ఢిల్లీ సుల్తానేట్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 53:
కుతుబు అలు-దిను ఐబాకు కుతుబు మినారు.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qutbminardelhi.com|title=Qutub Minar|accessdate=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ఇప్పుడు యునెస్కో ప్రపంచ వారసత్వ ప్రదేశమైన క్వవతు-ఉలు-ఇస్లాం (మైటు ఆఫ్ ఇస్లాం) మసీదు నిర్మాణాన్ని ప్రారంభించింది.<ref name=unescoaqm/> కుతుబు మినారు కాంప్లెక్సు లేదా కుతుబు కాంప్లెక్సు 14 వ శతాబ్దం ప్రారంభంలో ఇల్టుట్మిషు చేత విస్తరించబడింది. తరువాత అలా ఉదు-దిను ఖల్జీ (ఖల్జీ రాజవంశం రెండవ పాలకుడు) చేత విస్తరించబడింది.<ref name=unescoaqm>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi] UNESCO</ref><ref>Welch and Crane note that the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built with the remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples; See: {{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |jstor=1523075|doi=10.2307/1523075 }}</ref> మామ్లుకు రాజవంశం సమయంలో పశ్చిమ ఆసియా మంగోలుయోధుల ముట్టడిలోకి వచ్చినందున, ఆఫ్ఘనిస్తాను, పర్షియా నుండి చాలామంది ప్రభువులు వలస వచ్చి భారతదేశంలో స్థిరపడ్డారు.<ref name=awhc>{{cite journal |last1=Welch |first1=Anthony |last2=Crane |first2=Howard |date=1983 |title=The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate |url=http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF |journal=Muqarnas |publisher=Brill |volume=1 |pages=123–166 |jstor=1523075|doi=10.2307/1523075 }}</ref>
=== ఖిల్జీలు ===
 
[[File:Alai Gate and Qutub Minar.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Qutb complex|Alai Gate and Qutub Minar]] were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name=unescoaqm/>]]
Theఖల్జీ [[Khaljiరాజవంశం dynasty]]తుర్కో-ఆఫ్ఘను was of [[Turko-Afghan]]వారసత్వానికి heritageచెందినది.<ref name="Khan">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Hussain Ahmad|title=Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Punjab|date=2014|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=9781784530143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56gcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|language=en|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Parmar"/><ref name="Asim"/><ref name="Singh"/> They wereవారు originallyమొదట ofతుర్కికు [[Turkicమూలానికి peoples|Turkic]] originచెందినవారు.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |title=Khalji Dynasty |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=this dynasty, like the previous [[Slave dynasty]], was of Turkic origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in what is now [[Afghanistan]]...}}</ref> Theyభారతదేశంలో hadఢిల్లీకి longవెళ్లడానికి beenముందు settledవారు inప్రస్తుత present-dayఆఫ్ఘనిస్తానులో [[Afghanistan]] before proceeding to [[Delhi]] in [[India]]స్థిరపడ్డారు. The name "Khaljiఖల్జీ" refersఅనే toపేరు anఖలాత్-ఎ Afghanఖల్జీ village(గిల్జీ orకోట) townఅని knownపిలువబడే asఆఫ్ఘను [[Qalat,గ్రామం Zabulలేదా Province|Qalat-eపట్టణాన్ని Khalji]] (Fort of [[Ghilji]])సూచిస్తుంది.<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e |last1=Thorpe|first1=Showick Thorpe Edgar |authorlink=|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India |location=|isbn=978-81-317-2133-9 |page=1900|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oAo1X2eagywC |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The Khalji dynasty was named after a village in Afghanistan. Some historians believe that they were [[Afghan]]s, but Bharani and Wolse Haig explain in their accounts that the rulers from this dynasty who came to India, though they had temporarily settled in Afghanistan, were originally Turkic.}}</ref> Theyస్థానిక wereఆఫ్ఘన్లతో treatedవారి byవివాహసంబంధాలు othersఆఫ్ఘను as ethnic [[Afghan]]s due to their intermarraiges with local Afghansఅలవాట్లు, [[Pashtunization|adoptionఆచారాల ofకారణంగా Afghanఇతరులు habitsవీరిని andఆఫ్ఘన్లుగా customs]]భావించారు.<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |last1=Chaurasia|first1=Radhey Shyam |authorlink=|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |page=28|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish">{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |last1=Cavendish |first1=Marshall |authorlink=|year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=320|url=https://books.google.com/?id=j894miuOqc4C |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote= The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.}}</ref> Asదీని aఫలితంగా resultరాజవంశాన్ని ofతుర్కో-ఆఫ్ఘను this,అని the dynasty is referred to as Turko-Afghanఅంటారు.<ref name="Parmar">{{cite book|title=South Asia: a historical narrative |last1=Yunus |first1=Mohammad |authorlink=|author2=Aradhana Parmar |year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=|isbn=978-0-1957-9711-4 |page=97|url=https://books.google.com/?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref><ref name="Asim">{{cite book|title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |last1=Kumar Mandal |first1=Asim |authorlink=|year=2003|publisher=Indus Publishing |location=India |isbn=978-81-738-7143-6 |page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKGojVTWGcC&pg=PA43 |accessdate=2012-11-19}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |last1=Singh |first1=D. |authorlink=|year=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |location=India |isbn=978-81-702-4992-4 |page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThrcNWLRk6EC&pg=PA141 |accessdate=2012-11-19}}</ref> Theఅల్లావుద్దీను dynastyఖల్జీ laterభార్య, alsoషిహాబుద్దీను hadఒమరు [[Indianతల్లి people|Indian]]జాత్యపాలి ancestry,(రామచంద్ర through Jhatyapaliకుమార్తె (daughter of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]]దేవగిరి)), wifeద్వారా of [[Alauddinరాజవంశం Khalji]]భారతీయ andవంశపారంపర్యంగా mother of [[Shihabuddin Omar]]ఉంది.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 |pages=56–57 }}</ref>
 
ఖల్జీ రాజవంశం మొదటి పాలకుడు జలాలు ఉదు-దిను ఫిరుజు ఖిల్జీ. కిరీటాన్ని స్వాధీనం చేసుకోవడానికి ముందే ఫిరుజు ఖల్జీ ఆఫ్ఘన్లలో తగినంత మద్దతును కూడగట్టుకున్నాడు.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yunus|first1=Mohammad|last2=Parmar|first2=Aradhana|title=South Asia: A Historical Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579711-4|page=97|quote = Firuz Khalji had already gathered enough support among the Afghans for taking over the crown.}}</ref> 1290 లో మమ్లుకు రాజవంశం చివరి పాలకుడు ముయిజు ఉదు-దిను కైకాబాదును ఆఫ్ఘను, టర్కీ ప్రభువుల మద్దతుతో చంపిన తరువాత ఆయన అధికారంలోకి వచ్చాడు. ఆయన సింహాసనం ఆరోహణ సమయంలో సుమారు 70 సంవత్సరాల వయస్సులో ఉన్నాడు. సాధారణ ప్రజలకు సౌమ్యమైన, వినయపూర్వకమైన, దయగల చక్రవర్తిగా కీర్తించబడ్డాడు.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. L. Srivastava |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D. |edition=Second |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=607636383 |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=A. B. M. Habibullah |chapter=The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |page=312}}</ref> జలాలు ఉదు-దిను ఫిరుజు తుర్కో ఆఫ్ఘను మూలానికి చెందినవాడు.
The [[Khalji dynasty]] was of [[Turko-Afghan]] heritage.<ref name="Khan">{{cite book|last=Khan|first=Hussain Ahmad|title=Artisans, Sufis, Shrines: Colonial Architecture in Nineteenth-Century Punjab|date=2014|publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|isbn=9781784530143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56gcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15|language=en|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Parmar"/><ref name="Asim"/><ref name="Singh"/> They were originally of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |title=Khalji Dynasty |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=this dynasty, like the previous [[Slave dynasty]], was of Turkic origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in what is now [[Afghanistan]]...}}</ref> They had long been settled in present-day [[Afghanistan]] before proceeding to [[Delhi]] in [[India]]. The name "Khalji" refers to an Afghan village or town known as [[Qalat, Zabul Province|Qalat-e Khalji]] (Fort of [[Ghilji]]).<ref name="Thorpe">{{cite book|title=The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e |last1=Thorpe|first1=Showick Thorpe Edgar |authorlink=|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education India |location=|isbn=978-81-317-2133-9 |page=1900|url=https://books.google.com/?id=oAo1X2eagywC |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The Khalji dynasty was named after a village in Afghanistan. Some historians believe that they were [[Afghan]]s, but Bharani and Wolse Haig explain in their accounts that the rulers from this dynasty who came to India, though they had temporarily settled in Afghanistan, were originally Turkic.}}</ref> They were treated by others as ethnic [[Afghan]]s due to their intermarraiges with local Afghans, [[Pashtunization|adoption of Afghan habits and customs]].<ref name="Chaurasia">{{cite book|title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |last1=Chaurasia|first1=Radhey Shyam |authorlink=|year=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |location=|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |page=28|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.}}</ref><ref name="Cavendish">{{cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa |last1=Cavendish |first1=Marshall |authorlink=|year=2006|publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=|isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2 |page=320|url=https://books.google.com/?id=j894miuOqc4C |accessdate=2010-08-23 |quote= The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.}}</ref> As a result of this, the dynasty is referred to as Turko-Afghan.<ref name="Parmar">{{cite book|title=South Asia: a historical narrative |last1=Yunus |first1=Mohammad |authorlink=|author2=Aradhana Parmar |year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=|isbn=978-0-1957-9711-4 |page=97|url=https://books.google.com/?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2010-08-23}}</ref><ref name="Asim">{{cite book|title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |last1=Kumar Mandal |first1=Asim |authorlink=|year=2003|publisher=Indus Publishing |location=India |isbn=978-81-738-7143-6 |page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKGojVTWGcC&pg=PA43 |accessdate=2012-11-19}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{cite book|title=The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis |last1=Singh |first1=D. |authorlink=|year=1998 |publisher=APH Publishing |location=India |isbn=978-81-702-4992-4 |page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThrcNWLRk6EC&pg=PA141 |accessdate=2012-11-19}}</ref> The dynasty later also had [[Indian people|Indian]] ancestry, through Jhatyapali (daughter of [[Ramachandra of Devagiri]]), wife of [[Alauddin Khalji]] and mother of [[Shihabuddin Omar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 |pages=56–57 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA35|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|first1=B. N.|last1=Puri|first2=M. N.|last2=Das|date=1 December 2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|via=Google Books|isbn=9788120725089}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/khilji-dynasty.html|title=Khilji Dynasty Map, Khilji Empire|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA28|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|first=Radhey Shyam|last=Chaurasia|date=23 August 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|via=Google Books|isbn=9788126901234}}</ref> 1296 లో అతని మేనల్లుడు, అల్లుడు జునా ముహమ్మదు ఖిల్జీ చేత హత్య చేయబడటానికి ముందు 6 సంవత్సరాలు పాలించాడు. <ref name=holt913/>
 
తరువాతి కాలంలో ఆయన అలా ఉదు-దిను ఖల్జీ అని పిలుస్తారు. 
The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji|Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji]]. Firuz Khalji had already gathered enough support among the Afghans for taking over the crown.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Yunus|first1=Mohammad|last2=Parmar|first2=Aradhana|title=South Asia: A Historical Narrative|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA97|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-579711-4|page=97|quote = Firuz Khalji had already gathered enough support among the Afghans for taking over the crown.}}</ref> He came to power in 1290 after killing the last ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, with the support of Afghan and Turkic nobles. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.<ref>{{cite book |author=A. L. Srivastava |author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The Sultanate of Delhi, 711-1526 A.D. |edition=Second |year=1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PAsfAAAAIAAJ |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=607636383 |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=A. B. M. Habibullah |chapter=The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |page=312}}</ref> Jalal ud-Din Firuz was of Turko Afghan origin,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fUHMEDAyEC&pg=PA35|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India|first1=B. N.|last1=Puri|first2=M. N.|last2=Das|date=1 December 2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|via=Google Books|isbn=9788120725089}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/khilji-dynasty.html|title=Khilji Dynasty Map, Khilji Empire|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA28|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.|first=Radhey Shyam|last=Chaurasia|date=23 August 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|via=Google Books|isbn=9788126901234}}</ref> and ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by his nephew and son-in-law [[Alauddin Khalji|Juna Muhammad Khalji]],<ref name=holt913/> who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji.
 
Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]] province, from where he led two raids on [[Malwa]] (1292) and [[Devagiri]] (1294) for plunder and loot. His military campaigning returned to these lands as well other south Indian kingdoms after he assumed power. He conquered [[Gujarat]], Ranthambore, [[Chittor]], and Malwa.<ref>[[Alexander Mikaberidze]], Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, {{ISBN|978-1598843361}}, pp 62-63</ref> However, these victories were cut short because of [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol attacks]] and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref>Rene Grousset - Empire of steppes, Chagatai Khanate; Rutgers Univ Press, New Jersey, U.S.A, 1988 {{ISBN|0-8135-1304-9}}</ref>
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