ఢిల్లీ సుల్తానేట్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
Content deleted Content added
దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు ట్యాగులు: చరవాణి సవరింపు చరవాణి ద్వారా వెబ్ సవరింపు |
దిద్దుబాటు సారాంశం లేదు |
||
పంక్తి 43:
[[కుతుబుద్దీన్ ఐబక్]], ఒక బానిస, ఇతడు [[ముహమ్మద్ ఘోరీ]] యొక్క బానిస, ఇతడు బానిస వంశానికి చెందిన మొదటి సుల్తాన్. ఇతడి కాలంలో ఉత్తరభారతదేశం వీరి వశంలో ఉండేది. ఆ తరువాత [[ఖిల్జీ వంశం]] పరిపాలించింది. వీరికాలంలో పరిపాలన మధ్యభారతదేశం వరకూ వ్యాప్తి చెందింది. ఈ రెండు సల్తనత్ లు భారతధేశ ఉపఖండానికి కేంద్రీకృతం చేయడంలో విఫలమయ్యింది. కానీ [[మంగోల్ సామ్రాజ్యం]] విస్తరించకుండా అడ్డుపడడంలో సఫలీకృతం అయినది.<ref>The state at war in South Asia By Pradeep Barua, pg. 29</ref>
===Mamluk (Slave)===
{{main|Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)}}
[[File:Mamluk dynasty 1206 - 1290 ad.GIF|thumb|Delhi Sultanate from 1206-1290 AD under the Mamluk dynasty.]]
[[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], a former slave of [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori]] (known more commonly as Muhammad of Ghor), was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of [[Cuman]]-[[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] ([[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]) origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the [[Mamluk]] (Slave) dynasty (not to be confused with the [[Mamluk dynasty of Iraq]] or the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasty of Egypt]]).<ref>Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), pp 340-358</ref> Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210.
After Aibak died, [[Aram Shah]] assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]].<ref>C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996)</ref> Iltutmish's power was precarious, and a number of Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power.<ref>Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest - Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), pp 780-783</ref> His rule was challenged a number of times, such as by Qubacha, and this led to a series of wars.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=29-48}} Iltumish conquered [[Multan]] and [[Bengal]] from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]] and [[Siwalik]] from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, and executed [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.<ref name=cads>Anzalone, Christopher (2008), "Delhi Sultanate", in Ackermann, M. E. etc. (Editors), Encyclopedia of World History 2, {{ISBN|978-0-8160-6386-4}}</ref> Iltutmish's rule lasted till 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, and short-lived tenures. Power shifted from [[Rukn ud din Firuz|Rukn ud-Din Firuz]] to [[Razia Sultana]] and others, until [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Ghiyas ud-Din Balban]] came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=29-48}}<ref name=cads/> He was succeeded by 17-year-old [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad]], who appointed [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]] as the commander of the army. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty.
Qutb al-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the [[Qutub Minar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qutbminardelhi.com|title=Qutub Minar|accessdate=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the [[Qutb complex|Quwwat-ul-Islam]] (Might of Islam) Mosque, now a UNESCO world heritage site.<ref name=unescoaqm/> The Qutub Minar Complex or [[Qutb Complex]] was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by [[Alauddin Khalji|Ala ud-Din Khalji]] (the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty) in the early 14th century.<ref name=unescoaqm>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi] UNESCO</ref><ref>Welch and Crane note that the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built with the remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples; See: {{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |jstor=1523075|doi=10.2307/1523075 }}</ref> During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] siege.<ref name=awhc>{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |jstor=1523075|doi=10.2307/1523075 }}</ref>
==మొఘలుల దండయాత్ర - ఢిల్లీ సల్తనత్ అంతం==
| |||