మయొట్టె: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 34:
అనేక అగ్నిపర్వత ద్వీపాలు ఎగిరే నక్కల వంటి క్షీరదాలకు మాత్రమే ఆశ్రయం ఇస్తున్నాయి. సరీసృపాలు 18 జాతులు, 116 సీతాకోకచిలుకలు, తూనీగ జాతులు 38, గొల్లభామజాతులు 50 జాతులు, బీటిల్సు 150 జాతులు ఉన్నాయి.<ref name="Naturalistes">[https://www.naturalistesmayotte.fr/mayotte/ Découvrons Mayotte], on naturalistesmayotte.fr.</ref>
== History ==
{{for|the history of Mayotte before 1974|History of the Comoros}}
In 1500, the Maore [[sultanate]] was established on the island. In 1503, Mayotte was observed and named (firstly ''Espiritu Santu'') by Portuguese explorers, but not colonized. The island has known several eras of wealth (especially during the 11th century at Acoua or between 9th and 12th centuries at Dembéni), being an important part of the [[Swahili coast]] culture. However, its sister island Anjouan was preferred by international traders due to its better suitability to large boats, and for a long time Mayotte remained poorly developed compared to the three other Comoros islands, and often targeted by pirates and Malagasy or Comorian raids.
[[File:Andriantsoly.jpg|thumb|[[Andriantsoly]], the last sultan of Mayotte, from 1832 to 1843]]
In 1832, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of [[Boina Kingdom|Iboina]] on Madagascar; in 1833, it was conquered by the neighbouring sultanate of [[Mwali]] (Mohéli island in French). On 19 November 1835, Mayotte was again conquered by the [[Ndzuwani]] Sultanate ([[Anjouan]] sultanate in French); a governor was installed with the unusual Islamic style of [[Qadi]] (from the Arabic قاض which means judge). However, in 1836 it regained its independence under a last local Sultan. Andriantsoly won again the island in 1836, but his depopulated and unfortified island was in a weak position towards the sultans of Comoros, Malagasy kings and pirates. Looking for the help of a powerful ally, he began to negotiate with the French, installed in the nearby Malagasy island of Nosy Bé in 1840.
Mayotte was purchased by France in 1841, and integrated to the Crown. This also entailed the end of the slavery regime which had dominated the island for centuries : the slaves were sent free and most of the masters, ruined, had to leave the island.
Mayotte therefore becomes a French island, but it remains above all an island emptied of its inhabitants by decades of wars, as well as by the exodus of former elites and part of their slaves: most of the cities are abandoned, and nature has regained its rights over the old plantations. The French administration therefore tries to repopulate the island, recalling first of all the Mayotte exiles or refugees in the region (Comoros, Madagascar), proposing to the former exiled masters to return in exchange for compensation, then by inviting wealthy Anjouan families to come and set up trade. France launches some first major works, such as the realization in 1848 of the Boulevard des Crabes connecting the rock of Dzaoudzi to Pamandzi and the rest of Petite-Terre.
In the wake of the West Indies and Reunion, the French government plans to make Mayotte a sugar island: despite the steep slopes, large plantations are being developed, 17 sugar factories were built and hundreds of foreign workers (mainly African, in particular Mozambic Makwas) were hired from 1851 onwards. However, production remained mediocre, and the sugar crisis of 1883-1885 quickly led to the end of this crop in Mayotte (which had just reached its peak of production), leaving only a few factory ruins, some of which are still visible now. The last sugar plant to be closed was Dzoumogné in 1955: the best preserved, and now heritage, is Soulou, in the west of the island.
At the Berlin conference in 1885, France takes control over the whole Comoros archipelago, which was actually already ruled by French traders : the colony takes the name of "Mayotte and dependencies".
In 1898, two cyclones raze the island to the ground, and a smallpox epidemic decimates the survivors. Mayotte has to start from the beginning once again, and the French government has to repopulate the island with workers from Mozambique, Comoros and Madagascar. The sugar industry is abandoned, replaced by vanilla, coffee, copra, sisal, then fragrant plants such as vetiver, citronelle, sandalwood and especially [[ylang-ylang]], which will later become one of the symbols of the island.
[[File:Comores carte.png|thumb|Map of the Comoros Union (three island on the left) and the Mayotte French departement (right)]]
Mayotte was the only island in the archipelago that voted in referenda in [[1974 Comorian independence referendum|1974]] and [[1976 Mahoran Comoros referendum|1976]] to retain its link with France and forgo independence (with 63.8% and 99.4% of votes respectively). The United Nations' constant policy regarding decolonisation has been that independence must be effected in the framework of the colonial borders and for that reason it has not recognized the validity of that referendum; over twenty UN resolutions have condemned France's annexation of Mayotte, while the independent [[Comoros]] have never ceased to claim the island.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diploweb.com/Le-bras-de-fer-franco-comorien-au-sujet-de-Mayotte.html|title=Bras de fer franco-comorien au sujet de Mayotte|website=www.diploweb.com|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref> A draft 1976 [[United Nations Security Council]] resolution recognizing Comorian sovereignty over Mayotte, supported by 11 of the 15 members of the Council, was vetoed by France.<ref>{{cite news|title=France Cast UN Veto|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8O0NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hG0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6434,579759&dq=france+mayotte+veto&hl=en|accessdate=13 April 2011|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=7 February 1976|quote=The vote was 11-1 with three abstentions -- the United States, Britain and Italy.}}</ref> It was the last time, {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, that France cast a lone veto in the Council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]] |title=Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes |accessdate=13 April 2011 |author1=Celine Nahory |author2=Giji Gya |author3=Misaki Watanabe |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317010910/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm |archivedate=17 March 2008 }}</ref> The [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted a series of resolutions on the issues, under the title "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte" up to 1995. Since 1995, the subject of Mayotte has not been discussed by the General Assembly, and all the following referenda over Mayotte independence have shown a strong will of Mayotte people to remain French.
Mayotte became an [[overseas department]] of France in March 2011 in consequence of a [[2009 Mahoran status referendum|29 March 2009 referendum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/lefigaromagazine/2009/03/14/01006-20090314ARTFIG00183--enquete-sur-le-futur-101-e-departement-.php| title=Enquête sur le Futur 101e Département|language=fr| date=2009-03-13}}</ref> The outcome was a 95.5 per cent vote in favour of changing the island's status from a French "overseas community" to become France's 101st département.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/comorosandmayotte/5072354/Mayotte-votes-to-become-Frances-101st-dpartement.html |title=Mayotte votes to become France's 101st ''department'' |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> Its non-official traditional Islamic law, applied in some aspects of the day-to-day life, will be gradually abolished and replaced by the uniform [[Napoleonic code|French civil code]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2009/03/29/mayotte-vote-en-faveur-de-la-departementalisation_1174015_823448.html#ens_id=1173404 Mayotte vote en faveur de la départementalisation], ''Le Monde'', 29 March 2009</ref> Additionally, French social welfare and taxes apply in Mayotte, though some of each will be brought in gradually.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.connexionfrance.com/Mayotte-department-101-France-Outre-Mer-overseas-Indian-Ocean-12618-view-article.html |title=Mayotte becomes 101st department |work=The Connexion |date=31 March 2011 |accessdate=2 April 2011}}</ref> Comoros continues to claim the island, while criticising the French military base there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gadebate.un.org/en/67/comoros|title=Comoros|date=26 September 2012|website=General Assembly of the United Nations|accessdate=12 December 2018}}</ref>
== వెలుపలి లింకులు ==
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