విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యం: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు
పంక్తి 101:
 
హరిహర రాయలనే దేవరాయలని కూడా అంటారు. అతడే విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యానికి తొలి చక్రవర్త. దక్కను ప్రాంతంలోని ముస్లిమ్ సామంతుల తిరుగుబాట్ల వల్ల ముహమ్మద్ తుగ్లక్ పాలన అంతమవడంతో హరిహరరాయలు ఏలుబడిలోని ప్రాంతం త్వరితంగా విస్తరించింది. విజయనగర రాజధాని 1340 ప్రాంతంలో ఆనెగొందికి ఎదురుగా తుంగభద్రానదికి ఆవలి తీరాన స్థాపించబడింది. హరిహరరాయల తర్వాత 1343 లో అధికారంలోకి వచ్చిన బుక్కరాయలు 1379 వరకు పాలించాడు. అతడి పాలనా కాలం చివరకొచ్చేసరికి దక్షిణభారత దేశంలో తుంగభద్రానదికి దక్షిణాన ఉన్న ప్రాంతమంతా దాదాపుగా అతడి ఏలుబడిలోకి వచ్చింది.
==History==
{{Main|Origin of Vijayanagara Empire|Ancient City of Vijayanagara|Battle of Raichur|Battle of Talikota}}
Differing theories have been proposed regarding the origins of the Vijayanagara empire. Many historians propose that [[Harihara I]] and [[Bukka I]], the founders of the empire, were [[Kannadiga]]s and commanders in the army of the [[Hoysala Empire]] stationed in the [[Tungabhadra]] region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India.<ref name="Kannadaempire">Historians such as [[P. B. Desai]] (''History of Vijayanagar Empire'', 1936), [[Henry Heras]] (''The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara'', 1927), [[B.A. Saletore]] (''Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire'', 1930), G.S. Gai (Archaeological Survey of India), William Coelho (''The Hoysala Vamsa'', 1955) and Kamath {{harv|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}</ref><ref name="karma">Karmarkar (1947), p30</ref><ref name="Kulke">Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p188</ref><ref name="rice">Rice (1897), p345</ref> Others claim that they were Telugu people, first associated with the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]], who took control of the northern parts of the [[Hoysala Empire]] during its decline.<ref name="telguorigin">{{harvnb|Sewell|1901}}; {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955}}; N. Ventakaramanayya, ''The Early Muslim expansion in South India'', 1942; B. Surya Narayana Rao, ''History of Vijayanagar'', 1993; {{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=157–160}}</ref> Irrespective of their origin, historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by [[Vidyaranya]], a saint at the [[Sringeri]] monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India.<ref name="onlykingdom">{{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=216}}</ref><ref name="vidya1">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=160}}</ref> Writings by foreign travelers during the late medieval era combined with recent excavations in the Vijayanagara principality have uncovered much-needed information about the empire's history, fortifications, scientific developments and architectural innovations.<ref name="History">Portuguese travelers Barbosa, Barradas and Italian Varthema and Caesar Fredericci in 1567, Persian Abdur Razzak in 1440, Barani, Isamy, Tabataba, Nizamuddin Bakshi, [[Ferishta]] and Shirazi and vernacular works from the 14th century to the 16th century. {{harv|Kamath|2001|pp=157–158}}</ref><ref name="discover">{{harvnb|Fritz|Michell|2001|pp=1–11}}</ref>
 
Before the early 14th-century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu states of the Deccan – the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava Empire]] of Devagiri, the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of [[Warangal]], the [[Pandyan Empire]] of [[Madurai]] had been repeatedly raided and attacked by [[Muslim]]s from the north, and by 1336 these upper Deccan region (modern day Maharashtra, Telangana) had all been defeated by armies of Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] and [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref name="onlykingdom"/><ref>{{cite book| title= The Oxford History of India| author= VA Smith| url= https://archive.org/stream/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft#page/274/mode/2up| publisher= Clarendon: Oxford University Press| pages= 275–298}}</ref>
 
Further south in the Deccan region, a Hoysala commander, Singeya Nayaka-III (1280–1300 AD) declared independence after the Muslim forces of the Delhi Sultanate defeated and captured the territories of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] in 1294 CE.<ref name="Stein1989p18">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA18 |year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=18–19}}</ref><ref name=gilmartin300/> He created the [[Kampili kingdom]], but this was a short lived kingdom during this period of wars.<ref name="Stein1989p18"/><ref name=talbot281/> Kampili existed near [[Gulbarga]] and [[Tungabhadra]] river in northeastern parts of the present-day [[Karnataka]] state.<ref name=talbot281>{{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA281 |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9|pages=281–282}}</ref> It ended after a defeat by the armies of [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The triumphant army led by Malik Zada sent the news of its victory, over Kampili kingdom, to Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi by sending a straw-stuffed severed head of the dead Hindu king.<ref name="Storm2015p311"/> Within Kampili, on the day of certain defeat, the populace committed a ''[[jauhar]]'' (ritual mass suicide) in 1327/28 CE.<ref name="Storm2015p311">{{cite book|author=Mary Storm|title=Head and Heart: Valour and Self-Sacrifice in the Art of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0sJcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-32556-7|page=311}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kanhaiya L Srivastava|title=The position of Hindus under the Delhi Sultanate, 1206-1526|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cMgAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|page=202}}</ref> Eight years later, from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom emerged the Vijayanagara Kingdom in 1336 CE.<ref name=gilmartin300>{{cite book|author1=David Gilmartin|author2=Bruce B. Lawrence|title=Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZhT5Ilq5kAC&pg=PA321|year=2000|publisher=University Press of Florida|isbn=978-0-8130-3099-9|pages=300–306, 321–322}}</ref>
 
In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of ''Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara'' ("master of the eastern and western seas"). By 1374 Bukka Raya I, successor to Harihara I, had defeated the chiefdom of [[Arcot]], the [[Reddi kingdom|Reddys]] of Kondavidu, and the [[Madurai Sultanate|Sultan of Madurai]] and had gained control over [[Goa]] in the west and the Tungabhadra-[[Krishna River]] [[doab]] in the north.<ref name="femalepoet">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=162}}</ref><ref name="vijayama1">{{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=317}}</ref> The original capital was in the [[principality]] of [[Anegondi]] on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today's [[Karnataka]]. It was later moved to nearby Vijayanagara on the river's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I, because it was easier to defend against the Muslim armies persistently attacking it from the northern lands.<ref>{{cite book| title= The Oxford History of India| author= VA Smith| url= https://archive.org/stream/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft#page/298/mode/2up| publisher= Clarendon: Oxford University Press| pages= 299–302}}</ref>
 
With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, [[Harihara II]], the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the [[Krishna River]] and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella.<ref name="umbrella">The success was probably also due to the peaceful nature of Muhammad II Bahmani, according to {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=242}}</ref> The next ruler, [[Deva Raya I]], emerged successful against the [[Gajapatis]] of [[Odisha]] and undertook important works of fortification and irrigation.<ref name="aqueduct">From the notes of Portuguese Nuniz. Robert Sewell notes that a big dam across was built the Tungabhadra and an aqueduct {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} long was cut out of rock ({{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=243}}).</ref> Italian traveler Niccolo de Conti wrote of him as the most powerful ruler of India.<ref>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, John Stewart Bowman p.271, (2013), Columbia University Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-231-11004-9}}</ref> [[Deva Raya II]] (called ''Gajabetekara'')<ref name="hunter">Also deciphered as ''Gajaventekara'', a metaphor for "great hunter of his enemies", or "hunter of elephants" ({{harv|Kamath|2001|p=163}}).</ref> succeeded to the throne in 1424 and was possibly the most capable of the [[Sangama Dynasty]] rulers.<ref name="hunter1">{{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=244}}</ref> He quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the [[Zamorin]] of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] and [[Quilon]] in the south. He invaded the island of [[Sri Lanka]] and became overlord of the kings of [[Burma]] at [[Pegu]] and [[Tanintharyi Division|Tanasserim]].<ref name="Burma">From the notes of Persian Abdur Razzak. Writings of Nuniz confirms that the kings of Burma paid tributes to Vijayanagara empire {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=245}}</ref><ref name="Burma1">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=164}}</ref><ref name="Bidjanagar">From the notes of Abdur Razzak about Vijayanagara: ''a city like this had not been seen by the pupil of the eye nor had an ear heard of anything equal to it in the world'' (''Hampi, A Travel Guide'' 2003, p11)</ref>
 
[[File:South India in AD 1400.jpg|thumb|left|Map of South India, 1400 CE.]]
Firuz Bahmani of [[Bahmani Sultanate]] entered into a treaty with Deva Raya I of Vijayanagara in 1407 that required the latter to pay Bahmani an annual tribute of "100,000 huns, five maunds of pearls and fifty elephants". The Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute. Such wars for tribute payment by Vijayanagara repeated in the 15th century, such as in 1436 when Sultan Ahmad I launched a war to collect the unpaid tribute.{{sfn| Eaton|2006|pp=89–90 with footnote 28}}
 
The ensuing Sultanates-Vijayanagara wars expanded the Vijayanagara military, its power and disputes between its military commanders. In 1485, Saluva Narasimha led a coup and ended the dynastic rule, while continuing to defend the Empire from raids by the Sultanates created from the continuing disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate in its north.{{sfn| Eaton|2006|pp=86–87}} In 1505, another commander Tuluva Narasa Nayaka took over the Vijayanagara rule from the Saluva descendant in a coup. The empire came under the rule of [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] in 1509, the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.<ref name="great">{{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=250}}</ref> He strengthened and consolidated the reach of the empire, by hiring both Hindus and Muslims into his army.{{sfn| Eaton|2006|pp=87–88}} In the following decades, it covered Southern India and successfully defeated invasions from the five established [[Deccan Sultanates]] to its north.<ref name="civilization">{{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|1955|p=239}}</ref><ref name="civilization1">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=159}}</ref>
 
The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious.<ref name="perfect">From the notes of Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes about Krishna Deva Raya: ''A king who was perfect in all things'' (''Hampi, A Travel Guide'' 2003, p31)</ref>{{sfn| Eaton|2006|pp=88–89}} The empire gained territory formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], in addition to the already established presence in the south.<ref name="richcity">The notes of Portuguese Barbosa during the time of Krishna Deva Raya confirms a very rich and well provided Vijayanagara city ({{harv|Kamath|2001|p=186}})</ref> Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya.<ref name="dibba">Most monuments including the royal platform (''Mahanavami Dibba'') were actually built over a period spanning several decades (Dallapiccola 2001, p66)</ref>
 
[[File:Panaromic view of the natural fortification and landscape at Hampi.jpg|thumb|Natural fortress at [[Vijayanagara]].]]
Krishna Deva Raya was followed by his younger half-brother [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] in 1529. When Achyuta Deva Raya died in 1542, [[Sadashiva Raya]], the teenage nephew of Achyuta Raya was appointed king with the caretaker being Aliya Rama Raya, Krishna Deva Raya's son-in-law and someone who had previously served Sultan [[Quli Qutb Mulk|Quli Qutb al-Mulk]] from 1512 when al-Mulk was assigned to Golkonda sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=79, Quote: "Rama Raya first appears in recorded history in 1512, when Sultan Quli Qutb al-Mulk enrolled this Telugu warrior as a military commander and holder of a land assignment in the newly emerged sultanate of Golkonda."}} Aliya Rama Raya left the Golconda Sultanate, married Deva Raya's daughter, and thus rose to power. When Sadashiva Raya – Deva Raya's son – was old enough, Aliya Rama Raya imprisoned him and allowed his uncle Achyuta Raya to publicly appear once a year.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|p=92}} Further Aliya Rama Raya hired Muslim generals in his army from his previous Sultanate connections, and called himself "Sultan of the World".{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=93–101}}
 
[[File:Vijayanagara royal insignia.jpg|thumb|Royal Insignia: boar, sun, moon, and dagger.]]
The Sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Aliya Rama Raya's army, in January 1565, in a war known as the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=96–98}} The Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, but suddenly two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the Sultanates. The generals captured Aliya Rama Raya and beheaded him on the spot, with Sultan Hussain on the Sultanates side joining them for the execution and stuffing of severed head with straw for display.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC |year=2004| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=191}}, Quote: "When battle was joined in January 1565, it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly, however, two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides. Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded."</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98, Quote: "Husain (...) ordered him beheaded on the spot, and his head stuffed with straw (for display)."}} The beheading of Aliya Rama Raya created confusion and havoc in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army, which were then completely routed. The Sultanates' army plundered Hampi and reduced it to the ruinous state in which it remains; it was never re-occupied.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=98–101}}
 
After the death of Aliya Rama Raya in the Battle of Talikota, [[Tirumala Deva Raya]] started the Aravidu dynasty, moved and founded a new capital of Penukonda to replace the destroyed Hampi, and attempted to reconstitute the remains of Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=100–101}} Tirumala abdicated in 1572, dividing the remains of his kingdom to his three sons, and pursued a religious life until his death in 1578. The Aravidu dynasty successors ruled the region but the empire collapsed in 1614, and the final remains ended in 1646, from continued wars with the Bijapur sultanate and others.<ref name="capital">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|p=174}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6445-0|pages=Li–Lii}}</ref>{{sfn|Eaton|2006|pp=101-115}} During this period, more kingdoms in South India became independent and separate from Vijayanagara. These include the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]], [[Keladi Nayaka]], [[Madurai Nayak Dynasty|Nayaks of Madurai]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Nayaks of Tanjore]], [[Nayakas of Chitradurga]] and [[Nayaks of Gingee|Nayak Kingdom of Gingee]]&nbsp;– all of which declared independence and went on to have a significant impact on the history of South India in the coming centuries.<ref name="capital1">{{harvnb|Kamath|2001|pp=220, 226, 234}}</ref>
 
==తారస్థాయి==
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