మయొట్టె: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు
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పంక్తి 114:
The local agriculture is threatened by insecurity, and due to a more expensive workforce cannot compete on the export ground with Madagascar or the Comoros union. The major economic potential of the island remains tourism, however hampered by delinquency rates.
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Mayotte}}
{{Historical populations
| title= Population census
| percentages = pagr
| 1958 |23364
| 1966 |32607
| 1978 |47246
| 1985 |67205
| 1991 |94410
| 1997 |131320
| 2002 |160265
| 2007 |186452
| 2012 |212645
| 2017 |256518
| 2020 |''279,471''
| footnote=Official population figures from past censuses.<ref name=census>{{cite web| url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3284395| title=256 500 habitants à Mayotte en 2017| first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE| format=PDF|accessdate=2018-01-01|language=fr}}</ref> Last INSEE estimate in italic.<ref name=population />
}}
On 1 January 2020, a record 279,471 people were living in Mayotte (official INSEE estimate).<ref name=population /> According to the 2017 census, 58.5% of the people living in Mayotte were born in Mayotte (down from 63.5% at the 2007 census), 5.6% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either [[metropolitan France]] or [[overseas France]] except Mayotte) (up from 4.8% in 2007), and 35.8% were immigrants born in foreign countries (up from 31.7% at the 2007 census, with the following countries of birth in 2007: 28.3% born in the [[Comoros|Union of the Comoros]], 2.6% in [[Madagascar]], and the remaining 0.8% in other countries).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/3713016/ip1737.xls | title=Figure 3 - Répartition de la population de Mayotte en 2017, par lieu de naissance et nationalité| first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE|accessdate=2019-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=27&ref_id=popop008| title=Population de Mayotte selon le lieu de naissance - RP 07| first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE|accessdate=2013-10-04|language=fr|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005123309/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=27&ref_id=popop008|archivedate=2019-04-08}}</ref>
[[File:Vue-Sada.jpg|thumb|View of [[Sada, Mayotte|Sada]] including a mosque]]
[[File:Tsingoni minaret.jpg|thumb|Tsingoni's mosque is the oldest in activity in [[France]].]]
Most of the inhabitants of the island are culturally Comorians. The Comorians are a blend of settlers from many areas: [[Iran]]ian traders, mainland Africans, [[Arab]]s and [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]. Comorian communities can also be found in other parts of the Comoros chain as well as in Madagascar.
Due to large inflows of immigrants from the Union of the Comoros, the native Mahorans have now become a minority on the island among the adult population. At the 2017 census, the people born in Mayotte made up only 39.9% of the adult population, while the people born in foreign countries (predominantly the Union of the Comoros) made up 54.6% of the adult population.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/3713016/ip1737.xls | title=Figure complémentaire 3 - Répartition de la population selon le lieu de naissance | first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE|accessdate=2019-04-08}}</ref> In 2017, the mothers born in foreign countries (predominantly the Union of the Comoros) were responsible for 75.7% of the births that took place in Mayotte.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3596190?sommaire=3596198 | title=Les naissances en 2017 - État civil - Fichiers détail | first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE|accessdate=2019-04-08}}</ref>
=== Religions ===
The main religion in Mayotte is [[Islam in Mayotte|Islam]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7970450.stm |title=Europe | Mayotte backs French connection |work=BBC News |date=29 March 2009 |accessdate=1 April 2011}}</ref> with 97% of the population Muslim and 3% Christian.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |title=Africa :: Mayotte |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921084632/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mf.html |archivedate=21 September 2012 }}</ref>
The main religious minority, Roman Catholicism, has no proper diocese but is served, together with the [[Comoros]], by a missionary jurisdiction, the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Comoros Archipelago]].
=== Languages ===
[[French language|French]] is the only official language of Mayotte. It is the language used for administration and the school system. It is the language most used on television and radio as well as in commercial announcements and billboards. In spite of this, knowledge of French in Mayotte is lower than in any other part of France.
The native languages of Mayotte are:
*[[Maore dialect|Shimaore]], a dialect of the [[Comorian language]] (a close relative of [[Swahili language|Swahili]])
*[[Bushi language|Kibushi]], a western dialect of the [[Malagasy language]] (the language of [[Madagascar]]) heavily influenced by Shimaore and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
*Kiantalaotsi, another western dialect of the Malagasy language also heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
Kibushi is spoken in the south and north-west of Mayotte, while Shimaore is spoken elsewhere.
Besides French, other non-indigenous languages are also present in Mayotte:
*Arabic, essentially learned in the [[Madrasah|Quranic schools]]
*various non-Shimaore dialects of the Comorian language, essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of [[Anjouan]], or Nzwani), Shingazidja (the dialect of [[Grande Comore]], or Ngazidja), and Shimwali (the dialect of [[Mohéli]], or Mwali).
Shingazidja and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are generally not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]]. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.
==== 2012 and 2017 censuses ====
No questions regarding the knowledge and/or use of languages were asked in the 2012 and 2017 censuses, and no question relative to languages will be asked in the future censuses of Mayotte, leaving the now quite outdated census data from 2007 as the last official data on the topic of languages. Improvement in schooling has markedly increased French literacy and knowledge since 2007.
==== 2007 census ====
At the 2007 census, 63.2% of people 14 years and older reported that they could speak French, with large differences with age. 87.1% of those whose age was 14 to 19 years old reported that they could speak it, whereas only 19.6% of those aged 65 and older reported that they could speak it. 93.8% of the population whose age was 14 or older reported that they could speak one of the local languages of Mayotte (Shimaore, Kibushi, Kiantalaotsi, or any of the Comorian dialects, which the census included in the 'local languages'). 6.2% of the population aged 14 and older reported that they spoke none of the local languages and could speak only French.<ref name=language>{{cite web| url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2569783 | title=LANG1M- Population de 14 ans ou plus par sexe, âge et langues parlées| first=[[Cabinet of France|Government of France]]| last=INSEE| accessdate=2013-10-10|language=fr}}</ref>
==== 2006 survey ====
A survey was conducted by the French [[Minister of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education]] in 2006 among pupils registered in [[Education in France#Primary education|CM2]] (equivalent to [[fifth grade]] in the US and [[Education in England#Primary education|Year 6]] in England and Wales). Questions were asked regarding the languages spoken by the pupils as well as the languages spoken by their parents. According to the survey, the ranking of mother tongues was the following (ranked by number of [[first language]] speakers in the total population; note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people are natively bilingual):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ac-mayotte.fr/IMG/pdf/Interv_BARRETEAU_CM2.pdf |title=Premiers résultats d'une enquête sociolinguistique auprès des élèves de CM2 de Mayotte |author=Daniel Barreteau |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-05-17 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614075940/http://www.ac-mayotte.fr/IMG/pdf/Interv_BARRETEAU_CM2.pdf |archivedate=14 June 2007 }}</ref>
*Shimaore: 55.1%
*Shindzwani: 22.3%
*Kibushi: 13.6%
*Shingazidja: 7.9%
*French: 1.4%
*Shimwali: 0.8%
*Arabic: 0.4%
*Kiantalaotsi: 0.2%
*Other: 0.4%
When also counting [[second language]] speakers (e.g. someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking became:
*Shimaore: 88.3%
*French: 56.9%
*Shindzwani: 35.2%
*Kibushi: 28.8%
*Shingazidja: 13.9%
*Arabic: 10.8%
*Shimwali: 2.6%
*Kiantalaotsi: 0.9%
*Other: 1.2%
With the mandatory schooling of children and the economic development both implemented by the French central state, the French language has progressed significantly on Mayotte in recent years. The survey conducted by the Ministry of National Education showed that while first and second language speakers of French represented 56.9% of the population in general, this figure was only 37.7% for the parents of CM2 pupils, but reached 97.0% for the CM2 pupils themselves (whose age is between 10 and 14 in general).
Nowadays there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French-language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of [[French-based creole languages|French-based creole]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malango-mayotte.fr/culture/le_shimaore_fout_le_camp.htm|title=Le shimaoré fout le camp|author=''Malango Mayotte''|date=2 October 2009|accessdate=2013-10-10|language=fr|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218063245/http://www.malango-mayotte.fr/culture/le_shimaore_fout_le_camp.htm|archivedate=18 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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