to S. N. Sen he ruled during 120–149 CE;{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} according to Charles Higham, his regnal years spanned 138–145 CE.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} He entered into a marriage alliance with the Western Satraps, marrying the daughter of [[Rudradaman I]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
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As a result of his victories, Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana, except for the extreme south territories of [[Pune]] and [[Nasik]]. Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and eastern central India around [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]].
 
=== రెండవ పునరుద్ధరణ ===
=== Second revival ===
[[File:Gautamiputra Rajni Shri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|Coin of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]], [[British Museum]].]]
 
[[Sri Yajna Sātakarni]], the last person belonging to the main Satavahana dynastic line, briefly revived the Satavahana rule. According to S. N. Sen, he ruled during 170–199 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} Charles Higham dates the end of his reign to 181 CE. His coins feature images of ships, which suggest naval and marine trade success.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} Wide distribution of his coins, and inscriptions at Nashik, Kanheri and Guntur indicate that his rule extended over both eastern and western parts of Deccan. He recovered much of the territory lost the Western Kshatrapas, and issued silver coinage, imitating them. During the last years of his reign, the [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]] captured the northern parts of the kingdom, around Nashik region.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
 
=== Declineపతనం ===
After Yajna Satakarni, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories, perhaps on account of a decline in central power.<ref>""The different branches of the Satavahana family, which ruled in different parts of the kingdom after the decline in central authority, weres soon ousted by new powers some of which were probably feudatories at the outset." {{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=Ancient India |location=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2003}}</ref> On the other hand, the Western Satraps would continue to prosper for the next two centuries, until their extinction by the [[Gupta Empire]]. Yajna Sri was succeeded by Madhariputra Swami Isvarasena. The next king Vijaya ruled for 6 years. His son Vasishthiputra Sri Chadha Satakarni ruled for 10 years.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} Pulumavi IV, the last king of the main line, ruled until {{circa|225 CE}}. During his reign, several Buddhist monuments were constructed at Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} Madhya Pradesh was also part of his kingdom.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}}
 
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