చోళ సామ్రాజ్యం: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 60:
The Sangam literature also records legends about mythical Chola kings.{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=457|ps=}} These myths speak of the Chola king Kantaman, a supposed contemporary of the sage [[Agastya]], whose devotion brought the river Kaveri into existence.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} Two names are prominent among those Chola kings known to have existed who feature in Sangam literature: [[Karikala Chola]] and [[Kocengannan]].{{sfnp|Majumdar|1987|p=137|ps=}}{{sfnp|Kulke|Rothermund|2001|p=104|ps=}}{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=458|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|p=116|ps=}} There are no sure means of settling the order of succession, of fixing their relations with one another and with many other princelings of around the same period.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|pp=105-106|ps=}}{{efn|The only evidence for the approximate period of these early kings is the Sangam literature and the synchronisation with the [[history of Sri Lanka]] as given in the ''[[Mahavamsa]]''. [[Gajabahu I]] who is said to be the contemporary of the Chera [[Senguttuvan]], belonged to the 2nd century and this means the poems mentioning Senguttuvan and his contemporaries date to that period.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}}} [[Urayur]] (now a part of [[Thiruchirapalli]]) was their oldest capital.{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=457|ps=}} [[Kaveripattinam]] also served as an early Chola capital.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|p=113|ps=}} The ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' mentions that an ethnic Tamil adventurer, a Chola prince known as [[Ellalan]], invaded the island Sri Lanka and conquered it around 235 BCE with the help of a [[Mysore]] army.{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=457|ps=}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C|title=History of the Kannada Language|last=R|first=Narasimhacharya|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1942|isbn=9788120605596|location=|pages=48|via=}}</ref>
===Interregnum===
[[File:South India in BC 300.jpg|left|thumb|South India in BC 300, showing the Chera, Pandya and Chola Kingdoms]]
There is not much information about the transition period of around three centuries from the end of the Sangam age (c. 300) to that in which the Pandyas and [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] dominated the Tamil country. An obscure dynasty, the [[Kalabhras]] invaded Tamil country, displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled during that time.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|pp=130, 135, 137|ps=}}{{sfnp|Majumdar|1987|p=139|ps=}}{{sfnp|Thapar|1995|p=268|ps=}} They were displaced by the Pallava dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty in the 6th century.{{sfnp|Kulke|Rothermund|2001|p=104|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|p=135|ps=}} Little is known of the fate of the Cholas during the succeeding three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the 9th century.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|pp=130, 133|ps= Quote:"The Cholas disappeared from the Tamil land almost completely in this debacle, though a branch of them can be traced towards the close of the period in [[Rayalaseema]] – the [[Telugu Cholas|Telugu-Chodas]], whose kingdom is mentioned by [[Xuanzang|Yuan Chwang]] in the seventh century A.D."}}As per inscriptions found in and around Thanjavur, the kingdom was ruled by [[Muthuraja|Mutharaiyars]] for three centuries. Their reign was ended by Vijayalaya chola who captured Thanjavur from [[Ilango Mutharaiyar]] between 848-851 CE.
[[Epigraphy]] and literature provide few glimpses of the transformations that came over this line of kings during this long interval. It is certain that when the power of the Cholas fell to its lowest ebb and that of the Pandyas and Pallavas rose to the north and south of them,{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=458|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sastri|1984|p=102|ps=}} this dynasty was compelled to seek refuge and patronage under their more successful rivals.{{sfnp|Kulke|Rothermund|2001|p=115|ps=}}{{efn|Pandya [[Kadungon]] and Pallava [[Simhavishnu]] overthrew the Kalabhras. Acchchutakalaba is likely the last Kalabhra king.{{sfnp|Sastri|1984|p=102|ps=}}}} The Cholas continued to rule over a diminished territory in the neighbourhood of Uraiyur, but only in a minor capacity. In spite of their reduced powers, the Pandayas and Pallavas accepted Chola princesses in marriage, possibly out of regard for their reputation.{{efn|''[[Periyapuranam]]'', a [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] religious work of 12th century tells us of the Pandya king Nindrasirnedumaran, who had for his queen a Chola princess.{{sfnp|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=95|ps=}}}} Numerous Pallava inscriptions of this period mention their having fought rulers of the Chola country.{{efn|Copperplate grants of the Pallava Buddhavarman (late 4th century) mention that the king as the "underwater fire that destroyed the ocean of the Chola army".{{sfnp|Sastri|1984|pp=104-105|ps=}} Simhavishnu (575–600) is also stated to have seized the Chola country. Mahendravarman I was called the "crown of the Chola country" in his inscriptions.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}}} Despite this loss in influence and power, it is unlikely that the Cholas lost total grip of the territory around Uraiyur, their old capital, as Vijayalaya, when he rose to prominence hailed from that area.{{sfnp|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=95|ps=}}{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|p=459|ps=}}
[[File:I65 Cholas UttamaChola kavahanu 1 (8100004926).jpg|thumb|An early silver coin of [[Uththama Chola|Uttama Chola]] found in Sri Lanka showing the tiger emblem of the Chola and in Nagari script.{{sfnp|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=31|ps=}}]]
Around the 7th century, a Chola kingdom flourished in present-day Andhra Pradesh.{{sfnp|Chopra|Ravindran|Subrahmanian|2003|p=95|ps=}} These [[Telugu Cholas]] traced their descent to the early Sangam Cholas. However, it is not known if they had any relation to the early Cholas.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|p=4|ps= Quote:"it is not known what relation, if any, the Telugu-Chodas of the Renadu country in the Ceded District, bore to their namesakes of the Tamil land, though they claimed descent from Karikala, the most celebrated of the early Chola monarchs of the Sangam age."}} It is possible that a branch of the Tamil Cholas migrated north during the time of the Pallavas to establish a kingdom of their own, away from the dominating influences of the Pandyas and Pallavas.{{efn|[[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] postulates that there was a live connection between the early Cholas and the Renandu Cholas of the Andhra country. The northward migration probably took place during the Pallava domination of Simhavishnu. Sastri also categorically rejects the claims that these were the descendants of Karikala Chola.{{sfnp|Sastri|1984|p=107|ps=}}}} The [[China|Chinese]] pilgrim [[Xuanzang]], who spent several months in [[Kanchipuram]] during 639–640 writes about the "kingdom of Culi-ya", in an apparent reference to these Telugu Cholas.{{sfnp|Sastri|2002|pp=130, 133|ps= Quote:"The Cholas disappeared from the Tamil land almost completely in this debacle, though a branch of them can be traced towards the close of the period in [[Rayalaseema]] – the [[Telugu Cholas|Telugu-Chodas]], whose kingdom is mentioned by [[Xuanzang|Yuan Chwang]] in the seventh century A.D."}}{{sfnp|Tripathi|1967|pp=458-459|ps=}}
== రాజరాజ చోళుడు ==
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