జిహాద్: కూర్పుల మధ్య తేడాలు

{{అనువాదము}}

'''జిహాద్''' (ఆంగ్లం :'''Jihad''' : అరబ్బీ :جهاد ), ఒక ఇస్లామీయ పదజాలము (అరబ్బీ పదజాలము), ముస్లిముల ధర్మకర్తవ్యాలలో ఒకటి. అరబ్బీ భాషలో "జిహాద్" అనగా ''సంఘర్షణ'' (struggle) లేదా "ధర్మ పోరాటం". జిహాద్ అనే పదము [[ఖురాన్]] లో "అల్లాహ్ మార్గంలో సంఘర్షించడం" ''(al-jihad fi sabil Allah)'' అనే భావంతో తరచుగా ఉపయోగించబడినది. <ref name="Merriam">{{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] | encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions | publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] | year=1999 | id=ISBN 087-7790442}}, ''Jihad'', p.571</ref><ref name="MIC"> {{cite encyclopedia | editor=[[Josef W. Meri]] | encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Routledge]] | year=2005 | id=ISBN 041-5966906}}, ''Jihad'', p.419</ref> జిహాద్ లో పాల్గొనువారికి "ముజాహిద్" (ఏకవచనం) లేదా "ముజాహిదీన్" (బహువచనం) అని పిలుస్తారు.

 

[[సున్నీ ఇస్లాం|సున్నీ ముస్లిం పండితుల]]లో కొందరు, ఈ జిహాద్ ను ఇస్లాం ఐదు మూల స్తంభాల తరువాత ఆరవ స్తంభంగా అభివర్ణిస్తారు, కాని, ఇస్లామీయ ధర్మశాస్త్రాల ప్రకారం దీనికి అధికారికత లేదు.<ref name="jih">[[John Esposito]](2005), ''Islam: The Straight Path,'' pp.93</ref> [[షియా ఇస్లాం]] లో బారాఇమాం సమూహం, ఈ జిహాద్ ను "ఇస్లాం ధర్మ 11 ఆచరణీయాల"లో ఒకటిగా భావిస్తుంది.

స్కాలర్ [[:en:John Esposito|జాన్ ఎస్పోసిటో]] ప్రకారం, జిహాద్ కొరకు ముస్లింలు "అల్లాహ్ మార్గంలో పోరాటం" చేయాలి, లేదా "స్వీయాభివృద్ధి కొరకు మరియు సమాజాభివృద్ధి" కొరకు పోరాడాలి. <ref name="jih">Esposito (2003), p.93</ref><ref name="Humphreys">{{cite book | last=Humphreys | first=Stephen | title=Between Memory and Desire | year=2005 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=052-0246918}} pg 174-176</ref> Jihad is directed against [[Satan|Satan's]] inducements, aspects of one's own self, or against a visible enemy.<ref name="Merriam"/><ref name="firestone">{{cite book | last=Firestone | first=Rueven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | publisher= Oxford University Press | year=1999 | isbn=019-5125800}} pg. 17</ref> The four major categories of jihad that are recognized are Jihad against one's self ''(Jihad al-Nafs)'', Jihad of the tongue ''(Jihad al-lisan)'', Jihad of the hand ''(Jihad al-yad)'', and Jihad of the sword (which can involve combat against non-Muslims)''(Jihad as-sayf)''.<ref name="firestone"/> [[Islamic military jurisprudence]] focuses on regulating the conditions and practice of Jihad as-sayf, the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and thus the term Jihad is usually used in ''[[fiqh]]'' manuals in reference to military combat.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Djihād | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam Online | accessdate=2007-05-02}}</ref><ref name="firestone"/>

 

==పద ఉపయోగం ==

జిహాద్ అనే పదము ముస్లిం సమాజములో ఒక సాధారణ పదము, కానీ పాశ్చాత్యులలో ఈ పదము ''ఇస్లాం కొరకు "పవిత్ర యుద్ధం"'' (holy war on behalf of Islam) అనే భావంతో ఉపయోగింపబడుచున్నది.<ref name="firestone"/> విశాల దృష్టితో చూసిన యెడల, ఈ పదము, హింస మరియు అహింస అనే రెండు భావనలనూ కలిగివున్నది. దీని సాధారణ అర్థం " దైనందిన జీవితంలో చెడు, అన్యాయం మరియు అణగార్పుకు వ్యతిరేకంగా పోరాడుతూ, నైతిక విలువలతో గూడిన స్వచ్ఛమైన సాధారణ జీవితం గడిపే విధము" (It can simply mean striving to live a moral and virtuous life, spreading and defending Islam as well as fighting injustice and oppression, among other things.)<ref>Esposito (2002a), p.26</ref> అయిననూ ఈ పదము చర్చనీయాంశముగానూ వివాదాస్పదం గానూ వున్నది.

 

Within Islamic belief, Muhammad is said to have regarded the inner struggle for faith the "greater jihad", prioritizing it over physical fighting in defense of the [[Ummah]], or members of the global Islamic community.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_2.shtml | title=BBC - Religion & Ethics - Jihad: The internal Jihad | accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref> One famous [[hadith]] has the prophet saying: "We have returned from the lesser jihad (battle) to the greater jihad (jihad of the soul)."<ref>[http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_caravan_6_conclusion.htm JOIN THE CARAVAN Imam Abdullah Azzam]</ref> Muslim scholar Mahmoud Ayoub states that "The goal of true ''jihad'' is to attain a harmony between ''islam'' (submission), ''[[iman]]'' (faith), and ''[[ihsan]]'' (righteous living)."<ref>Mahmoud M. Ayoub, ''Islam: Faith and History'', pp. 68-69)</ref> Greater jihad can be compared to the struggle that Christians refer to as "resisting sin", i.e. fighting temptation, doubt, disbelief, or detraction. The greater jihad is about holding fast against any ideas and practices that run contrary to the Muhammad's revelations (Qur'an), sayings ([[Hadith]]) and the examples set by how he lived his life ([[Sunnah]]). This concept of jihad has does not correspond to any military action.

 

In modern times, [[Pakistan]]i scholar and professor [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] has used the term to describe the struggle to establish "just moral-social order",<ref>Fazlur Rahman, ''Major Themes of the Qur'an'', (Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1980), pp. 63-64.</ref> while President [[Habib Bourguiba]] of [[Tunisia]] has used it to describe the struggle for economic development in that country.<ref>Rudolph Peters, ''Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam'' (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Weiner, 1996), pp. 116-17</ref>

 

[[Image:Taheri-azar letter.jpg|thumb|right|A part of Meditation II from [[Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar]]'s justification for his [[terrorist]] attack at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]]. Meditation II has appeared on numerous websites critical of Islam.]]

Within [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under [[Sharia|Islamic law]], and may be declared against [[Apostasy|apostates]], rebels, highway robbers, violent groups, non-Islamic leaders or non-Muslim combatants, but there are other ways to perform jihad as well, including [[civil disobedience]]. The primary aim of jihad as warfare is not the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam by force, but rather the expansion and defense of the [[Islamic state]].<ref name=autogenerated5 /><ref name="JPeters">R. Peters (1977), pp.3-5</ref><ref name="firestone"/>

 

===తైమూర్ లంగ్===

 

=== ఫూలాని జిహాద్‌లు ===

During the 1870s, European initiatives against the [[slave trade]] caused an economic crisis in northern [[Sudan]], precipitating the rise of [[Mahdist]] forces.<ref>[http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sudan.htm Civil War in the Sudan: Resources or Religion?]</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-20649477.html Slave trade in the Sudan in the nineteenth century and its suppression in the years 1877-80.]</ref> [[Muhammad Ahmad|Muhammad Ahmed Al Mahdi]] was a religious leader, who proclaimed himself the [[Mahdi]] - the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will appear at [[end times]] - in 1881, and declared a Jihad against [[Ottoman]] rulers. He declared all "[[Turkish people|Turks]]" infidels and called for their [[execution]].<ref>Holt, P.M., ''The Mahdist State in Sudan,'' Clarendon Press, Oxford 1958, p.51</ref> The Mahdi raised an army and led a successful religious war to topple the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-[[Egypt]]ian occupation of Sudan. Victory created an Islamic state, one that quickly reinstituted slavery. In the West he is most famous for defeating and later killing [[Great Britain|British]] general [[Charles George Gordon]], in the [[battle of Khartoum|fall of Khartoum]].<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html US Library of Congress, A Country Study: Sudan]</ref>

 

The [[First Saudi State|Saudi]] [[Salafi]] sheiks were convinced that it was their religious mission to wage Jihad against all other forms of Islam. In 1801 and 1802, the Saudi Wahhabists under [[Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud]] attacked and captured the holy [[Shia]] cities of [[Karbala]] and [[Najaf]] in [[Iraq]], massacred the Shiites and destroyed the tombs of the Shiite [[Husayn ibn Ali|Imam Husayn]] and [[Ali bin Abu Talib]]. In 1802 they occupied [[Taif]] where they massacred the population. In 1803 and 1804 the Wahhabis captured Mecca and Medina, destroying monuments and various holy Muslim sites and shrines, such as the shrine built over the tomb of [[Fatima Zahra]], the daughter of Muhammad, and even intended to destroy the grave of Muhammad himself.<ref>[http://www.islamicamagazine.com/Issue-15/The-Destruction-of-Holy-Sites-in-Mecca-and-Medina.html The Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina]</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm Saudi Arabia - THE SAUD FAMILY AND WAHHABI ISLAM]</ref><ref>Nibras Kazimi, [http://www.nysun.com/article/65662?page_no=3 A Paladin Gears Up for War], [[The New York Sun]], November 1, 2007</ref><ref>John R Bradley, [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GC17Ak01.html Saudi's Shi'ites walk tightrope], [[Asia Times]], March 17, 2005</ref><ref>Amir Taheri, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,1072-1236007,00.html Death is big business in Najaf, but Iraq's future depends on who controls it], [[The Times]], August 28, 2004</ref>

 

Upon succeeding his father, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a series of [[Ottoman wars in Europe|military conquests in Europe]].<ref>[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sarhaus/larimore02/suleiman.html Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494-1566]</ref> On August 29, 1526, he defeated [[Louis II of Hungary]] (1516–26) at the [[battle of Mohács]]. In its wake, Hungarian resistance collapsed and the [[Ottoman Empire]] became the preeminent power in Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>Kinross, 187.</ref> In July 1683 Sultan [[Mehmet IV]] proclaimed a Jihad and the Turkish grand vizier, [[Kara Mustafa Pasha]], laid [[Battle of Vienna|siege to the Vienna]] with an army of 138,000 men.<ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/10/ottoman_dhimmitude.html Ottoman Dhimmitude]</ref><ref>[http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst373/readings/inalcik6.html Supply of Slaves]</ref><ref>[http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/04/the_living_legacy_of_jihad_sla.html The living legacy of jihad slavery]</ref>

 

On November 14, 1914, in [[Constantinople]], capital of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the religious leader [[Sheikh-ul-Islam]] declares Jihad on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging Muslims all over the world - including in the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] countries - to take up arms against Britain, Russia, [[France]] and [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in [[World War I]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml The Middle East during World War One]</ref> On the other hand, [[Sheikh]] [[Hussein ibn Ali]], the [[Emir]] of [[Mecca]], refused to accommodate Ottoman requests that he endorse this jihad, a requirement that was necessary were a jihad to become popular, on the grounds that:<blockquote>'the Holy War was doctrinally incompatible with an aggressive war, and absurd with a Christian ally: [[Germany]]'<ref>[[T. E. Lawrence]], ''The Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', Jonathan Cape, London (1926) 1954 p. 49.</ref></blockquote>

 

[[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]], founder of the [[Durrani Empire]], declared a jihad against the [[Maratha]]s, and warriors from various [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribes, as well as other tribes answered his call. The [[Third battle of Panipat]] (January 1761), fought between largely [[Islam|Muslim]] and largely [[Hinduism|Hindu]] armies who numbered as many as 100,000 troops each, was waged along a twelve-kilometre front, and resulted in a decisive victory for Ahmad Shah.<ref>for a detailed account of the battle fought see Chapter VI of The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan by H.G. Keene. Available online at [http://emotional-literacy-education.com/classic-books-online-a/tfmeh10.htm]

</ref>

Alhough there is no evidence that the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] directly supported the Taliban or [[Al Qaeda]], some basis for military support of the Taliban was provided when, in the early 1980s, the CIA and the ISI (Pakistan's Interservices Intelligence Agency) provided arms to [[Mujahideen#Afghanistan|Afghan mujahideens]] resisting the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]],<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE3DC1438F93BA25750C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 Turning Out Guerrillas and Terrorists to Wage a Holy War], New York Times, March 18, 2002</ref> and the ISI assisted the process of gathering radical Muslims from around the world to fight against the Soviets. [[Osama Bin Laden]] was one of the key players in organizing training camps for the foreign Muslim volunteers. The U.S. poured funds and arms into Afghanistan, and "by 1987, 65,000 tons of U.S.-made weapons and ammunition a year were entering the war."<ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'' (2000)</ref>

 

In 1830, [[Algeria]] was [[French rule in Algeria|invaded by France]]; French [[colonialism|colonial]] domination over Algeria supplanted what had been domination in name only by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Within two years, `[[Abd al-Qādir]] was made an ''amir'' and with the loyalty of a number of [[tribe]]s began a jihad against the French. He was effective at using [[guerrilla warfare]] and for a decade, up until 1842, scored many victories. He was noted for his [[chivalry]]. On December 21, 1847, Abd al-Qādir was forced to surrender.<ref>[http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-333.html Abd al Qadir], Library of Congress</ref>

 

The [[Algerian Civil War]] (1991–2002) was an armed conflict between the [[Algeria]]n government and various [[Islamist]] rebel groups which began in 1991. By 1997, the organized jihad in Algeria had disintegrated into criminal thuggery and Algeria was wracked by [[List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s|massacres]] of intense brutality and unprecedented size.<ref>[http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/algeria.php Algeria]</ref><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2501/is_3_23/ai_78804226/pg_1 Centrifugal Tendencies In The Algerian Civil War], Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ)</ref>

 

{{see also|:en:Opinion of Islamic scholars on Jihad{{!}}జిహాద్ పట్ల ముస్లిం ధార్మికవేత్తల అభిప్రాయాలు}}

Jihad has been classified either as ''al-jihād al-akbar'' (the greater jihad), the struggle against one's soul (''[[nafs]]''), or ''al-jihād al-asghar'' (the lesser jihad), the external, physical effort, often implying fighting (this is similar to the shiite view of jihad as well).

Some contemporary Islamists have succeeded in replacing the greater jihad, the fight against desires, with the lesser jihad, the holy war to establish, defend and extend the Islamic state.<ref>[http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3431076.html ''Understanding Jihad'', February, 2005]</ref>

 

The Sufic view classifies "Jihad" into two; the "[[Greater Jihad]]" and the "[[Lesser Jihad]]". Muhammad put the emphasis on the "greater Jihad" by saying that "Holy is the warrior who is at war with himself". In this sense external wars and strife are seen but a satanic counterfeit of the true "jihad" which can only be fought and won within; no other Salvation existing can save man without the efforts of the man himself being added to the work involved of self-refinement. In this sense it is the western view of the [[Holy Grail]] which comes closest to the Sufic ideal; for to the Sufis Perfection is the Grail; and the Holy Grail is for those who after they become perfect by giving all they have to the poor then go on to become "Abdal" or "changed ones" like Enoch who was "taken" by God because he "walked with God". ([[Genesis]]:5:24) here the "Holy Ones" gain the surname "Hadrat" or "The Presence".

 

{{seealso|:en:Offensive jihad|Defensive jihad|Ghazw|Opinion of Islamic scholars on Jihad|ఇత్మామ్ అల్-హుజ్జా}}

The Qur’an asserts that if the use of force would not have been allowed in curbing the evils by nations, the disruption and disorder caused by insurgent nations could have reached the extent that the places of worship would have become deserted and forsaken. As it states:

ఆత్మ రక్షణ పోరాటం (Defensive Jihad) అనే పద జాలం ప్రస్తుతం అమెరికా సామ్రాజ్యవాదానికి వ్యతిరేకంగా జరుగుతున్న ఇస్లామిక్ ఉద్యమాల విషయంలో ఉపయొగించడం కనిపిస్తోంది. ఆత్మ రక్షణ పోరాటంలో పాల్గొనే సంస్థలలో [[లెబనాన్]] దేశానికి చెందిన [[హిజ్బుల్లాహ్]] ఒకటి. అరబ్బీ భాష జిహాద్ అంటే పోరాటం అని అర్థం. ఖురాన్ లో కూడా ఆత్మ రక్షణ పోరాటం గురించి నిర్వచించడం జరిగింది. ఖురాన్ నిర్వచనంలో జిహాద్ అంటే ఉనికి (అస్తిత్వం) కోసం పోరాటం.<ref>*‍[http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_defence_3_chap1.htm ముస్లిం దేశాల పరిరక్షణ]</ref>

 

The directive of the Jihad given to Muslims in Qur'an is:<ref name="jihad" />

 

==ఇవీ చూడండి==

* [[:en:Fasad|ఫసాద్]]

* [[:en:Itmam al-hujjah|ఇత్మామ్ అల్-హుజ్జాహ్]]

* [[:en:Mujahidin|ముజాహిదీన్]]