స్పానిష్ ఫ్లూ: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

పంక్తి 114:
{{sfn|Qureshi|2016|p=42}}{{sfn|Ewald|1994}} ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ఫ్లూ సంభవించడానికి ప్రజల ప్రయాణసౌకర్యాలు అభివృద్ధిచెంది వేగవంతం కావడం ఒక పెద్ద ప్రధానాంశం అని భావించబడింది. ఆధునిక రవాణా వ్యవస్థలు సైనికులు, నావికులు, పౌర ప్రయాణాలు ఈ వ్యాధిని వ్యాప్తిని సులభతరం చేశాయి.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918|url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/the-spanish-flu-pandemic-of-1918/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The History Press}}</ref> ప్రభుత్వాలు వ్యాధి వ్యాప్తిని తక్కువచేసి చూపించడానికి ప్రయత్నించడం, వ్యాధినివారణకు ప్రయత్నించడంలో లోపం, తిరస్కరణ, వ్యాధివ్యాప్తి చెందడం అవగాహనచేసుకోవడంలో ప్రజలను తప్పుదారి పట్టించింది.<ref name="Illing">{{cite web | vauthors = Illing S |title=The most important lesson of the 1918 influenza pandemic: Tell the damn truth |url=https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19/2020/3/20/21184887/coronavirus-covid-19-spanish-flu-pandemic-john-barry |website=Vox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325172129/https://www.vox.com/coronavirus-covid19/2020/3/20/21184887/coronavirus-covid-19-spanish-flu-pandemic-john-barry |archive-date=25 March 2020|date=20 March 2020 |quote=John M. Barry : The government lied. They lied about everything. We were at war and they lied because they didn’t want to upend the war effort. You had public health leaders telling people this was just the ordinary flu by another name. They simply didn’t tell the people the truth about what was happening. |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
రెండవ తరంగం తీవ్రతకు మొదటి ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం వాతావరణం కారణమని చెప్పబడింది.{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=55}} పౌరులు దీనిని తక్కువగా అంచనా వేసినందున ప్రజలలో వ్యాధినిగురించిన అండోళనతో కూడిన ఒత్తిడి తేలికపాటిగా ఉండడానికి దారితీసింది. వ్యాధితీవ్రత తక్కువగా ఉన్నవారు ఇంట్లోనే ఉండి ఉన్నారు. స్వల్పంగా అనారోగ్యంతో ఉన్నవారు తమ జీవితాలను సాధారణంగా కొనసాగించారు. సైనిక శిబిరాలలో ఇది తారుమారుగా ఉంది. సైకులు తేలికపాటి వ్యాధ్తో ఉండడంతో వారు ఉన్న చోటనే ఉండగా తీవ్ర అనారోగ్యంతో బాధపడే సైనికులు రద్దీగా ఉన్న రైళ్లలో రద్దీగా ఉండే ప్రాంతీయ ఆసుపత్రులకు పంపించిన కారణంగా అది ప్రాణాంతక వైరస్ వ్యాప్తి చెందడానికి ప్రధానకారణంగా మారింది. తరువాత అఫి రెండవ అలగా ప్రారంభమైన ఫ్లూ త్వరగా తిరిగి ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా వ్యాపించింది.{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=63}}
The severity of the second wave has been attributed to the circumstances of the First World War.{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=55}} In civilian life, [[natural selection]] favors a mild strain. Those who get very ill stay home, and those mildly ill continue with their lives, preferentially spreading the mild strain. In the trenches, natural selection was reversed. Soldiers with a mild strain stayed where they were, while the severely ill were sent on crowded trains to crowded field hospitals, spreading the deadlier virus. The second wave began, and the flu quickly spread around the world again. Consequently, during modern pandemics, health officials look for deadlier strains of a virus when it reaches places with social upheaval.{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=63}} The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections had become [[Immunity (medical)|immune]] showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in [[Copenhagen]], which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave.<ref>{{cite web|author=Fogarty International Center|title=Summer Flu Outbreak of 1918 May Have Provided Partial Protection Against Lethal Fall Pandemic|url=http://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/Pages/Flu-1918.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727122221/http://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/Pages/Flu-1918.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2011|access-date=19 May 2012|publisher=Fic.nih.gov}}</ref> For the rest of the population, the second wave was far more deadly; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – adults who were young and fit.{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=56}}
 
 
The fact that most of those who recovered from first-wave infections had become [[Immunity (medical)|immune]] showed that it must have been the same strain of flu. This was most dramatically illustrated in [[Copenhagen]], which escaped with a combined mortality rate of just 0.29% (0.02% in the first wave and 0.27% in the second wave) because of exposure to the less-lethal first wave.
 
<ref>{{cite web|author=Fogarty International Center|title=Summer Flu Outbreak of 1918 May Have Provided Partial Protection Against Lethal Fall Pandemic|url=http://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/Pages/Flu-1918.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727122221/http://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/Pages/Flu-1918.aspx|archive-date=27 July 2011|access-date=19 May 2012|publisher=Fic.nih.gov}}</ref>
 
[82] మిగిలిన జనాభాలో, రెండవ తరంగం చాలా ఘోరమైనది; కందకాలలో ఉన్న సైనికుల వంటి వారు చాలా హాని కలిగించేవారు - యువకులు మరియు ఆరోగ్యవంతులు.
For the rest of the population, the second wave was far more deadly; the most vulnerable people were those like the soldiers in the trenches – adults who were young and fit.
 
{{sfn|Gladwell|1997|p=56}}
 
After the lethal second wave struck in late 1918, new cases dropped abruptly. In Philadelphia, for example, 4,597&nbsp;people died in the week ending 16&nbsp;October, but by 11&nbsp;November, influenza had almost disappeared from the city. One explanation for the rapid decline in the lethality of the disease is that doctors became more effective in the prevention and treatment of pneumonia that developed after the victims had contracted the virus. However, John Barry stated in his 2004 book ''[[The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague In History]]'' that researchers have found no evidence to support this position.{{sfn|Barry|2004b}} Another theory holds that the 1918 virus mutated extremely rapidly to a less lethal strain. Such [[evolution of influenza]] is a common occurrence: there is a tendency for pathogenic viruses to become less lethal with time, as the hosts of more dangerous strains tend to die out.{{sfn|Barry|2004b}} Some fatal cases did continue into March 1919, killing one player in the [[1919 Stanley Cup Finals]].
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