శాతవాహనులు: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 278:
Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi(Sataka)Nisa.jpg|Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". [[British Museum]]
File:Coin of Gautamiputra Sri Yajna Satakarni.jpg|Coin of Gautamiputra [[Yajna Satakarni]] ({{reign|167|196 CE}}).
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== Cultural achievements ==
[[File:Karla caves Chaitya.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Great Chaitya in the [[Karla Caves]], [[Maharashtra, India]], c. 120 CE. The Satavahana rulers made grants for its construction.]]
The Satavahanas patronised the [[Prakrit]] language instead of [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|pp=172–176}} The Satavahana king [[Hāla]] is famous for compiling the collection of [[Maharashtri]] poems known as the ''[[Gaha Sattasai]]'' ({{lang-sa|Gāthā Saptashatī}}), although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. Through this book, it was evident that agriculture was the main means of livelihood. Also many sorts of superstitions had prevailed. Additionally, Gunadhya, the minister of Hala, was the author of [[Brihatkatha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1375&lpg=PA1375&dq=gunadhya+hala#v=onepage&q=gunadhya%20hala&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1988-01-01|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|pages=1375|isbn=9788126011940|language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Sculptures ===
[[Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar]] writes that "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|2004|p=57|ps=: "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."}} Dhavalikar also writes that in Chankama "the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (''chankama'') to and fro."{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|2004|p=63|ps=: "...the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (chankama) to and fro."}}
 
Along with some of the above major Satavahana sculptures some more sculptures existed—namely, ''Dvarapala, Gajalaksmi, Shalabhanjikas'', Royal Procession, Decorative pillar, etc.<ref>These sculptures are mentioned in Satavahana Art by M.K Dhavalikar. Only names have been mentioned.</ref>
 
=== Bronze ===
[[File:Andhra Pradesh Royal earrings 1st Century BCE.jpg|thumb|Royal earrings, [[Andhra Pradesh]], 1st Century BCE.]]
Several metal figurines are found that could be attributed to the Satavahanas. A hoard of unique bronze objects were also found from [[Bramhapuri]]. Numerous articles obtained from there were Indian but also reflected Roman and Italian influence. A small statue of Poseidon, wine jugs, and a plaque depicting Perseus and Andromeda were also obtained from the house from where the objects were found.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Satavahana Art|last=Dhavalikar|first=M.K.|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|year=2004|isbn=978-81-88934-04-1|location=|pages=91|quote=}}</ref> The fine elephant in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], the Yaksi image in the [[British Museum]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC&pg=PA259&lpg=PA259&dq=british+museum+satavahana+bronze#v=onepage&q=british%20museum%20satavahana%20bronze&f=false|title=A Social History of Early India|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Brajadulal|pages=259|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131719589|language=en}}</ref> and the cornucopia found in Posheri, kept at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Satavahana Art|last=Dhavalikar|first=M.K.|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|year=2004|isbn=978-81-88934-04-1|location=|pages=95|quote=}}</ref> can also be attributed to the Satavahana period.
 
=== Architecture ===
The sculptures of the [[Amaravati Stupa]] represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods. They built [[Stupa|Buddhist stupas]] in Amravati (95 feet high). They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, [[Jaggayyapeta|Jaggiahpeta]], Gantasala, Amravati Bhattiprolu, and Shri Parvatam. Caves IX and X, containing Ajanta paintings, were patronized by Satavahana, and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them. Ashokan Stupas were enlarged, the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works. The most famous of these monuments are the stupas, the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the [[Nagarjunakonda]] Stupa.
 
=== Paintings ===
The Satavahana paintings are the earliest surviving specimens—excluding prehistoric rock art—in India, and they are to be found only at the [[Ajanta Caves]]. There were two phases of artistic activity of Ajanta: the first occurring in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, when Hinayana caves were excavated during Satavahana rule; the later in the second half of the 5th century under the Vakatakas. Vagaries of nature and some vandalism have taken a heavy toll on the Ajanta Caves. Only a few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in Caves No. 9 and 10, both of which are [[chaitya-griha]]s with stupas.
 
The most important surviving painting of the Satavahana period at Ajanta is the ''Chhadanta Jataka'' in Cave No. 10, but that, too, is only fragmentary. It is a painting of an elephant named Bodhisattva with six tusks, related to a mythological story. The human figures, both male and female, are typically Satavahanas, almost identical with their counterparts on the Sanchi Gateways so far as their physiognomy, costumes, and jewellery are concerned. The only difference is that the Sanchi figures have shed some of their weight.{{sfn|M. K. Dhavalikar|2004|pp=77, 81, 84}}
 
=== Art of Amaravati ===
{{main|Amaravati Stupa}}
The Satavahana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to [[Buddhist art]] and architecture. They built great stupas in the [[Krishna River]] Valley, including the stupa at [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the life of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The Amaravati style of sculpture also influenced the sculpture of Southeast Asia.{{Sfn|Rao|1994|isbn=81-207-1719-8|p=20}}
 
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BrMus Amravati.jpg|[[Amaravati Marbles]], fragments of Buddhist stupa
Head of a lion, from gateway pillar at the Amaravati Stupa, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India, Satavahana dynasty, 2nd century AD, limestone - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05130.JPG|Fragment of Amaravati stupa
MaraAssault.jpg|[[Mara (demon)|Mara]]'s assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, Amaravati
Ajanta, cave 9, chaitya-griha, with stupa (9842167554).jpg|[[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Cave]] No. 9, possibly of Satavahana era
AmaravatiScroll.JPG|Scroll supported by Indian [[Yaksha]], [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]], 2nd–3rd century CE.
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